BMMA 3573

Engine and Transmission Control System

By: Herdy Rusnandi

Edited: Mohd Suffian Ab Razak,
Nur Rashid Mat Nuri

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Engine Management System (EMS)

SENSORS

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Engine Management System (EMS)

SENSORS
EVAP
System Injection Ignition
System System

Air Intake Exhaust

System EGR System
System

Fuel
System
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2) Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor

• The Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor or

MAP is located in the intake manifold.
• This sensor is used to measure manifold
pressure, which informs the ECU of the engine
load, this information is needed to work out
how much fuel to inject.
• In order to work out the air mass the ECU also
needs to know the air temperature and the
engine speed:
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Manifold Absolute
Pressure (MAP) Sensor
Types:
• MAPS : Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
• T-MAPS : Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor with integrated
Air Temperature Sensor

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3) Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)

• The throttle position sensor is mounted on the throttle body.

It converts throttle valve movement into a voltage signal and
as the throttle opens and closes the voltage
increases/decreases. The sensor is a potentiometer, which is
an arm that moves along a copper track varying the input
voltage.
• The sensor is supplied with 5 volts. At idle the voltage can be
between 0.5V to 1V, this will indicate idle state and the control
unit will adapt idle conditions.
• Wide-open throttle will vary between 3.8V to 4.7 V, this will
indicate full load situation to the control unit.

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Throttle Position
Sensor (TPS)

• Two readings are used in some throttle bodies potentiometers. This is for
safety reasons. In order for the ECU to identify each different signal the
signals are inversed.
• This is a closed loop system, since it sends feedback information on the
position of the throttle butterfly.
• The waveform shown in the example trace shows the throttle moving from
idle to WOT (Wide Open Throttle) and back once again to idle.
• The blue trace shows a conventional rising voltage as the throttle butterfly
is opened, while the red trace is inverted. The combined signals allow the
ECU to calculate a mean voltage output from the two signals allowing the
throttle butterfly position to be calculated with greater accuracy.

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Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)

Throttle position sensor waveform

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4) Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors

• The Mass Air Flow Sensor measures the amount of air volume flowing into a car’s
engine, and sends the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) a voltage that represents the
airflow.
• Currently the most common MAF sensor is the plug-in hot wire type which is
located inside the intake air duct between the air filter and the throttle body.
• This consists of a heating resistor, intake air temperature measurement resistor (for
compensating intake air temperature), intake air temperature sensor, and control
circuit (printed circuit board).
• A portion of the intake air from the air cleaner is bypassed into the hot-wire
measurement area, where the intake airflow volume is measured.
• The hot-wire type MAF Sensor responds to temperature changes in the heating
element. Changes in the resistance value and current of the heating element are
converted into proportional voltage in the control circuit, and then sent to the ECU
to calculate the amount of engine intake air volume.
• The intake air temperature sensor also detects the intake air temperature and
outputs it to the ECU. Responding to this signal, the ECU judges the air density and
corrects the fuel injection quantity.
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Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors

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Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors

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Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors

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5) Temperature sensors

• Temperature sensors are used in a wide variety of applications, especially

in engine control systems, i.e. ignition, fuel and engine management.
• Additional applications include air conditioning systems, automatic
transmissions and any system where temperature control or
temperature measurement is critical to the system operation.
• Temperature sensors are manufactured using a resistance as the main
component.
• The value of this resistance changes with temperature. This type
of resistor is called a thermistor.
• The ECU supplies the reference voltage, will now have a signal voltage that
changes with temperature.

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Temperature sensors

There are generally two main types of resistance based temperature sensors:

●With the first type, the resistance within the sensor decreases when the temperature increases.
This type is referred to as having a ‘negative temperature coefficient’(NTC).

●With the second type, the resistance increases when the temperature increases. This type is
referred to as having a positive temperature coefficient (PTC).

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6) Accelerator position (Pedal) Sensor

• The Accelerator pedal has two potentiometers attached to it, achieving

the accuracy required from the pedal's movement. The resistance 'felt'
when the pedal is depressed is designed to give the same feel as a
conventional throttle.
• The waveform shown in figure next slide shows the throttle moving from
idle to WOT (Wide Open Throttle) and back once again to idle.
• In the example, the blue trace shows a conventional increasing voltage as
the pedal is depressed, while the red trace operates over a lower voltage.
• Combined signals allow the ECU to calculate a mean voltage output from
the two signals. This allows the pedal position to be calculated with
greater accuracy than when only a single voltage output is taken into
consideration.

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Accelerator position (Pedal) Sensor

Accelerator position sensor waveform

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Accelerator position (Pedal) Sensor

IAC: Idle air control / idle air speed control

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7) Oxygen (Lambda) Sensor

• The exhaust gas oxygen sensor (EGO or O2), or lambda sensor, is the key
sensor in the engine fuel control feedback loop.
• The computer uses the O2 sensor's input to balance the fuel mixture,
leaning the mixture when the sensor reads rich and richening the mixture
when the sensor reads lean.
• Lambda sensors produce a voltage signal that varies with the amount of
unburned oxygen in the exhaust.
• An oxygen sensor is essentially a battery that generates its own voltage.
When hot (at least 250°C), the zirconium dioxide element in the sensor's
tip produces a voltage that varies according to the amount of oxygen in the
exhaust compared to the ambient oxygen level in the outside air. The
greater the difference, the higher the sensor's output voltage.
• Sensor output ranges from 0.2 Volts (lean) to 0.8 Volts (rich). A perfectly
balanced or "stoichiometric" fuel mixture of 14.7 parts of air to 1 part of
fuel gives an average reading of around 0.45 Volts.

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Oxygen (Lambda) Sensor

• Oxygen sensors are used to measure the oxygen content of the exhaust
gas.
• The oxygen sensor is not critical to the direct efficiency of the engine, it is
critical to the efficiency of the exhaust emissions control system.
• The catalytic converter plays the major part in reducing the pollutants
contained within the exhaust emissions.
• For a catalytic converter to work efficiently, it must be fed with exhaust
gases that contain the required amount of oxygen.
• The oxygen sensor senses the oxygen content of the exhaust gas an passes
a signal back to the ECU, which if necessary can alter the fuelling t correct
the air fuel ratio, thus resulting in the exhaust gas having the correct
oxygen content.

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Oxygen (Lambda) Sensor

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Oxygen (Lambda) Sensor

• The lambda sensor is located upstream (in front of) the catalytic converter and is
therefore able to measure the oxygen level in the exhaust gas passing into the
converter.
• The position of the lambda sensor in front of the catalytic converter is referred to
as pre-cat control because the combination of lambda sensor and ECU controls the
oxygen content before it reaches the catalytic converter.
• One aspect of OBD is that some form of monitoring should take place to ensure
that the catalytic converter is performing efficiently.
• This can be achieved by placing a second oxygen sensor after or downstream of
the catalytic converter (post-cat).
• If the catalytic converter is not working, the same level of oxygen will exit the
converter as entered it. The second lambda sensor signal (post-cat) will therefore
be identical to the pre-cat lambda sensor signal.
• In such cases the ECU will establish that the catalytic converter is no working and
will illuminate the dashboard warning light

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Oxygen (Lamda) Sensor

O2 Sensor wave form

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8) Knock Sensor (KNK)

• The Knock sensor is provided to alert the computer to engine knock or

detonation.
• This condition is caused by overly advanced spark timing, lean mixtures,
hot spots, excessive carbon buildup, etc., and can dramatically raise
cylinder temperatures and pressures and can cause severe internal
damage.
• The Knock sensor has a Piezo element that is tuned to respond to the
specific frequency of vibration in the block created when knock occurs.
• When the ECM sees this signal, it progressively retards spark timing until
the knock disappears.
• Knock sensors are very sensitive to the tightness or torque of their
mounting bolts. Incorrect torque can shift the sensor response to a
different frequency and render it ineffective.

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Knock Sensor (KNK)

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