Microbiology Chapter Five (Cowan)

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1. Bacteria and eu- Last Common Ancestor

karyotes evolved
from a precursor
called the ______.

2. Last Common An- Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

cestor Gave rise to bacteria and eukarya separately
Organelles: originated from more primitive cells that
became trapped in eukaryotic cells.

3. True/False: Eukary- False

otes and prokary-
otes evolved inde-
pendently.

4. ________ evolved Organelles

from primitive
cells that became
trapped in larger
cells.

5. Describe the differ- Tissues are multicellular organism that have specific
ence between tis- function and organs are groups of tissue
sues and organs.

6. List three types of Protozoa,fungi,Algae and Helminths

eukaryotes studied
by microbiologists.

7. Eukaryotic vs. Bac- 10x thicker

terial flagella: Structurally more complex
Covered by an extension of the cell membrane
Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced
hollow microtubules
9+2 arrangement

8. The Glycocalyx An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact

with the environment
Also called an extracellular matrix
Composed of polysaccharides
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Appearance:
Network of fibers
Slime layer
Capsule

9. Eukaryotic Cell Found in fungi and algae

Wall Rigid and provide structural support and shape
Different chemical composition than bacterial cell walls

10. Eukarytotic The Cy- Typical layer of phospholipids embedded with protein
toplasmic Mem- molecules
brane:
Contain sterols:
-Selectively permeable barriers
-Sophisticated mechanisms for transporting materials
in and waste and other products out

11. Describe three -10xs thicker

ways in which -structurally more complex
eukaryotic flagella -Covered by an extension of the cell membrane
are different than
prokaryotic flagel-
la.

12. What are the pur- feeding and filtering structures on some cells
poses of cilia?

13. What are the three 1.Protects

functions of the 2.adheres
glycocalyx? 3.receives signal

14. Describe three 1) Rigid

ways in which eu-
karyotic cell walls 2) provide structural support
are different than
prokaryotic cell 3) shape and have different chemical composition than
walls. bacterial cell walls

15. The Nucleus Compact sphere, most prominent organelle.

-Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope
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16. Nucleolus Stains more intensely due to its RNA content

Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

17. Chromatin Makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

Units of genetic information in the cell
Long, linear DNA molecules bound to histones
VISIBLE DURING MITOSIS
Meiosis: production of sex cells

18. Endoplasmic Retic- Microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and

ulum storage.

19. Rough endoplas- Ribosomes attached to its surface

mic reticulum Proteins held for packaging and transport

20. Smooth endoplas- Does not contain ribosomes

mic reticulum: Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules

21. Golgi Apparatus Site of protein modification and transport.

Consists of a stack of flattened, disc-shape sacs
Closely connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

22. Golgi apparatus transitional vesicles and condensing vesicles

forms ________. -Become lysosomes or secretory vesicles

23. Nucleus, ER, and -Genetic information originates from the nucleus.
Golgi: Nature's As- -Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes and deposited
sembly Line into the RER.
-Proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus to
be chemically modified and packaged into vesicles.

24. Lysosomes
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-Originate in the Golgi apparatus and contain a variety
of enzymes
-Involved in intracellular digestion of food and protection
against invading microorganisms

25. Vacuoles: -Membrane-bound sacs

-Contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excret-
ed, or stored

26. Mitochondria Supply the bulk of the energy of a cell.

Structure:
-Cristae: folds on the inner membrane that hold the
electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-Matrix: holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes used in
metabolism

27. Unique Character- -Divide independently of the cell

istics of Mitochon-
dria -Contain circular strands of DNA

-Have bacteria-size 70S ribosomes

These characteristics provide evidence that mitochon-
dria were cells engulfed by other cells and became
organelles

28. Chloroplasts Capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chem-

ical energy through photosynthesis.

29. Polyribosomes short chains of ribosomes

30. Ribosomes Similar to bacterial ribosomes in structure:

Large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein
Full size of ribosome is 80S
Combination of 60S and 40S subunits

31. Functions of the cy- Anchoring organelles

toskeleton Moving RNA and vesicles
Permitting shape changes and movement

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32. Three main types of Actin filaments
cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

33. True/False: Eukary- False only visible during mitosis

otic chromosomes
are visible during
all portions of the
cell cycle.

34. The ________ en- rough

doplasmic reticu-
lum is responsible
for packaging and
transport of pro-
teins.

35. ________ are vesi- Lysomes

cles that contain di-
gestive enzymes.

36. True/False: Mi- False

tochondria and
chloroplasts con- -only mitochondria contain circular DNA, but chloroplas-
tain 70S ribosomes ts and mitochondria both have 70s ribosomes
and circular DNA.

37. Macroscopic fungi : mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

38. Microscopic fungi: molds, yeasts

39. Yeast cell: Round to oval shape

Uses asexual reproduction

40. Hyphae Long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi or

molds
Pseudohyphae: chains of yeast

41. Dimorphic Some fungi can take either form

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42. Heterotrophic: Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates

43. Saprobes Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

44. Parasites Live on the bodies of living animals or plants

45. Mycelium the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up

the body or colony of a mold

46. Septa hyphae divided into segments or cross wall

47. Spores fungal reproductive bodies

48. Fungi have many Simple outward growth of existing hyphae

complex and suc- Fragmentation: separated piece of mycelium can gen-
cessful reproduc- erate a whole new colony
tive strategies Primary reproductive mode: spore formation
***Fungal spores should not be confused with resistant,
non-reproductive bacterial endospores***

49. Sporangiospores: Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

50. Conidospores or Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Conidia:

51. Purpose of sexual Important variations occur when fungi of different genet-
spores: ic makeup combine genetic material
Slight variations in form and function are potentially
advantageous to the adaptation and survival of the
species

52. Asexual genus and species

spore-forming
structures used to
identify ____ and
____.

53. Pathogenic fungi: Infection occurs through accidental contact

Primary pathogens sicken healthy persons

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Opportunistic pathogens attack people who are already
weakened in some way

54. Other medical con- Allergies

ditions caused by Neurological conditions due to toxin production
fungi

55. Negative industrial A number of species are pathogenic to corn and grain
impact: 40% of the fruit crop each year is consumed by fungi

56. Positive industrial Essential role in decomposing organic matter and re-
impact: turning essential minerals to the soil
Production of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and
vitamins

57. A ________ is a Saprobes

type of fungus
that derives nutri-
ents from dead or
decaying material.

58. True/False: Fungal False that is endospores

spores have a
tough outer coating
that allows them to
survive in extreme
conditions.

59. ________ are asex- Sporangiospores

ual spores con-
tained in a saclike
head.

60. True/False: Patho- true

genic fungi require
a host to complete
their life cycle.

61. Protist any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tis-
sues
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62. Protozoa harmful -Most members are harmless inhabitants of the water
or not? and soil.
-A few species are parasites responsible for millions of
infections in humans per year.

63. Protozoa are Sin- chloroplasts

gle cells containing
all major eukaryotic
organelles except

64. Free-living Scavenge dead plant or animal debris

species: Graze on live cells of bacteria and algae

65. Parasitic species: Live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive
juices
May actively feed on tissues

66. Pseudopods Serve as feeding structures

("false feet"):

67. Flagella Vary in number from one to several

68. Cilia: Distributed over the entire surface of the cell in charac-
teristic patterns

69. Trophozoite Motile and feeding stage

Requires ample food and moisture to remain active

70. Cyst: Dormant, resting stage

Formed when conditions become unfavorable for
growth and feeding
Important factor in spread of disease

71. Protozoan repro- Simple, asexual methods, usually mitosis

duction: Multiple fission
Sexual reproduction also occurs

72. Those that use fla- Flagella alone or flagella and amoeboid motion
gella to move: Single nucleus
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Sexual reproduction by syngamy
Form cysts and are free-living

73. Those using amoe- Primarily amoeba

boid motion to Use pseudopods for locomotion
move Asexual reproduction by fission
Mostly uninucleate
Usually encyst
Free-living and not infectious

74. Those with no Motility absent in most representatives

motility (Sporo- Complex life cycles with well-developed asexual and
zoa): sexual stages
Entire group is parasitic

75. Most protozoa can genus, unique appearance

be identified to
the level of ____
because of their
___________.

76. Parasitology Study of protozoa and helminths.

77. Parasite term most often used to denote protozoan and helminth
pathogens.

78. Trypanosoma bru- African Sleeping Sickness

cei:

79. Trypanosoma Chagas disease

cruzi:

80. True/False: Algae true

don't cause any
type of human dis-
ease.

81. Describe each of 1. pseudopods false feet serve as feeding strutures

the three styles of 2. flagella 1 to several
3. cilia over the entire surface of cell
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protozoan locomo-
tion.

82. True/False: All pro- false some have protozoa have trophozoite state other
tozoa have a rotate between trophozoite and cysta
trophozoite form,
but not all produce
cysts.

83. The term ________ parasite

is most often used
to describe proto-
zoan and helminth
pathogens.

84. Helminths Tapeworms

Flukes
Roundworms
Usually large enough to be seen with the naked eye: 1
mm - 25 m in length

85. General Worm Mor- Multicellular animals equipped with organs and organ
phology systems.
Reproductive tract is the most developed
Primitive digestive, excretory, nervous, and muscular
systems
Thick cuticles for protection
Mouth glands for breaking down the host's tissue

86. Complete life cycle: Fertilized egg

Larval stage
Adult stage
Majority of helminths derive nutrients and reproduce
sexually in the host's body.

87. Nematodes sexes have different morphologies.

88. Trematodes sexes are separate or hermaphroditic:

89. Cestodes generally hermaphroditic

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90. Enterobius vermic- Causes a very common infestation of the large intestine
ularis Worms range from 2 - 12 mm long
Tapered, cylindrical shape
Simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread
beyond the intestine

91. Absence of autoimmunity and allergy

helminth infections
may contribute to

92. Describe the differ- 1.nematodes sexes have different morphologies

ence between ne- (roundworms)
matodes, cestodes, 2.Trematodes sexes are separate or hermaphroditic
and trematodes. (flukes)
3.Cestodes generally hermaphrodite(taenia)

93. In helminths, the Reproductive tract

most developed or-
gan system is the
________ system.

94. Some helminths Hermaphrodite

are ________, hav-
ing both male and
female organs.

95. True/False: Some false they do not have a high mortality rate
helminths produce
millions of eggs to
overcome a high
mortality rate of
ova.

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