9

Science 9
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Formation of Ions

AIRs - LM
LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
SCIENCE 9
Quarter 2 - Module 3: Formation of Ions
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission
from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Lorraine R. Lachica

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: Lorena C. Delizo
Language Reviewer: Ma. Cherry Barrairo
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Design and Layout: Mariza R. Mapalo
Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed. D, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union

Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046

Email Address: [email protected]

LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
 9
Science
Quarter 2 - Module 3:
Formation of Ions

LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
 Target

In this module, you will learn how ions are formed as we've learned before, atoms
like to be stable. They feel most stable when their outer electron shells are full. They
become full when they have eight electrons in them. This is called the octet rule,
which says that atoms like to have full valence shells of eight electrons. Remember
that the valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom.
They get eight electrons by either borrowing some from or giving some to another
atom. Let's look at how this works.

To help you understand the module, you will be doing the following activities

in each lesson:

⚫ Lesson 1- Formation of Ions

ACTIVITIES

⚫ CAT AND ION

⚫ FOR-ME
⚫ LOSE OR GAIN
⚫ BOND TIME

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Explain how ions are formed. (S9MT-IIe-f-16)

Specifically, the activities will enable you to:

⚫ identify cations and anions.

⚫ describe the important function of ions in the body.
⚫ write the number of electrons that each element will lose or gain to become
stable.
⚫ draw electron dot structures showing the valence electrons in each atom.

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 LESSON
Formation of Ions
1

Jumpstart
An ion is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of
electrons does not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. An atom
can acquire a positive charge or a negative charge depending on whether the number
of electrons in an atom is greater or less then the number of protons in the atom.

Now for a story. Little Miss Chlorine came home from school one day and her
mommy said — “Why Miss Chlorine, you’ve grown an extra electron! You’ll need a
whole closet of new dresses. How on earth did you let that happen? Have you been
hanging out with that nasty Sodium again?”

Miss Chlorine burst into tears and said, “Oh, Mommy — he just gave me a RIDE…”
Atoms get electrons to another atom or by accepting electrons from another
atom.

Discover

Forming Ions

Ions can be formed by ionization, which is the process of a neutral atom losing
or gaining electrons. Generally, the electrons are either added to or lost from the
valence shell of an atom; the inner-shell electrons are more tightly bound to the
positively charged nucleus and so do not participate in this type of chemical
interaction.

Ionization generally involves a transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules.

The process is motivated by the achievement of more stable electronic configurations,
such as the octet rule, which states that most stable atoms and ions have eight
electrons in their outermost (valence) shell. Polyatomic and molecular ions can also
be formed, generally by gaining or losing elemental ions, such as H +, in neutral
molecules. Polyatomic ions are generally very unstable and reactive.

A common example of an ion is Na +. Sodium has a +1 charge because sodium

has eleven electrons. However, according to the octet rule, sodium would be more
stable with 10 electrons (2 in its inner most shell, 8 in its outermost shell). Therefore,
sodium tends to lose an electron to become more stable. On the other hand, chlorine
tends to gain an electron to become Cl –. Chlorine naturally has 17 electrons, but it
would be more stable with 18 electrons (2 in its inner most shell, 8 in its second

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shell, and 8 in its valence shell). Therefore, chlorine will take an electron from another
atom to become negatively charged.

Cations and Anions

Atoms start out electrically neutral because they have the same number of
negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. An ion is an atom that
has gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore has a negative or positive
charge. A cation is an atom that has lost a valence electron and therefore has more
positive protons than negative electrons, so it is positively charged. An anion is an
atom that has gained a valence electron and is negatively charged.
Take the element sodium, Na. With one valence electron, it is very unstable in its
single form. It just has that one electron in its outermost shell, and it wants very
badly to get rid of it. Look at chlorine (Cl) over there in Group VII. It has seven valence
electrons in its outermost shell, and it badly wants to gain an electron to become full
and happy. Sodium will easily lose that extra electron. When it does, it becomes
unbalanced. It now has more protons than electrons, so it is positively charged. That
is why it is usually written as Na+. Chlorine, on the other hand, has seven valence
electrons and wants to add an electron to fill its outer shell. When it adds an electron,
it becomes negatively charged (more electrons than protons) and forms an anion,
usually written as Cl-.
Atoms can gain or lose more than one electron at a time. If they do, they are
written with the superscript of what they have gained or lost. Ca2+, for instance, has
lost two electrons. I know it seems a bit confusing since it lost electrons but became
positively charged. As you'll remember, though, atoms are neutral to start with, so if
they lose a negatively charged electron, they become positively charged
Hydrogen ions. The relationship between a molecule, its cation, and its anion is
shown

Source: https://textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com/BLchem/ions.svg#fixme

How Ions Are Formed

As we've learned before, atoms like to be stable. They feel most stable when their
outer electron shells are full. They become full when they have eight electrons in

3 LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
them. This is called the octet rule, which says that atoms like to have full valence
shells of eight electrons. Remember that the valence electrons are the electrons in
the outermost energy shell of an atom. They get eight electrons by either borrowing
/ sharing/ accepting electrons from another atom or the same kind of atom
Let's look at how this works.

https://images.app.goo.gl/gx2Px1NZUvYEqC6Y7

https://images.app.goo.gl/Em3UMPGAAsTPxyFj7

A molecule is a compound that is composed of atoms joined by covalent bonds.

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. They are strong bonds that help
to form many different compounds. Proteins, the large organic molecules necessary
for life are held together by strong covalent bonds. Another type of compound
important in biological systems is the ionic compound. Ionic compounds differ from
molecular compounds because they are made of atoms called ions.
Ion is an atom that has either lost or gained one or more electrons to become stable
a) When an atom loses electrons to become stable, it becomes an ion with a
positive charge.
b) When an atom gains electrons to become stable, it becomes an ion with a
negative charge.

Covalent and Ionic Compounds

What elements make covalent bonds? Covalent bonds form when two or more
nonmetals combine. For example, both hydrogen and oxygen are nonmetals, and
when they combine to make water, they do so by forming covalent bonds.
Compounds that are composed of only non-metals or semi-metals with non-metals
will display covalent bonding and will be classified as molecular compounds.

As a rule of thumb, compounds that involve a metal binding with either a non-metal
or a semi-metal will display ionic bonding. Thus, the compound formed from sodium
and chlorine will be ionic (a metal and a non-metal). Nitrogen monoxide (NO) will be
a covalently bound molecule (two non-metals), silicon dioxide (SiO2) will be a

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covalently bound molecule (a semi-metal and a non-metal) and MgCl2 will be ionic (a
metal and a non-metal).

A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of two or more atoms that have a charge as a
group (poly = many). The ammonium ion (see figure below) consists of one nitrogen
atom and four hydrogen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge
and a formula of NH4+. The carbonate ion (see figure below) consists of one carbon
atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2−. The formula of the
carbonate ion is CO3(2-).

https://images.app.goo.gl/An91dFmhtmNeC4UK

Molecular Compounds

Molecular compounds are chemical compounds that take the form of discrete
molecules. Examples include such familiar substances as
water (H2O)(H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) (Figure 3.1.13.1.1).
These compounds are very different from ionic compounds like sodium
chloride (NaCl)(NaCl).

Ionic compounds are formed when metal atoms lose one or more of their
electrons to nonmetal atoms. The resulting cations and anions are
electrostatically attracted to each other.

So what holds the atoms of a molecule together? Rather than forming ions,
the atoms of a molecule share their valence electrons in such a way that a
bond forms between pairs of atoms. In a carbon dioxide molecule, there are
two of these bonds, each occurring between the carbon atom and one of the
two oxygen atoms.

Examples of molecular compounds

H2O Water
NH3 Ammonia
CH4 Methane
C2H6 Ethane
C3H8 Propane
C6H12O6 Glucose
C8H10N4O2 Caffeine
C6H8O6 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

5 LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
 Explore
Objective: Identify whether it is an anion or cation by putting a check mark on the
corresponding table.

Example:

Cation: Calcium (Ca+2) Anion: Sulfate (SO42-)

Cation Anion
1. Hydrogen
2. Fluoride
3. Potassium
4. Oxide
5. Silver
6. Aluminum
7. Bromide
8. Cesium
9. Hydride
10. Lithium

Activity 1.1

Objective: In this activity you will be building ions of biologically important

elements.

Complete the table of the several important ions in the body by giving the chemical
formula for ion and its uses in our body.

Example:

Hydrogen H Hydrogen helps in producing energy in

the body

CHEMICAL
ION USE IN THE BODY
FORMULA FOR ION
Calcium
Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Magnesium

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 Deepen

Activity 2

Loss Or Gain

Objective: State the number of electrons that each element will lose or gain to
become stable. Write the symbol for the cation or anion, including its charges. (Ex.
Mg loses 2e- ---- Mg2+)

1. Aluminum
2. Nitrogen
3. Sodium
4. Boron
5. Fluorine

6. Chlorine
7. Sulfur
8. Silicon
9. Oxygen
10. Argon
Activity 2.1

Complete the table by filling in the needed data.

Element Atomic Total # of electron # of valence # of electrons

Symbol electron gain or loss
Iodine
Lithium
Calcium
Sulfur
Boron

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 Gauge

Bond Time

Objective: For each pair of elements below draw electron dot structures
showing the valence electrons in each atom. T h e n d raw arrows to show where
the valence electrons will go during a chemical reaction. Write the name of each
type I ionic compound. Finally, fill in the table below each reaction. Refer to the
sample shown.

Example:

Reactions- draw a Name of the Atoms Valence Electron Ions

picture showing ionic electrons transfer formed
each reaction & compound from/to each in the
name the ionic atom product
compound

Na+ Cl =>NaCl Sodium Na 1 Na losses 1 e- Na1+

Chloride
Cl 7 Cl gain 1e- Cl1-

8 LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
Reactions- draw a Name of the Atoms Valence Electron Ions
picture showing each ionic electrons transfer formed in
reaction & name the compound from/to each the
ionic compound atom product

1) Li + F LiF

2) Ca + O CaO

3) Be + F BeF2

4.)Mg + S MgS

5K + F KF

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Answer Key

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LU_Q2_Science9_Module3 11
Pre-test
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. B
8.D
9. A
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
Guage
References

Alvarez, A.,et.al. Science-Grade 9Teacher’s Guide, First Edition

2015.

http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104/

lesson6electron_configurations.html

https://www.shutterstock.com/search?

search_source=base_landing_page&language=en&searc

hterm=atoms&image_type=all

https://studylib.net/doc/7651863/how-ions-are-formed-key
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103
_-
_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_2%3A_Elements_and_
Ions/2.5%3A_Ion_Formation

https://socratic.org/questions/how-are-ions-formed

https://study.com/academy/lesson/ions-predicting-formation-charge-and-
formulas-of-ions.html

https://socratic.org/questions/how-are-ions-formed

12 LU_Q2_Science9_Module3
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Iimplementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

13 LU_Q2_Science9_Module3