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Lecture Notes Module 1

The document discusses various topics related to waste-to-energy conversion in India including the need for energy generation from waste in developing countries like India, the classification of waste as fuel, sources of waste, and municipal solid waste management. It also summarizes incineration as a waste-to-energy process, outlining its advantages such as volume reduction, waste stabilization, and energy recovery, as well as discussing rotary kiln and liquid injection incinerators. Anaerobic digestion is also briefly covered along with different types of biogas digesters.

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Bommineni Lohitha Chowdary 22213957101
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
90 views

Lecture Notes Module 1

The document discusses various topics related to waste-to-energy conversion in India including the need for energy generation from waste in developing countries like India, the classification of waste as fuel, sources of waste, and municipal solid waste management. It also summarizes incineration as a waste-to-energy process, outlining its advantages such as volume reduction, waste stabilization, and energy recovery, as well as discussing rotary kiln and liquid injection incinerators. Anaerobic digestion is also briefly covered along with different types of biogas digesters.

Uploaded by

Bommineni Lohitha Chowdary 22213957101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topics of interest:

✓What is the need of energy generation from waste?


✓Why waste to energy conversion for the developing countries like
India.
As on 31.12.2021, the total installed capacity is 434 MW. The Product Output
and Cumulative Capacity of Waste-to-Energy Projects are given in table below
(till 31.12.2020):

During the year 2020-21, 4 projects have been commissioned with power
generation capacity of 300 kW and corresponding biogas generation
capacity of 2500000 Liter per day.

Source - Ministry of New & Renewable Energy - Government of India https://mnre.gov.in/


✓Explain the classification of waste as fuel.
✓Describe the sources of wastes.

Households

Commerce and Industry


✓How are waste issues regulated in your country? and
✓Is there special waste act?
✓Was it easy it to find the waste act or other relevant
materials?
✓ Discover the problems caused by mismanagement of waste
✓Define Municipal solid waste. Describe SWM in India.
✓Discuss various MSW energy conversion processes.
✓Explain the need of incineration.

• Volume Reduction- Especially for bulky solids with a high combustible content.

• Detoxification- Especially for combustible carcinogens, pathologically


contaminated material, toxic organic compounds, or biologically active
materials that would affect sewage treatment plants.

• Regulatory compliance- Especially for fumes containing odorous compounds,


photoreactive organics, carbon monoxide, or other combustible materials
subject to regulatory emission limitations.
• Environmental impact mitigation- Especially for organic materials that
would leach from landfills or create odor nuisances.

• Energy recovery- Especially when large quantities of waste are


available and reliable markets for by-product fuel or streams are
nearby.
✓List out the advantages and disadvantages of incineration.
3) Waste to energy conversion
1) volume reduction
➢ reduce the usage of fossil and
➢ reduces 90% MSW
fuel
➢ reduces 70% of weight
➢Conversion of natural resources.

2) Waste stabilisation 4) Sanitisation of waste

➢ outputs from the incinerator ➢ high temperature (800 –


are ash, flue gas and 11000C)
combustible residue.
➢ kill all the pathogen –
➢ the output generally inert important in the clinical/hospital
and more stable when landfill. waste
5) Economics

➢saves a lot of money on


transport of waste to landfills

➢ A 250 ton per day incinerator 7) Prodution of stable odour-free Residues


can produce 6.5 megawatts of
electricity per day and this itself ➢The produced residues, ash, slag and the
can save about $3 million per developed flue gases, are odour-free as
year. compared to the partly offensive smells
caused by dumps.

6) Electricity production 8) Mimimum land requirement

➢The sheer reduction in the space required


to dispose of the 10 percent of waste that it
does produce relieves pressure on land,
which in urban areas can constitute a big
saving.
9) The flue gas, which is containing heavy metals and other
harmful substances after the incineration process, is cleaned
and emitted through the stack in environmentally friendly
form.

10) Incinerators and most industrial processes employing


hazardous waste as a fuel can readily attain the RCRA
performance standards.

11) Produced ash can be used by construction industry.


✓ Discuss the incineration process with the help neat flow diagram.
✓Categorize the types of incinerators.
✓Explain the process of any one Incinerators.
Rotary kiln incinerator
The rotary kiln incinerator is manufactured with a rotating combustion chamber that
keeps waste moving, thereby allowing it to vaporize for easier burning.
Types of waste treated in a rotary kiln incinerator

• Hazardous waste and PCB waste


• Medical, clinical or hospital waste like "Red bag waste",
infectious waste, surgical waste, injection needles, rubber
gloves and tubing, tissues and bandage, drop-bags, medical
remains, scalpels, infectious and pathological waste, blood
plasma remains, cloths, laboratory waste, medicine remains,
glass pipette, plastic samples, steel tools, etc.
• Chemical waste and pesticides
• Sludge waste, cattle waste, industrial waste, petro-chemical
waste, oil waste, etc.
Liquid injection incinerators are applicable for pumpable liquid
waste. These units are usually simple, refractory-lined cylinders
(either horizontally or vertically aligned) equipped with one or
more waste burners. Liquid wastes are injected through the
burner(s), atomized to fine droplets and burned in suspension.
✓Describe anaerobic digestion process.
✓Categorize the types of digesters for biogas plant.
✓Explain the Batch type and Continuous type bio gas digesters.
✓Explain working principle of fixed dome type biogas digester.
✓Explain working principle of floating drum type biogas digester.
✓Explain working principle of Bag/ballon type biogas digester.

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