1.

0 Project Briefing

1.1 Description of Project

For our project, we choose a one storey houses. This project will be located at
Lot 2109-2011, Jalan Parit Bengkok, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor.
With the built area this house is big and it has some ground for any activities
such as gardening. This house have car porch that can fit 2 cars. At the ground
floor this house was built with living room for the family to gather. It also has
some dining room for the family to have their meal in the ground floor. This
house has a kitchen and also the bath. The best part of this house is it has two
types of kitchen that is wet kitchen and the dry kitchen.

At the 1st floor, when we climb the stairs, the first thing that we can see is the
family hall. Then, there was a master room. Some houses got their bathroom
in their room but this house got a unique design where it separate between the
master room and the bathroom. At this first floor also have a bedroom 1 and
bedroom 2 and balcony.

1.2 Location of Site

i. Location map and Site plan pictures

Figure 1: Location Map

 ii. ‘Master Plan’

Figure 2: Master Plan

1.3 Contractor and Architecture Company

For our project that build a one storey houses that located at Lot 2109-2011,
Jalan Parit Bengkok, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. The contractor and
architecture is from a same company that under a Group 2 Sdn Bhd.

Figure 3: Group 2 Sdn Bhd Company Logo

The Group 2 Sdn Bhd was established in 20 September 2015 and is registered
(JM0228574-K) with the founding director, Juliza binti Abu Bakar. The
company is based in No 73, Wisma G2, Jalan Flora 1, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor.

2.0 Material of Properties

 2.1 General Specification

In this project, by using esteem 10 software as software to develop the house,

the material properties for the building had been set up first in the software.
Compartments that involved in developing the house are pad foundation,
column, brick wall, beam and slab. All these compartments are using concrete
as the material. Concrete has its’ own material properties that depends on the
many factors. Concrete is durable and economic to be used as the material for
the house. Steel material also had been used in this house as reinforcement
bar. As known, concrete is good in compression but bad in tension. Therefore,
a steel reinforcement bar is needed to be put in the concrete for all the
compartments. Table 1 below shows the summary of the material properties
used for the house that been set up in the software.

Compartment fcu fy Concrete unit Steel unit Cover

(N/mm²) (N/mm²) weight (kN/m³) weight (mm)
(kg/m³)
Pad 30 460 24 7860 25
Column 30 460 24 7860 25
Beam 30 460 24 7860 25
Slab 30 460 24 7860 25

Regarding to the relevant standard codes and guidance our company using will
use references as below:

 Standard Eurocode 1 – Action on Structure

 Standard Eurocode 2 – Design of Concrete Structures
(BS EN 1992-1- 1:2004)

3.0 Architecture plan

4.0 Structural Layout Plan
5.0 Design Calculation from Esteem 10
 i. Beam

DETAIL CALCULATION FOR BEAM gb9(250x500)

GENERAL AND DIMENSION DATA

Reinforcement Design Parameter : Floor
Beam Located along grid 7/D-F
Number of Span within beam = 3
Number of Section defined by user = 3
Number of Supports = 4
Beam Cantilever End = Nil.

Section Dimension Data

Length Width Begin Depth End Depth
Span Section
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 1 3300 250 500 500
2 2 2100 250 500 500
3 3600 250 500 500
3

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Maximum Concrete Strain, Ecc = 0.0035
Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis, k1 = 12.12 N/mm²
Concrete Lever Arm Factor, k2 = 0.4518
Limiting Effective Depth Factor, cb = 0.50
k2 / k1 Factor, kkk = 0.0373
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1 = cb × k1 × (1 - cb * k2) = 0.50 × 12.12 × (1 - 0.50 ×
0.4518) = 4.6911 N/mm²

BEAM gb9(250x500) SPAN NO. 1

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 36.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 36.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.684 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.684 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 26.586 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 26.586 / 1000 = 80.56 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 80.56 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 184 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 80.56 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 26.586) / 1000 = 36.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 184 mm²

LOCATION : SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 28.3 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 28.3 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.537 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.537 <= 4.691
Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 20.766 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 20.766 / 1000 = 62.92 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 62.92 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 144 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 62.92 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 20.766) / 1000 = 28.3 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 27.2 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 27.2 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.516 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.516 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 19.935 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 19.935 / 1000 = 60.40 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 60.40 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 138 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 60.40 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 19.935) / 1000 = 27.2 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 39.6 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 39.6 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.751 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.751 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 29.303 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 29.303 / 1000 = 88.79 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 88.79 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 203 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 88.79 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 29.303) / 1000 = 39.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 203 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

No tension force within span from 3D analysis, tension reinforcement for beam is not required

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT
(B:0 mm E:825 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 46.6 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 46.6 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.41 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.41 + 0.00 = 0.41 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 40.8 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 40.8 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.36 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 226 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.20 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.20}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.39 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 40760 × 500.0 / 8084376 = 2.52 > 1.00, VhM Ratio taken as 1.00
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.391 + 0.60 × (-10.3 / 125000.0) ×
1.00 = 0.391 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × √[1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.391 × √[1 + -10.3 / (125000.0 × 0.39)] =
0.391 N/mm²
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' > νc1' --> Use νc1' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.355 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE

(B:825 mm E:2475 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 12.0 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 12.0 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.10 N/mm²
Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3
Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.10 + 0.00 = 0.11 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 39.6 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 39.6 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.35 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 39626 × 500.0 / 21040974 = 0.94
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.447 + 0.60 × (-10.3 / 125000.0) ×
0.94 = 0.447 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × √[1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.447 × √[1 + -10.3 / (125000.0 × 0.45)] =
0.447 N/mm²
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' > νc1' --> Use νc1' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.345 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 RIGHT SUPPORT

(B:2475 mm E:3300 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 72.4 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 72.4 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.63 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.63 + 0.00 = 0.63 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 66.9 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 66.9 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.58 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 66854 × 500.0 / 39578420 = 0.84
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.447 + 0.60 × (-10.3 / 125000.0) ×
0.84 = 0.447 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × √[1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.447 × √[1 + -10.3 / (125000.0 × 0.45)] =
0.447 N/mm²
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' > νc1' --> Use νc1' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.583 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

Basic Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Br = 26.0
Span Length, l = 3300.0 mm, Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Actual Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Ar = 7.2
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = 36.0 kNm
Design Steel Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Tension Steel Area Required, AsReq = 184 mm²
Tension Steel Area Provided, AsProv = 339 mm²
Compression Steel Area Provided, AsProv (Comp.) = 339 mm²
- Checking for deflection is based on BS8110: 1997
- Table 3.9: Basic span / effective depth ratio for rectangular or flange beams
- Table 3.10: Modification factor for tension reinforcement
- Table 3.11: Modification factor for compression reinforcement

Design Service Stress in Tension Reinforcement, Equation 8

fs = {(2 × fy × AsReq) / (3 × AsProv)} × (1 / ßb)
= {(2 × 460.0 × 184) / (3 × 339)} × (1 / 1.00) = 166.2 N/mm²

Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement, Equation 7

MFt = 0.55 + {(477 - fs) / (120 × (0.9 + (M/bd²)))}
= 0.55 + {(477 - 166.2) / (120 × (0.9 + (36.0 × 1000000 / (250 × 459.0²)))}
= 2.19 > 2.0
MFt taken as 2.0

New Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement, Equation 9

MFc = 1 + {(100 × AsProv / (b × d)) / (3 + (100 × AsProv / (b × d)))}
= 1 + {(100 × 339 / (250.0 × 459.0)) / (3 + (100 × 339 / (250.0 × 459.0)))}
= 1.09 <= 1.5

New Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFt × MFc) / Ar = (26.0 × 2.00 × 1.09) / 7.2 = 7.88
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED

BEAM gb9(250x500) SPAN NO. 2

Deflection check bypassed

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 14.6 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 14.6 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.278 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.278 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 10.629 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 10.629 / 1000 = 32.21 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 32.21 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 74 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 32.21 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 10.629) / 1000 = 14.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 17.7 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 17.7 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.336 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.336 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 12.897 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 12.897 / 1000 = 39.08 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 39.08 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 90 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 39.08 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 12.897) / 1000 = 17.7 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 21.9 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 21.9 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.416 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.416 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 16.006 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 16.006 / 1000 = 48.50 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 48.50 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 111 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 48.50 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 16.006) / 1000 = 21.9 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 43.8 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 43.8 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.832 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.832 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 32.559 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 32.559 / 1000 = 98.66 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 98.66 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 226 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 98.66 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 32.559) / 1000 = 43.8 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 226 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)
LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 14.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 14.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.265 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.265 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 10.133 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 10.133 / 1000 = 30.70 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 30.70 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 71 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 30.70 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 10.133) / 1000 = 14.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 25.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 25.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.475 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.475 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 18.328 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 18.328 / 1000 = 55.53 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 55.53 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 127 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 55.53 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 18.328) / 1000 = 25.0 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

No tension force within span from 3D analysis, tension reinforcement for beam is not required

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT
(B:0 mm E:525 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 32.0 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 32.0 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.28 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.28 + 0.00 = 0.28 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 26.6 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 26.6 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.23 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.231 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE

(B:525 mm E:1575 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 18.8 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 18.8 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.16 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.16 + 0.00 = 0.17 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 50.0 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 50.0 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.44 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.436 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 RIGHT SUPPORT

(B:1575 mm E:2100 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 64.5 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 64.5 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.56 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.56 + 0.00 = 0.56 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed
Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 59.0 kN
Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 59.0 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.51 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.514 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

Basic Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Br = 26.0
Span Length, l = 2100.0 mm, Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Actual Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Ar = 4.6
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = 14.6 kNm
Design Steel Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Tension Steel Area Required, AsReq = 163 mm²
Tension Steel Area Provided, AsProv = 339 mm²
Compression Steel Area Provided, AsProv (Comp.) = 339 mm²

- Checking for deflection is based on BS8110: 1997

- Table 3.9: Basic span / effective depth ratio for rectangular or flange beams
- Table 3.10: Modification factor for tension reinforcement
- Table 3.11: Modification factor for compression reinforcement

Design Service Stress in Tension Reinforcement, Equation 8

fs = {(2 × fy × AsReq) / (3 × AsProv)} × (1 / ßb)
= {(2 × 460.0 × 163) / (3 × 339)} × (1 / 1.00) = 146.9 N/mm²

Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement, Equation 7

MFt = 0.55 + {(477 - fs) / (120 × (0.9 + (M/bd²)))}
= 0.55 + {(477 - 146.9) / (120 × (0.9 + (14.6 × 1000000 / (250 × 459.0²)))}
= 2.89 > 2.0
MFt taken as 2.0

New Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement, Equation 9

MFc = 1 + {(100 × AsProv / (b × d)) / (3 + (100 × AsProv / (b × d)))}
= 1 + {(100 × 339 / (250.0 × 459.0)) / (3 + (100 × 339 / (250.0 × 459.0)))}
= 1.09 <= 1.5

New Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFt × MFc) / Ar = (26.0 × 2.00 × 1.09) / 4.6 = 12.39
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED

BEAM gb9(250x500) SPAN NO. 3

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION
LOCATION : SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 40.8 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 457.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 40.8 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 457.0²) = 0.782 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.782 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 30.397 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 30.397 / 1000 = 92.10 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 92.10 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 211 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 92.10 × (457.0 - 0.4518 × 30.397) / 1000 = 40.8 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 211 mm²

LOCATION : SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 46.4 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 457.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 46.4 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 457.0²) = 0.889 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.889 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 34.720 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 34.720 / 1000 = 105.20 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 105.20 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 241 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 105.20 × (457.0 - 0.4518 × 34.720) / 1000 = 46.4 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 241 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 34.6 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 34.6 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.656 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.656 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.489 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 25.489 / 1000 = 77.23 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 77.23 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 177 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 77.23 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 25.489) / 1000 = 34.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 177 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²
LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)
Design Bending Moment = 22.4 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 22.4 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.426 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.426 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 16.400 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 250 × 16.400 / 1000 = 49.69 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 49.69 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 114 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 49.69 × (459.0 - 0.4518 × 16.400) / 1000 = 22.4 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Bottom Compression Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 0.0 kNm Width, b = 250.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 459.0 mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (250.0 × 459.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum steel percentage specified by code,
Maximum Depth of Section = 500.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 250.0 × 500.0 = 163 mm²
Top Tension Steel Area Required = 163 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 3T12 (339 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T16 (402 mm²)

No tension force within span from 3D analysis, tension reinforcement for beam is not required

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT
(B:0 mm E:900 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 75.6 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 459.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 75.6 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.66 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.66 + 0.00 = 0.66 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 69.9 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 69.9 × 1000 / (250.0 × 459.0) = 0.61 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 339 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.30 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 459.0 = 0.871
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.966 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.30}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.45 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.609 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE

(B:900 mm E:2700 mm from left grid of span)

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 40.5 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 457.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 40.5 × 1000 / (250.0 × 457.0) = 0.35 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.35 + 0.00 = 0.36 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 40.5 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 40.5 × 1000 / (250.0 × 457.0) = 0.35 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.35 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 457.0 = 0.875
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.967 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.35}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.47 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.355 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 RIGHT SUPPORT

(B:2700 mm E:3600 mm from left grid of span)
Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm
Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 53.0 kN
Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 250 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 500 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 440 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 190 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 440 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 250.0 mm, Dmax = 500.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.00 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 457.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 53.0 × 1000 / (250.0 × 457.0) = 0.46 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.46 + 0.00 = 0.46 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 440.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 440.0 / 550 = 3.51 N/mm²
νst = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ 3.51 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 Table 2.3

Torsion Strength contributed by concrete, νt,min = Min (0.067 × √fcu, 0.4) = 0.37 N/mm²
Torsion Stress, νst = 0.00 N/mm² < νt,min = 0.37 N/mm² -> No Torsion Reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 47.1 kN

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 47.1 × 1000 / (250.0 × 457.0) = 0.41 N/mm² ≤ νMax (4.38
N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 402 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.35 % ≤ 3.0 %
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 457.0 = 0.875
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 0.967 < 1, (400 / d)^ ¼ taken as 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 = 1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.35}⅓ × 1.000 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.47 N/mm²
Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²
νss = 0.412 < νc + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 250) / (0.95 × 460) = 0.228
mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T10-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.628 mm²/mm > 0.228 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

Basic Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Br = 26.0
Span Length, l = 3600.0 mm, Effective Depth, d = 457.0 mm
Actual Span / Effective Depth Ratio, Ar = 7.9
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = 46.4 kNm
Design Steel Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Tension Steel Area Required, AsReq = 241 mm²
Tension Steel Area Provided, AsProv = 402 mm²
Compression Steel Area Provided, AsProv (Comp.) = 339 mm²
- Checking for deflection is based on BS8110: 1997
- Table 3.9: Basic span / effective depth ratio for rectangular or flange beams
- Table 3.10: Modification factor for tension reinforcement
- Table 3.11: Modification factor for compression reinforcement

Design Service Stress in Tension Reinforcement, Equation 8

fs = {(2 × fy × AsReq) / (3 × AsProv)} × (1 / ßb)
= {(2 × 460.0 × 241) / (3 × 402)} × (1 / 1.00) = 183.1 N/mm²

Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement, Equation 7

MFt = 0.55 + {(477 - fs) / (120 × (0.9 + (M/bd²)))}
= 0.55 + {(477 - 183.1) / (120 × (0.9 + (46.4 × 1000000 / (250 × 457.0²)))}
= 1.92 <= 2.0

New Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement, Equation 9

MFc = 1 + {(100 × AsProv / (b × d)) / (3 + (100 × AsProv / (b × d)))}
= 1 + {(100 × 339 / (250.0 × 457.0)) / (3 + (100 × 339 / (250.0 × 457.0)))}
= 1.09 <= 1.5

New Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFt × MFc) / Ar = (26.0 × 1.92 × 1.09) / 7.9 = 6.90
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED

ii. Slab

SLAB SUPPORT MARK: 17

Beam Mark = 6: f1B6(250x500) - 1

On Slab / Sub-Slab Mark: FS8:1

Thickness of Slab = 175 mm
Design Bending Moment = 6.61 kNm

Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis, k1 = 0.40 × 30.0 = 12.12 N/mm²
Concrete Lever Arm Factor, k2 = 0.4518
Limiting Effective Depth Factor, cb = 0.50
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1 = cb × k1 × (1 - cb × k2)
= 0.50 × 12.12 × (1 - 0.50 × 0.4518) = 4.691N/mm²
k2 / k1 Factor, kkk = 0.037

Mu / bd² = 6.6 × 1000000 / (1000.0 × 145.0²) = 0.314 N/mm²

Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 0.314 <= 4.691

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 3.806 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 12.12 × 1000 × 3.806 / 1000 = 46.13 kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fy / γs) = 46.13 × 1000 / (460 / 1.05) = 106 mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 46.13 × (145.0 - 0.4518 × 3.806) / 1000 = 6.6 kNm
Maximum Depth of Section = 175.0 mm
Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.13% × 1000.0 × 175.0 = 228 mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 228 mm²

Use 14T10 - 250 mm (c/c) - TT (314 mm² / m)

iii. Column
FLOOR f1 COLUMN C7:(2A,C)
Sample Calculation for Nominal Moment using Beam f1B2(250x500)
Back Calculate Beam End Moment from the Top Rebar of Beam
Mu / bd² = p × fyd (1 - k2 × p × fyd / k1)

fyd = 438 N/mm²

Steel Ratio Provided, p = As / (b × d) = 339 / (250 × 459.0) = 0.0030
Mu / bd² = p × fyd × (1 - k2 × p × fyd / k1)
= 0.0030 × 438 × (1 - 0.4518 × 0.0030 × 438 / 12.12)
= 1.2328 Nmm / mm³

Design Moment due to Beam Top Bar, Mu = 1.2328 × 250 × 459² / 1000000 = 64.9 kNm
Moment Muy = -64.9 × Cos(0.00°) = -64.9 kNm
Moment Muz = 64.9 × Sin(0.00°) = 0.0 kNm

Beam Relative Stiffness, kBeam = 0.00062m³

Angle of Beam to Column Local Axis, θ1 = 0.00°
Current Column Stiffness = |kzz × Sin(θ1)| + |kyy × Cos(θ1)| = |0.00071 × Sin(0.00°)| + |
0.00071 × Cos(0.00°)| = 0.00071

Moment Muy Transferred to Column/Columns = -64.9 × 0.00071 / (0.00071 + 0.00062) = -

34.7 kNm

Moment Muz Transferred to Column/Columns = 0.0 × 0.00071 / (0.00071 + 0.00062) = 0.0

kNm

Moment Muy Transferred to Column C7:(2A,C) = -34.7 × 1 = -34.7 kNm

Moment Muz Transferred to Column C7:(2A,C) = 0.0 × 1 = 0.0 kNm

SLENDERNESS RESULT
Clause 3.8.1.6 : Effective Height of a column
Clause 3.8.3 : Deflection induced moments in solid slender columns
Column Dimension in Plane of Bending (About Y-Y Axis), Hyy = 400.0 mm
Column Dimension in Plane of Bending (About Z-Z Axis), Hzz = 400.0 mm

Slenderness Calculation About Y-Y Axis

Clear Length, lo = 3000.0 mm, Lateral Force, V = 0, Use Stability Index Q = 0 for Gravity
Load, The Element is Braced

Total Column Stiffness at Top, I/L = 711111 mm3

Total Column Stiffness at Bottom, I/L = 1422222 mm3
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at top part of column, KbTop = 620039.7 mm3
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at bottom part of column, KbBot = 620039.7 mm 3

Relative Stiffness at Top of Element, αTop = 1.147

Relative Stiffness at Bottom of Element, αBot = 2.294
β1 = 0.7 + 0.05 × (αTop + αBot) = 0.87, β2 = 0.85 + 0.05 × Min (αTop, αBot) = 0.91
β = Min (β1, β2) = 0.87 < 1.0
Effective Length, leff = 0.87 × lo = 2610.0 mm
leff / H = 2610.0 / 400.0 = 6.5 < 15
The Column Is Short About Y-Y Axis

Slenderness Calculation About Z-Z Axis

Member Clear Length, lo = 3000.0 mmLateral Force, V = 0, Use Stability Index Q = 0 for
Gravity Load, The Element is Braced

Total Column Stiffness at Top, I/L = 711111 mm3

Total Column Stiffness at Bottom, I/L = 1422222 mm3
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at top part of column, KbTop = 2604166.7 mm3
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at bottom part of column, KbBot = 2604166.7
mm3

Relative Stiffness at Top of Element, αTop = 0.273

Relative Stiffness at Bottom of Element, αBot = 0.546
β1 = 0.7 + 0.05 × (αTop + αBot) = 0.74, β2 = 0.85 + 0.05 × Min (αTop, αBot) = 0.86
β = Min (β1, β2) = 0.74 < 1.0
Effective Length, leff = 0.74 × lo = 2220.0 mm
leff / H = 2220.0 / 400.0 = 5.6 < 15
The Column Is Short About Z-Z Axis

Section Data
Code of Practice : BS8110 : 1997

 General Data
Concrete Area = 160000.0 mm²
Steel Bar Area = 904.8 mm²
Steel Ratio = 0.5655 %

Figure 4: Section Dimension

Type of Section Selected : Rectangular Shape

B = 400.0 mm, H = 400.0 mm, Angle of Rotation = 0.0°
Concrete Cover = 25.0 mm
Link Diameter = 10 mm
Main Reinforcement provided : 8T12 (0.57%)
Link Reinforcement Provided : 3T10 - 125

Material Data
Concrete Test Specimen Type : Cube
Concrete Cube Strength, fcu = 30.0 N/mm²
Steel Yield Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Ultimate Strain of Concrete, εcu = 0.0035
Elastic Modulus of Concrete, Ec = 24597.0 N/mm²
Elastic Modulus of Steel, Es = 200000.0 N/mm ²
Partial Safety Factor of Material for Concrete, γc = 1.50
Partial Safety Factor of Material for Steel, γs = 1.05

Loading Data
Mx and My is taken with respect to the geometrical centroid of the section
Applied Axial Load = 210.0 kN
Applied Bending Moment about X-X Axis = -40.3 kNm
Applied Bending Moment about Y-Y Axis = 35.1 kNm

Design Status
Moment is taken at the plastic centroid
Axial Force(F) Applied = 210.04 kN
Axial Force(F) Capacity = 474.87 kN

Applied Bending Moment about X-X Axis = -40.29 kNm

Bending Moment Capacity about X-X Axis = -91.10 kNm

Applied Bending Moment about Y-Y Axis = 35.11 kNm

Bending Moment Capacity about Y-Y Axis = 79.37 kNm

Design Passed
Reinforcement provided: 8T12 (0.57%)

k value = 0.426

Note:
k value = √ ((AsReq) / (AsProv))
AsReq = Area of steel required (mm²)
AsProv = Area of steel provided (mm²)

Concrete contribution

Figure 5: Neutral Axis Diagram

Equivalent compressive stress block area = 42934.69 mm²
Centroid of equivalent compression Area, X = 95.48mm
Centroid of equivalent compression Area, Y = -108.71mm
Reinforcement Result

Figure 6: Steel Bar Arrangement Diagram

Reinforcement Bar Result

Strain,1e- Stress,N/ Mx,kN My,kN
Bar X,mm Y,mm A,mm² NA,mm P,kN
3 mm² m m
1 4641.0 3141.0 113.1 38.8 -0.59 -118.9 -13.45 2.14 2.14
2 4959.0 3141.0 113.1 -170.4 2.61 438.1 49.55 -7.88 7.88
3 4800.0 3141.0 113.1 -65.8 1.01 201.8 22.83 -3.63 0.00
4 4959.0 3300.0 113.1 -50.7 0.78 155.4 17.57 0.00 2.79
5 4959.0 3459.0 113.1 69.1 -1.06 -211.9 -23.96 -3.81 -3.81
6 4641.0 3459.0 113.1 278.3 -4.27 -438.1 -49.55 -7.88 7.88
7 4800.0 3459.0 113.1 173.7 -2.66 -438.1 -49.55 -7.88 0.00
8 4641.0 3300.0 113.1 158.5 -2.43 -438.1 -49.55 0.00 7.88
Total -96.10 -28.94 24.76

Percentage of steel bar = 0.57 %

Verification
Verification of the output results for the Axial Load Capacity
Contribution from concrete = 42934.69*0.447*30.0/1000 = 575.9 kN
Contribution from displaced concrete force = (113.1+113.1+113.1)*0.447*30.00/1000 =
4.55kN
Contribution from reinforcement bars = -96.10kN
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kN
Total Axial load = 1.00*(575.89-4.55-96.10+0.00) = 475.23kN

Verification of output results for moment X

The extra moment due to offset in plastic centroid = 0.00kNm
Contribution from concrete = 42934.69*0.447*30.00*(-108.71)*/10^6 = -62.61kNm
Contribution from displaced concrete = (113.1*(-159.0)+113.1*(-
159.0)+113.1*(0.0))*0.447*30.00/106 = -0.48kNm
Contribution from reinforcement bar = -28.94kNm
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kNm
Total Moment X(Plastic Centroid) =1.00*(-62.61+0.48-28.94+0.00) =
-91.06kNm

Verification of output results for moment Y

The extra moment due to offset in plastic centroid = 0.00kNm
Contribution from concrete = 42934.69*0.447*30.00*(95.48)*/10^6 = 54.99kNm
Contribution from displaced concrete =
(113.1*(159.0)+113.1*(0.0)+113.1*(159.0))*0.447*30.00/106 = 0.48kNm
Contribution from reinforcement bar = 24.76kNm
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kNm
Total Moment Y(Plastic Centroid) =1.00*(54.99-0.48+24.76+0.00) =
79.26kNm

Note for Verification Calculation:

Concrete Moment Capacity, Fcd = Fcc*Lever Arm
Concrete Axial Load Capacity, Fcc = Ac*σc,max
Ac = Equivalent compressive stress block area or concrete area
Maximum concrete stress, σc,max = k1/(2*k2) = 0.404*fcu/(2*0.452) = 0.447*fcu
k1 = Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis
k2 = Concrete Lever Arm Factor

Shear & Torsion Design / Checking

Part 1 Clause 3.8.4.6: Shear in columns
Limit about X-X Axis, rXX = 0.6 × Hy = 0.6 × 400 / 1000 = 0.2400 m
Limit about Y-Y Axis, rYY = 0.6 × Hx = 0.6 × 400 / 1000 = 0.2400 m

Not all load cases within the limit specified in BS8110:Part1 Clause 3.8.4.6, Check for shear
and torsion is needed

Main Bar Diameter, diaMain = 12.0 mm, Link Diameter, diaLink = 10.0 mm, Link Spacing,
SvLink = 125.0 mm
Cover for Shear and Torsion Design from Concrete Surface to Main Bar Surface = 35 mm

Shear And Torsion Calculation in X-X Axis

Section Width, Bx = 400.0 mm, Section Height, Hx = 400.0 mm
Section Effective Depth, dx = Hx - Cover(including link) - diaMain / 2 = 359.0 mm

Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 400 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 340 mm

Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 400 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 340 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 340 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 340 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 400.0 mm, Dmax = 400.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.15 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 359.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 0.6 × 1000 / (400.0 × 359.0) = 0.00 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.00 + 0.15 = 0.16 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 340.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 340.0 / 550 = 2.71 N/mm²
νst = 0.15 N/mm² ≤ 2.71 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 0.6 × 1000 / (400.0 × 359.0) = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ νMax
(4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 0 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.15 % ≤ 3.0 %
0.15% of steel is used for calculation of compressive member
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 359.0 = 1.114
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 1.027 ≥ 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 =
1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.15}⅓ × 1.027 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.37 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 567 × 400.0 / 35106086 = 0.01
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.367 + 0.60 × (227776.3 /
160000.0) × 0.01 = 0.372 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × √[1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.367 × √[1 + 227776.3 /
(160000.0 × 0.37)] = 0.810 N/mm²
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' > νc1' --> Use νc1' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.004 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 400) / (0.95 ×
460) = 0.365 mm²/mm
- BS8110: Part 2: Clause 2.4.7
Torsion Steel Area / Spacing Ratio, TAs_Sv = T × 1000000 / (0.8 × x1 × y1 × fyv / γs )
= 3.260 × 1000000 / (0.8 × 340 × 340 × 0.95 × 460) = 0.08 mm²/mm
Torsion Steel Area Provided, TAsProv = 2 × Pi * diaLink² / 4 = 157.1 mm²
TAs_Sv Provided, C = TAsProv / Sv = 157.1 / 125.0 = 1.26 mm²/mm
Shear Torsion Combined Ratio, K = (LinkLoop × C - TAs_SvReq) / SAs_SvReq
= (1 × 1.26 - 0.08) / 0.37
= 3.220 >= 1
Checking for Shear & Torsion Combined Passed

Shear And Torsion Calculation in Y-Y Axis

Section Width, By = 400.0 mm, Section Height, Hy = 400.0 mm
Section Effective Depth, dy = Hy - Cover(including link) - diaMain / 2 = 359.0 mm

Link Horizontal Dimension, h1 = b - 2 × Side Cover - DiaLink = 400 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 340 mm

Link Vertical Dimension, v1 = h - 2 × Cover - DiaLink = 400 - 2 × 25 - 10 = 340 mm
Dimension x1 = Min (h1, v1) = 340 mm, y1 = Max (h1, v1) = 340 mm

Section Dimension: Dmin = 400.0 mm, Dmax = 400.0 mm

Torsion Stress, νst = 2 × T × 106 / (Dmin² × (Dmax - Dmin / 3)) = 0.15 N/mm²
Effective depth, d = 359.0 mm
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 15.7 × 1000 / (400.0 × 359.0) = 0.11 N/mm²

Part 2 : Clause 2.4.6 and Table 2.3

Maximum Combined Stress Allowed, νtu = Min (0.8 × √fcu, 5) = 4.38 N/mm²
Total Stress, νTot = νss + νst = 0.11 + 0.15 = 0.26 N/mm² ≤ νtu (4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Combined Stress Allowed Pass

Part 2: Clause 2.4.5

Additional Checking While Small Cross Section (y1 < 550 mm)
Larger Link Dimension, y1 = 340.0 mm < 550 mm
νtu × y1 / 550 = 4.38 × 340.0 / 550 = 2.71 N/mm²
νst = 0.15 N/mm² ≤ 2.71 N/mm²
Checking for Torsion Stress Allowed Pass

Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, νMax = Min (0.8 × √30, 5) = 4.38 N/mm² - Clause 3.4.5.2
Shear Stress, νss = V × 1000 / (b × d) = 15.7 × 1000 / (400.0 × 359.0) = 0.11 N/mm² ≤ νMax
(4.38 N/mm²)
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass

Tension Steel Area Provided, Ast = 0 mm²

- Table 3.8: Values of νc, design concrete shear stress
Steel Percentage, 100 × As / (bv × d) = 0.15 % ≤ 3.0 %
0.15% of steel is used for calculation of compressive member
Effective Depth Ratio, edr = 400 / d = 400 / 359.0 = 1.114
(400 / d)^ ¼ = 1.027 ≥ 1
Minimum fcu, fcuMin = 25 N/mm², Concrete Grade Ratio, Min(fcu, 40) / fcuMin = 30 / 25 =
1.200
Concrete Shear Capacity, νc = 0.79 {100 As / (bv d)}⅓ (400 / d)¼ (fcu / 25)⅓ / γm
= 0.79 × {0.15}⅓ × 1.027 × (1.200)⅓ / 1.25 = 0.37 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6a
VhM Ratio = V × h / M = 15676 × 400.0 / 40292589 = 0.16
Design Shear Capacity, νc1' = νc + 0.60 × (N / Ac) × VhM = 0.367 + 0.60 × (227776.3 /
160000.0) × 0.16 = 0.500 N/mm²
Clause 3.4.5.12: eqn. 6b
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' = νc × √[1 + N / (Ac × νc)] = 0.367 × √[1 + 227776.3 /
(160000.0 × 0.37)] = 0.810 N/mm²
Design Shear Capacity, νc2' > νc1' --> Use νc1' for design

Minimum Design Shear Stress, νMin = 0.40 N/mm²

νss = 0.109 < νc' + 0.4, Provides only minimum link
Design for minimum Shear Stress, νd = νmin = 0.40 N/mm²
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = (vd × b) / (fyy × fy) = (0.40 × 400) / (0.95 ×
460) = 0.365 mm²/mm
- BS8110: Part 2: Clause 2.4.7
Torsion Steel Area / Spacing Ratio, TAs_Sv = T × 1000000 / (0.8 × x1 × y1 × fyv / γs )
= 3.260 × 1000000 / (0.8 × 350 × 350 × 0.95 × 460) = 0.08 mm²/mm
Torsion Steel Area Provided, TAsProv = 2 × Pi * diaLink² / 4 = 157.1 mm²
TAs_Sv Provided, C = TAsProv / Sv = 157.1 / 125.0 = 1.26 mm²/mm
Shear Torsion Combined Ratio, K = (LinkLoop × C - TAs_SvReq) / SAs_SvReq
= (1 × 1.26 - 0.08) / 0.37
= 3.233 >= 1
Checking for Shear & Torsion Combined Passed

Column Buckling Check

Smallest lateral section dimension (or equivalent) = 400 mm
Link spacing allowed = 12 × Compression bar diameter = 12 × 12 = 144 mm or 400mm or
300 mm whichever lesser
Maximum link spacing selected = 125 mm

Minimum column dimension to have minimum link diameter = 225 mm

Smallest column sectional dimension (or equivalent) = 400 mm > 225 mm
Smallest link diameter allowed by user due to minimum member dimension = 10 mm
Minimum link diameter required corresponding to main bar = 0.25 × 12 = 3.0 mm
Link diameter selected = 10 mm >= 3.0 mm
Link Provided T10 - 125, Internal Hook Provided 2T10 - 125

iv. Pad

DESIGN RESULT

Equivalent loadings imposed

Equivalent Column Load = 12.67kN
Equivalent Column moment X = 0.00kNm
Equivalent Column moment Y = 0.00kNm
Load Allowance = 10%

Pad Footing
Pad Footing self-weight Load = 1.82kN
Pad Footing self-weight moment X = 0.00kNm
Pad Footing self-weight moment Y = 0.00kNm

Total Loadings
Total load applied = 14.49kN
Total moment X applied =0.00kNm
Total moment Y applied =0.00kNm

Soil Pressure Checking

P = 14.49 kN ; Mx = 0 kNm ; My = 0 kNm
Soil bearing pressure = 100 kN/m²
Footing width, B = 0.55 m
Footing length, L = 0.55 m
Soil pressure = P / (BL) = 14.49 / (0.55 × 0.55) = 47.89 kN/m² ≤ 100 kN/m²
Since the pad area is governed by the stump size, hence the assigned x/y ratio is not
complied.

Status:
Design Passed

Pad Footing Cross Section Information

Point 0:{21925,-275} mm
Point 1:{22475,-275} mm
Point 2:{22475,275} mm
Point 3:{21925,275} mm
Pad Footing center = {22200.00,0.00} mm
B = 550 mm
L = 550 mm
Thickness = 250mm
Pad Footing Density = 24kN/m^3
Pad Footing weight = 2kN

The depth of the footing slab = 250mm

The effective depth for reinforcement in x direction = 176mm
The effective depth for reinforcement in y direction = 188mm
Total depth = Effective depth of rebar + rebar radius + concrete cover
Total depth = 188+6+50=244≈250mm

Earth Pressure Calculation

Earth Pressure, ρ = Ultimate Safety Factor × Axial load / Pad area
ρ = 1.40 × 12.7*10^6 / 302500 = 58.6 kN/m²

The Detailed Calculations for Footing Thickness and Reinforcement Bars

Detailed Moment Calculation

The moment is taken at 0 times of the column face to the column center
ρ = Earth pressure = 58.6kN/m²

The Calculation of Ultimate State Moment X

xeffect = 550.00/2.0-0.0*400.00/2.0 = 275mm
Moment X = ρ*y*xeffect²/2
Moment X = 58.6*550*275^2/2.0/10^9
Moment X = 1.22kNm
The Calculation of Ultimate State Moment Y
yeffect = 550.00/2.0-0.0*400.00/2.0 = 275mm
Moment Y = ρ*x*yeffect²/2
Moment Y = 58.6*550*275^2/2.0/10^9
Moment Y = 1.22kNm

Check Thickness Constraint

250mm is a multiple of 50mm
Footing thickness constraint checking pass!!

Check Footing Depth

Footing slab depth ≥ minimum thickness
250mm ≥ 250mm
Footing depth checking pass!!

Moment Checking
Clause 3.4.4.4 singly R.C. design(Reinforced Concrete Design, Mosley second edition, pp 62-
66)

Mx<=fcu*B*d²k'
My<=fcu*L*d²k'
k'=kk1/fcu
kk1=cb*k1*(1-cb*k2)
cb=limiting effective depth factor = 0.5
Mx and My are ultimate limit state moment

k1 = (0.45-0.15√fcu/17.86)fcu
k1 = [0.45-0.15*√30.00/17.86] 30.00 = 12.12

k2=1-0.45*fcu*(0.5-fcu/3828)/k1
k2=1-0.45*30.00*(0.5-30.00/3828)/12.12 = 0.45

kk1 = cb*k1*(1-cb*k2)
kk1 = 0.50*12.12*(1- 0.50*0.45) = 4.69

k'=kk1/fcu
k' = 4.69/30.00 = 0.156

Steel Area Calculation

k' =M/(fcu*b*d^2)
z = Min (d{0.5+√(0.25-k'/(2*0.67/γc))}, 0.95*d)
Steel area = M/(fy*z/γs)

M = Ultimate limit state Bending Moment

d = effective depth
γc = partial safety factor for concrete
γs = partial safety factor for steel
fy = yield strength for steel

Steel Area in X Direction

k = 10^6*1.22/(30*550*176²) = 0.0024
lever arm = 176*(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0024)/2*0.67/1.50))) = 176 mm
lever arm = Min (lever arm, 0.95*176) = 167 mm
Steel area x due to moment = 10^6*1.22/(460/1.05*167) =17 mm²
Steel area that are due to minimum requirement = (steel min percentage)*cut sectional
area/100 = 0.3*550*250/100=412.50 mm²
Steel area provided = 452 mm²

Check for moment in x direction

fcu*b*d²k'>=Mx
30.00*550*176²*0.16/10^6 = 79.92kNm>=1.22=1.22kNm
Moment checking pass

Check for steel percentage:

Steel percentage x = 100*452/(550*250.0) = 0.33%
The steel percentage is OK

Check for the sufficiency of steel area provided in x direction

4T12 is used
The total bar area is = 3.142*4*12^2/4 = 452mm²
The steel area provided 452 mm²
413<452 mm²
Area provided is sufficient!!

Check for bar spacing:

Bar spacing in x = 125
Bar diameter in x = 12mm
The bar spacing is ok

Check for bar diameter:

Bar diameter in x = 12mm
The bar diameter is ok

Steel Area in Y Direction

k = 10^6*1.22/(30*550*188²) = 0.0021
lever arm = 188*(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0021)/2*0.67/1.50))) = 188 mm
lever arm = Min (lever arm, 0.95*188) = 179 mm
Steel area y due to moment = 10^6*1.22/(460/1.05*179) =16 mm²
Steel area that are due to minimum requirement = (steel min percentage)*cut sectional
area/100 = 0.3*550*250/100=412.50 mm²
Steel area provided = 452 mm²

Check for moment in y direction

fcu*b*d²k'>=My
30.00*550*188²*0.16/10^6 = 91.19kNm>=1.22=1.22kNm
Moment checking pass

Check for steel percentage:

Steel percentage y = 100*452/(550*250.0) = 0.33%
The steel percentage is OK

Check for the sufficiency of steel area provided in y direction

4T12 is used
The total bar area is = 3.142*4*12^2/4 = 452mm²
The steel area provided 452 mm²
413<452 mm²
Area provided is sufficient!!

Check for bar spacing:

Bar spacing in y = 125
Bar diameter in y = 12mm
The bar spacing is ok

Check for bar diameter:

Bar diameter in y = 12mm
The bar diameter is ok

Check for Punching Shear

Shearing capacity = 0.79*((100*As/(b*d)^1/3)*((fcu/25)^1/3)*((400/d)^1/4)/γc
With
As is the minimum steel ratio in the two directions, x and y
100*As/(b*d) should not be taken as greater than 3
(400/d)^1/4 should not be taken as less than 0.67
fcu should not be taken as greater than 40 or less than 25

fcu = min(40, max (25, fcu)) = min (40, max (25, 30)) = 30
Cut Area X = 550*176=96800mm²
Cut Area Y = 550*188=103400mm²
Average steel % = 100*(Steel Area X + Steel Area Y)/(Cut Area X+Cut Area
Y)=100*(452+452)/(96800+103400)=0.45
Effective steel percentage = Min(Average steel %, 3) = 0.45%
thickness = (176+188)/2=182
Inverted thickness = max(0.67,(400/thickness^(1/4)))
Inverted thickness = max(0.67, (400/(182))^(1/4) )= 1.22
Shearing capacity, vc = 0.79*0.45^(1/3)*1.22*(30/25.0)^(1/3)/1.25 = 0.63 N/mm^2

The most critical section is checked at 0.2d

Check for the case if the critical section occurs at 0.20*depth
Enhanced shear factor multiplier, esm = 1.5
Enhanced Shear factor = Max(esm/k, 1)= Max(1.5/0.20,1) = 7.50d
Real shear capacity, vc = vc*enchanced Shear Factor = 0.63 × 7.50 = 4.76 N/mm²

k = 0.20
The dimension of the critical section
B' = B + 2 × k × d
B' = 400 + 2 × 0.20 × 182.0 = 473 mm
L' = L + 2 × k × d
L' = 400 + 2 ×0.20 × 182.0 = 473 mm
Punching Shear Force = ρ × (total pad area - area inside critical perimeter)
Punching Shear Force = 58.6 × (0.303 - 0.473*0.473) = 4.631 kN
punching shear stress = 10^3 × 5/((2 × 473 + 2 × 473)*182)= 0.01 <= vc = 4.76 N/mm²
Punching Shear Pass!

Check for Ultimate Shear

shear stress = Ultimate axial load/(ColPerimeter*d)<=Min (0.8√fcu, 5)

shear stress = 17.7*10^3/(1600*182) = 0.06 N/mm²

0.06 <= 4.38
Ultimate Shear Checking Pass!

Check for Flexural Shear

Shearing capacity = 0.79*((100*As/(b*d)^1/3)*((fcu/25)^1/3)*((400/d)^1/4)/γc

With
As is the minimum steel ratio in the two directions, x and y
100*As/(b*d) should not be taken as greater than 3
(400/d)^1/4 should not be taken as less than 0.67
fcu should not be taken as greater than 40 or less than 25

Un-enhanced Shear Capacity in X direction

fcu = min(40, max (25, fcu)) = min (40, max (25, 30)) = 30
Effective steel percentage = Min(steel percentage, 3) = 0.47%
Inverted thickness = max(0.67,(400/thickness^(1/4)))
Inverted thickness = max(0.67, (400/(176))^(1/4) )= 1.23
Shearing capacity X, vcX = 0.79*0.47^(1/3)*1.23*(30/25.0)^(1/3)/1.25 = 0.64 N/mm^2
Un-enhanced Shear Capacity in Y direction
fcu = min(40, max (25, fcu)) = min (40, max (25, 30)) = 30
Effective steel percentage = Min(steel percentage, 3) = 0.47%
Inverted thickness = max(0.67,(400/thickness^(1/4)))
Inverted thickness = max(0.67, (400/(176))^(1/4) )= 1.23
Shearing capacity Y, vcY= 0.79*0.47^(1/3)*1.23*(30/25.0)^(1/3)/1.25 = 0.64 N/mm^2

The flexural shear is checked at 0.40d from column face at left portion of the cap
Enhanced shear multiplier, esm = 1.50
Enhanced shear factor = Max(esm/k,1) = Max(1.50/0.40,1) = 3.75
Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = 0.64 × 3.75 = 2.40 N/mm²
Flexural shear stress = 0 × 10³/(550*176) = 0.00 ≤ vc' = 2.40 N/mm²
Flexural Shear Checking Pass!

The flexural shear is checked at 0.40d from column face at right portion of the cap
Enhanced shear multiplier, esm = 1.50
Enhanced shear factor = Max(esm/k,1) = Max(1.50/0.40,1) = 3.75
Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = 0.64 × 3.75 = 2.40 N/mm²
Flexural shear stress = 0 × 10³/(550*176) = 0.00 ≤ vc' = 2.40 N/mm²
Flexural Shear Checking Pass!

The flexural shear is checked at 0.35d from column face at upper portion of the cap
Enhanced shear multiplier, esm = 1.50
Enhanced shear factor = Max(esm/k,1) = Max(1.50/0.35,1) = 4.29
Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = 0.62 × 4.29 = 2.64 N/mm²
Flexural shear stress = 0 × 10³/(550*188) = 0.00 ≤ vc' = 2.64 N/mm²
Flexural Shear Checking Pass!

The flexural shear is checked at 0.35d from column face at lower portion of the cap
Enhanced shear multiplier, esm = 1.50
Enhanced shear factor = Max(esm/k,1) = Max(1.50/0.35,1) = 4.29
Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = 0.62 × 4.29 = 2.64 N/mm²
Flexural shear stress = 0 × 10³/(550*188) = 0.00 ≤ vc' = 2.64 N/mm²
Flexural Shear Checking Pass!
6.0 Manual Calculation

Based on esteem outcomes, the design status of all beam are pass. We had decided G9
to verify. The size of beam at G9 is 250 x 500 mm. A few beams design has a provided
with warning an unstable or cantilever beam and need check by visual inspection of the
key plan and use own good engineering judgment.
7.0 Detailing
8.0 Conclusion

A beam calculation is made by manually to be compared with the result and analysis
gain from esteem 10 software. A continuous beam is selected to be calculated
manually. Based on the architectural drawing of the double story house, ground beam
9 was been chosen. In esteem 10 software, it found that the area reinforcement
required for each span of the beam is lower compared to the manual calculation. It
states that for span 1 with 3.3m length, it needs only 203 mm² meanwhile in manual
calculation it needs 212.03 mm². It found that it is same goes to the others span. Value
obtain from esteem 10 is lower compared to the value get from manual calculation. It
can conclude that by using esteem 10, the result gain more accurate compared to the
manual calculation. The accuracy is 99.56 % correct.
9.0 References

BOOK

1. Mohamad Salleh Yassin, Ramli Abdullah (2016) Reinforced concrete Design to

Eurocode 2, UTM Press
2. Standard Eurocode 1 – Action on Structure
3. Standard Eurocode 2 – Design of Concrete Structures (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004)