122 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.

1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 122

Solution Manual for Algebra for College Students

8th
Edition Lial Hornsby McGinnis 032196926X
9780321969262
Full link
download
Solution Manual
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-algebra-for-college-students-8th-
edition-lial-hornsby-mcginnis-032196926x-9780321969262/

Test Bank

Chapter 2 The completed table follows.

Linear Equations, Graphs, and x y

Functions 0 −3
4 0
2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables
4
−2
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises 3
1. To complete the ordered pairs, substitute the 15
given value of x or y in the equation. −6 −
For (0, _), let x = 0. 2
3x − 4 y = 12
N1. To complete the ordered pairs, substitute the
3(0) − 4 y = 12 given value of x or y in the equation.
−4 y = 12 For (0, _), let x = 0.
y = −3 2x − y = 4
The ordered pair is (0, − 3). 2(0) − y = 4

For ( , 0) let y = 0. −y = 4
3x − 4 y = 12 y = −4
3x − 4(0) = 12 The ordered pair is (0, − 4).

3x = 12 For ( , 0) let y = 0.
x=4 2x − y = 4
The ordered pair is (4, 0). 2x − 0 = 4

For ( _, − 2), let 3x 4 y = 12

−

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

123 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 123

3x − 4(−2) = 12 y = −2. 2x = 4
3x + 8 = 12 x=2
3x = 4 The ordered pair is (2, 0).
For (4, _), let x = 4.
4
x= 2x − y = 4
3
2(4) − y = 4
8− y = 4
⎛4 ⎞ − y = −4
The ordered pair is ⎜ , −2 ⎟ . y=4
3
⎝ ⎠
For (−6, ), let x = −6. The ordered pair is (4, 4).
For ( , 2), let y = 2.
3x − 4 y = 12 2x − y = 4
3(−6) − 4 y = 12 2x − 2 = 4
−18 − 4 y = 12 2x = 6
−4 y = 30 x=3

30 15 The ordered pair is (3, 2).

y=− =− The completed table follows.
4 2
x y
⎛ 15 ⎞
The ordered pair is ⎜ −6, − ⎟ . 0 −4
⎝ 2⎠
2 0
4 4
3 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

124 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 124

2. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. Find another point. Let x = 1.

2x − y = 4 3(1) − y = 0
2x − 0 = 4 3− y = 0
2x = 4 y=3
x=2 This gives the ordered pair (1, 3). Plot (1, 3)
The x-intercept is (2, 0). and (0, 0) and draw the line through them.
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.

2x − y = 4
2(0) − y = 4
−y = 4
y = −4
The y-intercept is (0, − 4).
N3. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
Plot the intercepts, and draw the line through
them. 2x + 3(0) = 0
2x = 0
x=0

Since the x-intercept is (0, 0), the y-intercept is

also (0, 0).
Find another point. Let x = 3.
2(3) + 3y = 0
N2. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. 6 + 3y = 0
x − 2y = 4 3y = −6
x − 2(0) = 4 y = −2
x=4 This gives the ordered pair (3, −2). Plot
The x-intercept is (4, 0). (3, −2) and (0, 0) and draw the line through
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. them.
x − 2y = 4
0 − 2y = 4
−2 y = 4
y = −2
The y-intercept is (0, − 2).
Plot the intercepts, and draw the line through
them. 4. (a) In standard form, the equation is
0x + y = 3. Every value of x leads to y = 3,
so the y-intercept is (0, 3). There is no
x-intercept. The graph is the horizontal line
through (0, 3).

3. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

3x − 0 = 0
3x = 0
x=0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

125 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 125

Since the x-intercept is (0, 0), the y-intercept is

also (0, 0).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

126 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 126

(b) In standard form, the equation is 2. For any value of x, the point (x, 0) lies on the
x + 0 y = −2. Every value of y leads to x-axis. For any value of y, the point (0, y) lies
x = −2, so the x-intercept is (−2, 0). There on the y-axis.
is no y-intercept. The graph is the vertical 3. The x-intercept is the point where a line crosses
line through (−2, 0). the x-axis. To find the x-intercept of a line, we
let y equal 0 and solve for x.
The y-intercept is the point where a line crosses
the y-axis. To find the y-intercept of a line, we
let x equal 0 and solve for y.
4. The equation y = 4 has a horizontal line as its
graph. The equation x = 4 has a vertical line as
its graph.
N4. (a) In standard form, the equation is 5. To graph a straight line, we must find a
0x + y = −2. Every value of x leads to
minimum of two points. The points ( 3, 2 ) and
y = −2, so the y-intercept is (0, −2). There
is no x-intercept. The graph is the horizontal ( 6, 4 ) lie on the graph of 2x − 3y = 0.

line through (0, −2). 6. The equation of the x-axis is y = 0.

The equation of the y-axis is x = 0.

7. (a) x represents the year; y represents the
personal spending on medical care in
billions of dollars.
(b) The dot above the year 2012 appears to be
at about 2360, so the spending in 2012 was
(b) In standard form, the equation is about $2360 billion.
x + 0 y = −3. Every value of y leads to

x = −3, so the x-intercept is (−3, 0). There (c) The ordered pair is ( x, y ) = ( 2012, 2360 ) .

is no y-intercept. The graph is the vertical (d) In 2008, personal spending on medical care
line through (−3, 0). was about $2000 billion.
8. (a) x represents the year; y represents the
percentage of Americans who moved.
(b) The dot above the year 2013 appears to be
at about 11, so about 11% of Americans
moved in 2013.
(c) The ordered pair is ( x, y ) = ( 2013, 11) .
5. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
segment with endpoints (−5, 8) and (2, 4) is (d) In 1960, the percentage of Americans who
moved was about 20%.
⎛ −5 +2 8 +4 ⎞ ⎛ −3 12 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ = (−1.5, 6).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ 9. (a) The point (1, 6) is located in quadrant I,
since the x- and y-coordinates are both
N5. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the positive.
segment with endpoints (2, −5) and (−4, 7) is
(b) The point (−4, − 2) is located in
⎛ 2 +(−4) −5 +7 ⎞ ⎛ −2 2 ⎞
, = , = (−1, 1). quadrant III, since the x- and y-coordinates

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

127 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 127

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ are both negative.
Exercises (c) The point (−3, 6) is located in quadrant II,
1. The point with coordinates (0, 0) is the origin since the x-coordinate is negative and the
of a rectangular coordinate system. y-coordinate is positive.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

128 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 128

(d) The point (7, − 5) is located in quadrant IV, 13. To plot ( 2, 3) , go 2 units from zero to the right
since the x-coordinate is positive and the along the x-axis, and then go 3 units up parallel
y-coordinate is negative. to the y-axis.
(e) The point (−3, 0) is located on the x-axis,
so it does not belong to any quadrant.
(f) The point (0, −0.5) is located on the y-axis,
so it does not belong to any quadrant.
10. (a) The point (−2, −10) is located in
quadrant III, since the x- and y-coordinates 14. To plot (−1, 2), go 1 unit in the negative
are both negative. direction—that is, left—on the x-axis and then
2 units up.
(b) The point (4, 8) is located in quadrant I,
since the x- and y-coordinates are both
positive.
(c) The point (−9, 12) is located in quadrant II,
since the x-coordinate is negative and the
y-coordinate is positive.

(d) The point (3, −9) is located in quadrant IV, 15. To plot (−3, − 2), go 3 units from zero to the

since the x-coordinate is positive and the left along the x-axis, and then go 2 units down
y-coordinate is negative. parallel to the y-axis.
(e) The point (0, −8) is located on the y-axis,
so it does not belong to any quadrant.
(f) The point (2.3, 0) is located on the x-axis,
so it does not belong to any quadrant.
11. (a) If xy > 0, then both x and y have the
same sign. 16. To plot (1, −4), go 1 unit right on the x-axis
(x, y) is in quadrant I if x and y are positive. and then 4 units down.
(x, y) is in quadrant III if x and y are
negative.
(b) If xy < 0, then x and y have different signs.

(x, y) is in quadrant II if x < 0 and y > 0.

(x, y) is in quadrant IV if x > 0 and y < 0.

(c) If
x
< 0, then x and y have different signs. 17. To plot ( 0, 5 ) , do not move along the x-axis at
y all since the x-coordinate is 0. Move 5 units up
(x, y) is in either quadrant II or quadrant IV. along the y-axis.
(See part (b).)

x
(d) If > 0, then x and y have the same sign.
y

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

129 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 129

(x, y) is in either quadrant I or quadrant III.

(See part (a).)
12. Any point that lies on an axis must have one
coordinate that is 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

130 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 130

18. To plot (−2, −4), go 2 units left on the x-axis For x = 1: y = x − 4

and then 4 units down. y = 1− 4
y = −3 (1, −3)
For x = 2: y = x − 4
y = 2−4
y = −2 (2, −2)
For x = 3: y = x − 4
19. To plot (−2, 4), go 2 units from zero to the left y = 3−4
along the x-axis, and then go 4 units up parallel y = −1 (3, −1)
to the y-axis. For x = 4: y = x − 4
y = 4−4
y =0 (4, 0)

This is shown in the table below.

x y
0 −4
20. To plot ( 3, 0 ) , go 3 units right on the x-axis 1 −3
and then stop since the y-coordinate is 0.
2 −2
3 −1
4 0

(b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line

through them.
21. To plot (−2, 0), go 2 units to the left along the
x-axis. Do not move up or down since the
y-coordinate is 0.

24. (a) To complete the table, substitute the given

values for x and y in the equation.
For x = 0: y = x + 3
22. To plot (3, −3), go 3 units right on the x-axis
and then 3 units down. y = 0+3
y=3 (0, 3)
For x = 1: y = x + 3
y = 1+ 3
y=4 (1, 4)
For x = 2: y = x + 3
y = 2+3
23. (a) To complete the table, substitute the given
values for x and y in the equation. y=5 (2, 5)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

131 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 131

For x = 0: y = x − 4 For x = 3: y = x + 3
y = 0−4 y = 3+3
y = −4 (0, −4) y =6 (3, 6)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

132 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 132

For x = 4: y = x + 3 (b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line
y = 4+3 through them.
y =7 (4, 7)

This is shown xin the table

y below.
0 3
1 4
2 5
26. (a) For x = 0: 0 − y = 5
3 6
−y = 5
4 7 y = −5 (0, −5)
For y = 0: x − 0 = 5
x = 5 (5, 0)
(b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line

through them. For x = 1: 1− y = 5

−y = 4
y = −4 (1, −4)
For x = 3: 3 − y = 5
−y = 2
y = −2 (3, −2)

x y
25. (a) To complete the table, substitute the given
0 −5
values for x and y in the equation.
5 0
For x = 0: x − y = 3
1 −4
0− y = 3
y = −3 (0, −3) 3 −2
For y = 0: x − y = 3 (b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line
through them.
x−0 = 3
x = 3 (3, 0)
For x = 5: x − y = 3
5− y = 3
− y = −2
y = 2 (5, 2)
For x = 2: x − y = 3 27. (a) To complete the table, substitute the given
2− y = 3 values for x or y in the equation.

−y =1 For x = 0: x + 2 y = 5
y = −1 (2, −1) 0 + 2y = 5
x y 2y = 5
5 ⎛ 5⎞
0 −3 y= 0,
⎜ ⎟
3 0 2 2 For y = 0:
5 2
2 −1 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
133 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 133

⎝ ⎠ x + 2(0) = 5
x + 2y = 5 x+0=5
x = 5 (5, 0)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

134 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 134

For x = 2: x + 2 y = 5 (b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line
2 + 2y = 5 through them.
2y = 3
3 ⎛ 3⎞
y= 2,
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
For y = 2: x + 2y = 5
x + 2(2) = 5
x+4=5 29. (a) For x = 0: 4x − 5y = 20

x = 1 (1, 2) 4(0) − 5y = 20
x y −5y = 20
5 y = −4 (0, −4)
0
2 For y = 0: 4x − 5 y = 20
5 0 4x − 5(0) = 20
4x = 20
3
2 x = 5 (5, 0)
2
For x = 2: 4x − 5 y = 20
1 2
4(2) − 5 y = 20
(b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line 8 − 5 y = 20
through them.
−5 y = 12

12 ⎛ 12 ⎞
y=− ⎜ 2, − ⎟
5 ⎝ 5⎠

For y = −3: 4x − 5 y = 20
4x − 5(−3) = 20
4x +15 = 20
28. (a) For x = 0: 0 + 3y = −5 4x = 5
3y = −5 5 ⎛5 ⎞
x= , −3
⎜ ⎟
5 ⎛ 5⎞ 4 ⎝4 ⎠
y = − ⎜ 0, − ⎟ x y
3 ⎝ 3⎠
0 −4
For y = 0: x + 3(0) = −5
5 0
x = −5 (−5, 0)
For x = 1: 1+ 3y = −5 12
2 −
5
3y = −6
y = −2 (1, −2) 5
−3
For y = −1: x + 3(−1) = −5 4
x − 3 = −5
x = −2 (−2, −1)
x y

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

135 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 135

5
0 −
3
−5 0
1 −2
−2 −1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

136 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 136

(b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line 31. (a) For x = 0: y = −2(0) + 3
through them. y =3 ( 0, 3)
For x = 1: y = −2(1) + 3
y =1 (1, 1)
For x = 2: y = −2(2) + 3
y = −1 ( 2, −1)
For x = 3: y = −2(3) + 3
30. (a) For x = 0: 6(0) − 5 y = 30 y = −3 ( 3, − 3)
−5 y = 30 x y
y = −6 (0, − 6) 0 3
For y = 0: 6x − 5(0) = 30
1 1
6x = 30
2 −1
x = 5 (5, 0)
For x = 3: 6(3) − 5 y = 30 3 −3

18 − 5 y = 30 (b) Notice that as the value of x increases by 1,

−5 y = 12 the value of y decreases by 2.

12 ⎛ 12 ⎞
y=− ⎜ 3, − ⎟
5 ⎝ 5⎠
For y = −2:

6x − 5(−2) = 30
6x +10 = 30
6x = 20 32. (a) For x = 0: y = −3(0) +1
x=
20
=
10 ⎛ 10
, −2
⎞ y =1 ( 0, 1)
⎜ ⎟
6 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ For x = 1: y = −3(1) +1
y = −2 (1, − 2 )
x y For x = 2: y = −3(2) +1

0 −6
y = −5 ( 2, − 5 )
For x = 3: y = −3(3) +1
5 0
y = −8 ( 3, − 8)
12
3 −
5

10
−2
3
(b) Plot the ordered pairs and draw the line
through them.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 0 1
1 −2
2 −5
137 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 137
3 −8
(b) Notice that as the value of x increases by 1,
the value of y decreases by 3.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

138 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 138

33. (a) The y-values corresponding to the x-values has no y-intercept. Since the line never crosses
for Exercise 23 are −4, − 3, − 2, and −1. the y-axis, it must be vertical. The equation
The difference between each is 1 unit. x + 1 = 5 can be rewritten as x = 4. Because x
Therefore, for every increase in x by 1 unit, always equals 4, there is no corresponding
y increases by 1 unit. value to x = 0 and so the graph has no
y-intercept. Since the line never crosses the
(b) The y-values corresponding to the x-values y-axis, it must also be vertical.
for Exercise 31 are 3, 1, −1, and −3. The The equation x + y = 0 is neither horizontal nor
difference between each is 2 units, and the vertical. Neither the x-coordinate nor the
values are decreasing. Therefore, for every y-coordinate is a fixed value, and the line
increase in x by 1 unit, y decreases by 2 crosses both the x-axis and y-axis.
units.

35. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

(c) It appears that the y-value increases (or
decreases) by the value of the coefficient of 2x + 3y = 12

x. So for y = 2x + 4, a conjecture is “for 2x + 3(0) = 12

every increase in x by 1 unit, y increases by 2x = 12

2 units.” x=6
For x = 0: y = 2(0) + 4 The x-intercept is (6, 0).
y=4 ( 0, 4 ) To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
For x = 1: y = 2(1) + 4 2x + 3y = 12
2(0) + 3y = 12
y=6 (1, 6 )
3y = 12
For x = 2: y = 2(2) + 4
y=4
y =8 ( 2, 8 )
The y-intercept is (0, 4).
For x = 3: y = 2(3) + 4 Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
y = 10 ( 3, 10 ) them.

x y
0 4
1 6
2 8
3 10 36. 5x + 2 y = 10
The difference between each y-value is To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
2 units, and the values are increasing. 5x + 2(0) = 10
Therefore, the conjecture is true. 5x = 10
34. The choices C and D are horizontal lines. The x=2

equation y + 3 = 0 can be rewritten as y = −3. The x-intercept is (2, 0).

Because y always equals −3, there is no To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.

corresponding value to y = 0 and so the graph 5(0) + 2 y = 10

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

139 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 139

has no x-intercept. Since the line never crosses 2 y = 10

the x-axis, it must be horizontal. Because y y=5
always equals −10, there is no corresponding The y-intercept is (0, 5).
value to y = 0 and so the graph has no

x-intercept. Since the line never crosses the

x-axis, it must also be horizontal.
The choices A and E are vertical lines. The
equation x − 6 = 0 can be rewritten as x = 6.
Because x always equals 6, there is no
corresponding value to x = 0 and so the graph

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

140 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 140

Plot the intercepts and draw the line through 39. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
them. 5x + 6(0) = −10
5x = −10
x = −2
The x-intercept is (−2, 0).

To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.

5(0) + 6 y = −10
37. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. 6 y = −10

x − 3y = 6 10 5
y=− =−
x − 3(0) = 6 6 3

x −0 = 6 ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟
The y-intercept is 0, − .

x=6 ⎝ 3⎠
The x-intercept is (6, 0). Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. them.
x − 3y = 6
0 − 3y = 6
−3y = 6
y = −2
The y-intercept is (0, −2).

Plot the intercepts and draw the line through 40. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
them. 3x − 7 y = 9
3x − 7(0) = 9
3x = 9
x=3
The x-intercept is (3, 0).

To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.

3x − 7 y = 9
38. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
3(0) − 7 y = 9
x − 2(0) = −4
−7 y = 9
x = −4
9
The x-intercept is (−4, 0). y=−
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. 7

0 − 2 y = −4 ⎛⎜ 9 ⎟⎞
The y-intercept is 0, − .

−2 y = −4 ⎝ 7⎠
Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
y=2 them.
The y-intercept is (0, 2).
Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
them.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

141 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 141

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

142 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 142

41. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
2 them.
x − 3(0) = 7
3

2
x=7
3
3 21
x = ⋅7 =
2 2
⎛ 21 ⎞
The x-intercept is ,0 . 43. This is a horizontal line. Every point has
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ y-coordinate 5, so no point has y-coordinate 0.
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. There is no x-intercept.
2 Since every point of the line has y-coordinate 5,
(0) − 3y = 7 the y-intercept is ( 0, 5 ) . Draw the horizontal
3
−3y = 7 line through ( 0, 5 ) .
7
y
=−
3
⎛ 7⎞
The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠
Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
them.
44. This is a horizontal line. Every point has
y-coordinate −3, so no point has y-coordinate
0. There is no x-intercept. Since every point of
the line has y-coordinate −3, the y-intercept is
(0, −3). Draw the horizontal line through
(0, −3).
42. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
5 6
x + (0) = −2
7 7

5
x = −2
7
7 14
x = (−2) = − 45. This is a vertical line. Every point has
5 5
⎛ 1 4 ⎞ x-coordinate 2, so the x-intercept is ( 2, 0 ) .
The x-intercept is ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ . Since every point of the line has x-coordinate 2,
⎝ 5 ⎠
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. no point has x-coordinate 0. There is no
5 6 y-intercept. Draw the vertical line through
7
(0) + y = −2
7
( 2, 0 ) .
6
y = −2
7

7 7
y= (−2) = −
6 3
⎛ 7⎞
The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

143 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 143

46. This is a vertical line. Every point has 50. This is a horizontal line. Every point has
x-coordinate −3, so the x-intercept is (−3, 0). y-coordinate 5, so no point has y-coordinate 0.
Since every point of the line has x-coordinate There is no x-intercept.
−3, no point has x-coordinate 0. There is no Since every point of the line has y-coordinate 5,
y-intercept. Draw the vertical line through the y-intercept is ( 0, 5 ) . Draw the horizontal
(−3, 0). line through ( 0, 5 ) .

47. This is a vertical line. Every point has 51. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
x-coordinate −4, so the x-intercept is (−4, 0). x + 5y = 0
Since every point of the line has x-coordinate
x + 5(0) = 0
−4, no point has x-coordinate 0. There is no
y-intercept. Draw the vertical line through x=0

(−4, 0). The x-intercept is (0, 0), and since x = 0, this is

also the y-intercept. Since the intercepts are the
same, another point is needed to graph the line.
Choose any number for y, say y = −1, and
solve the equation for x.
x + 5y = 0
x + 5(−1) = 0
x=5

48. This is a vertical line. Every point has This gives the ordered pair (5, −1). Plot (5, −1)
x-coordinate 4, so the x-intercept is ( 4, 0 ) . and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line through them.
Since every point of the line has x-coordinate 4,
no point has x-coordinate 0. There is no
y-intercept. Draw the vertical line through
( 4, 0 ) .

52. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

x − 3(0) = 0
x=0

The x-intercept is (0, 0), and since x = 0, this is

49. This is a horizontal line. Every point has
also the y-intercept. Since the intercepts are the
y-coordinate −2, so no point has y-coordinate same, another point is needed to graph the line.
0. There is no x-intercept. Choose any number for y, say y = 1, and solve
Since every point of the line has y-coordinate
the equation for x.
−2, the y-intercept is (0, −2). Draw the
x − 3(1) = 0
horizontal line through (0, −2).
x=3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

144 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 144

This gives the ordered pair (3, 1). Plot (3, 1) 56. If x = 0, then y = 0, so the x- and y-intercepts

and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line through them. are ( 0, 0 ) . To get another point, let y = −4.
3
− (−4) = x
4

3= x
Plot ( 3, − 4 ) and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line
through them.
53. If x = 0, then y = 0, so the x- and y-intercepts

are ( 0, 0 ) . To get another point, let x = 3.

2(3) = 3y
2= y
Plot ( 3, 2 ) and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line 57. (a) From the table, when y = 0, x = −2, so the
through them.
x-intercept is ( −2, 0 ) . When x = 0, y = 3,
so the y-intercept is ( 0, 3 ) .

(b) Find the intercepts in each equation and

compare them to the table to see which of
the choices is correct.
Find the intercepts in equation A.
54. If x = 0, then y = 0, so the x- and y-intercepts 3x + 2 y = 6

are ( 0, 0 ) . To get another point, let x = 4. 3x + 2 ( 0 ) = 6

4 y = 3(4) 3x = 6
y=3 x=2

3x + 2 y = 6
Plot ( 4, 3) and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line

through them. 3(0) + 2 y = 6

2y = 6
y=3
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, 3 ) . This is
not the correct choice.
Find the intercepts in equation B.
3x − 2 y = −6
55. If x = 0, then y = 0, so the x- and y-intercepts 3x − 2(0) = −6

are ( 0, 0 ) . To get another point, let y = −3. 3x = −6

2 x = −2
− (−3) = x
3 3x − 2 y = −6
2=x 3(0) − 2 y = −6

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

145 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 145

Plot (2, − 3) and ( 0, 0 ) , and draw the line −2 y = −6

through them. y=3
The intercepts are ( −2, 0 ) and ( 0, 3 ) . This

is the correct choice. So equation B

corresponds to the given table.
(Note: Equations C and D would be tested
similarly if the correct choice had not yet
been found.)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

146 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 146

(c) Plot the x-intercept and y-intercept. Draw The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, 4 ) . This is
the line through them.
not the correct choice.
So equation C corresponds to the given
table.
(Note: Equation D would be tested similarly
if the correct choice had not yet
been found.)
(c) Plot the x-intercept and y-intercept. Draw
the line through them.
58. (a) From the table, when y = 0, x = 2, so the

x-intercept is ( 2, 0 ) . When x = 0, y = 4, so
the y-intercept is ( 0, 4 ) .

(b) Find the intercepts in each equation and

compare them to the table to see which of
the choices is correct.
Find the intercepts in equation A. 59. (a) From the table, when x = 0, y = −1, so the
2x − y = 4
y-intercept is ( 0, −1) . Note that the
2x − (0) = 4
y-coordinate of all the points is −1, so the
2x = 4
equation is a horizontal line, with no
x=2 x-intercept.
2x − y = 4
(b) The equation is a horizontal line through
2(0) − y = 4
( 0, −1) . Since the y-coordinate is always
−y = 4
−1, the equation is y = −1.
y = −4
So equation A corresponds to the given
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, − 4 ) . This table.
is not the correct choice. (c) Plot the x-intercept and y-intercept. Draw
Find the intercepts in equation B. the line through them.
2x + y = −4
2x + (0) = −4
2x = −4
x = −2
2x + y = −4
2(0) + y = −4

y = −4 60. (a) From the table, when y = 0, x = 6, so the

The intercepts are ( −2, 0 ) and ( 0, − 4 ) . x-intercept is ( 6, 0 ) . Note that the

This is not the correct choice. 2(0) + y = 4

Find the intercepts in equation C.
2x + y = 4 y=4
2x + (0) = 4
2x = 4
x=2
2x + y = 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

147 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 147

x-coordinate of all the points is 6,

so the equation is a vertical line,
with no
y-intercept.
(b) The equation is a vertical line through
( 6, 0 ) . Since the x-coordinate is
always 6, the equation is x = 6.
So equation D corresponds to the
given table.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

148 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 148

(c) Draw the line through the x-intercept. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
x − 3y = 3
0 − 3y = 3
−3y = 3
y = −1
The y-intercept is (0, −1).
Graph B has these intercepts.
61. Find the intercepts first since they are plotted
64. Find the intercepts first since they are plotted
on the graph. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
on the graph. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
x + 3y = 3
x + 3y = −3
x + 3(0) = 3
x + 3(0) = −3
x+0 = 3
x + 0 = −3
x=3
x = −3
The x-intercept is ( 3, 0 ) . The x-intercept is ( −3, 0 ) .
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
x + 3y = 3 x + 3y = −3
0 + 3y = 3 0 + 3y = −3
3y = 3 3y = −3
y =1 y = −1
The y-intercept is (0, 1).
The y-intercept is (0, −1).
Graph C has these intercepts. Graph A has these intercepts.

62. Find the intercepts first since they are plotted

65. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
on the graph. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
segment with endpoints (−8, 4) and
x − 3y = −3
(−2, −6) is
x − 3(0) = −3
⎛ −8 +(−2) 4 +(−6) ⎞ ⎛ −10 −2 ⎞
, = , = (−5, −1).
x − 0 = −3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x = −3
The x-intercept is ( −3, 0 ) . 66. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
segment with endpoints (5, 2) and (−1, 8) is
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
x − 3y = −3 ⎛ 5 +(−1) 2 +8 ⎞ ⎛ 4 10 ⎞
, = , = (2, 5).
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0 − 3y = −3 2 2 2 2

−3y = −3 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
y =1 67. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
segment with endpoints ( 3, − 6 ) and (6, 3) is
The y-intercept is (0, 1). ⎛ 3+ 6 −6 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 3 ⎞
Graph D has these intercepts ⎜ , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , − ⎟.
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
63. Find the intercepts first since they are plotted 68. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
on the graph. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
segment with endpoints ( −10, 4 ) and (7, 1) is
x − 3y = 3
⎛ −10 +7 4 +1 ⎞ ⎛ −3 5 ⎞ ⎛ 3 5 ⎞
, = , = − , .

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

149 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 149

x − 3(0) = 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x−0 = 3
x=3 69. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
segment with endpoints ( −9, 3) and (9, 8) is
The x-intercept is ( 3, 0 ) .
⎛ −9 +9 3 +8 ⎞ ⎛ 0 11 ⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟= ⎜ , ⎟= ⎜0, ⎟.
2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

150 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 150

70. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the ⎛ 1 ,− 7 ⎞ is

segment with endpoints ( 4, − 3) and ( −1, 3) is ⎜
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎟

⎛ 4 +( −1) −3 +3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 0 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛3 1 − 1 + ⎛ − 7 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 11 23 ⎞
, = , = ,0 . + −

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟
2 2
⎜
2 2
⎟ ⎜
2
⎟ 3 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 11 23 ⎞
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜5 2, ⎝ ⎠ ⎟ = 10 , 6 =
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ , − ⎟.
⎜ 2 2 ⎟ 2 2 ⎝ 20 12 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
71. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
segment with endpoints (2.5, 3.1) and ⎝ ⎠
(1.7, −1.3 ) is 77. midpoint of P(5, 8) and Q(x, y) = M ( 8, 2 )
⎛ 2.5 +1.7 3.1 +(−1.3) ⎞ ⎛ 4.2 1.8 ⎞
= = ( 2.1, 0.9 ) . ⎛ 5+x 8+y ⎞
, ,
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ , = ( 8, 2 )
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
72. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the The x- and y-coordinates must be equal.

segment with endpoints ( 6.2, 5.8 ) and 5 +x 8 +y

=8 =2

2 2
(1.4, − 0.6 ) is
5 + x = 16 8+ y = 4
⎛ 6.2 +1.4 5.8 +(−0.6) ⎞ ⎛ 7.6 5.2 ⎞
, = , = ( 3.8, 2.6 ) . x = 11 y = −4
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Thus, the endpoint Q is (11, − 4 ) .
73. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
78. midpoint of P(7, 10) and Q ( x, y ) = M ( 5, 3 )
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 3 5⎞
segment with endpoints , and , is
2 3 2 3
⎛⎜ 7 +x 10 +y ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ , = (5, 3)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛1 3 1 5⎞ ⎛4 6⎞ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
+ +
⎜2 2, 3 3 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 , 3 ⎟ = ⎛ 2 , 2 ⎞ = (1, 1) .
The x- and y-coordinates must be equal.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 7+ x 10 + y
2 2 2 2 ⎝2 2⎠ =5 =3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
7 + x = 10 10 + y = 6
74. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
x=3 y = −4
⎛ 21 2 ⎞
segment with endpoints , and
⎜ ⎟ Thus, the endpoint Q is ( 3, − 4 ) .
⎝ 4 5⎠
⎛ 7 3⎞
⎜ , ⎟ is 79. midpoint of P(1.5, 1.25) and Q ( x, y ) = M (3, 1)
4 5
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1.5 +x 1.25 +y ⎞
⎛ 21 7 2 3⎞ ⎛ 28 5 ⎞ ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 3, 1)
+ + 2 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

151 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 151

⎜ 4 ⎝ ⎠
4, 5 5 ⎟ = ⎜ 4 , 5 ⎟ = ⎛ 7 , 1 ⎞. The x- and y-coordinates must be equal.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2 ⎝2 2⎠ 1.5 +x 1.25 +y
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ =3 =1
2 2
75. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the 1.5 + x = 6 1.25 + y = 2

⎛ 1 2⎞
segment with endpoints − , and x = 4.5 y = 0.75
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 7⎠ Thus, the endpoint Q is (4.5, 0.75).
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
− , is 80. midpoint of P(2.5, 1.75) and
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 14 ⎠ Q( x, y ) = M ( 3, 2 )
⎛ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2.5 +x 1.75 +y ⎞
− + − + −
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛
5 5⎞ ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 3, 2 )
⎜ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ , 7 14 ⎟ = ⎜ 6 , 14 ⎟ = ⎜ − , ⎟. ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

⎜ 2 2 ⎟ 2 2 ⎝ 12 28 ⎠ The x- and y-coordinates must be equal.

⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ 2.5 + x 1.75 + y
=3 =2
2 2
76. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the
2.5 + x = 6 1.75 + y = 4
⎛ 3 1⎞
segment with endpoints ⎜ , − ⎟ and x = 3.5 y = 2.25
5 3
⎝ ⎠
Thus, the endpoint Q is (3.5, 2.25).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

152 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 152

2.2 The Slope of a Line N3. (a) To find the slope of the line with equation

x = 4, select two different points on the

Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises line, such as (4, 0) and (4, 3), and use the
slope formula.
1. If ( x1, y1 ) = ( −6, 9 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 3, − 5 ) , 3 −0 3
m= =
y 2 −y 1 −5 −9 −14 14 4−4 0
then m = = = = − . The
x2 − x1 3 − (−6) 9 9 Since division by zero is undefined, the
slope is undefined.
14
slope is − . (b) To find the slope of the line with equation
9
y − 6 = 0, select two different points on the
N1. If ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2, − 6 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( −3, 5 ) , line, such as (0, 6) and (2, 6), and use the

y −y 5 −( −6 ) 11 11 slope formula.

then m = 2 1
= = =− . 6−6 0
x2 − x1 −3 − 2 −5 5 m= = =0
2−0 2
11
The slope is − . The slope is 0.
5
4. Solve the equation for y.
2. To find the slope of the line with equation 3x + 4 y = 9
3x − 4 y = 12, first find the intercepts. The
4 y = −3x + 9 Subtract 3x.
x-intercept is (4, 0), and the y-intercept is
3 9
( 0, − 3) . The slope is then y =− x+
4 4
Divide by 4.

−3 −0 −3 3 The slope is given by the coefficient of x, so the

m= = = .
0−4 −4 4 3
slope is − .

N2. To find the slope of the line with equation 4

3x − 7 y = 21, first find the intercepts. The N4. Solve the equation for y.
x-intercept is (7, 0), and the y-intercept is 5x − 4 y = 7
( 0, − 3) . The slope is then −4 y = −5x + 7 Subtract 5x.
−3 −0 −3 3 5 7
m= = = . y = x− Divide by − 4.
0−7 −7 7 4 4

The slope is given by the coefficient of x, so the

3. (a) To find the slope of the line with equation
y + 3 = 0, select two different points on the 5
slope is .
4
line, such as ( 0, − 3) and ( 2, − 3) , and use

1
the slope formula. 5. Through ( −3, − 2 ) ; m =
−3 −( −3) 0 2
m= = =0
2−0 2 The slope is 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

153 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 153

(b) To find the slope of the line with equation Locate the point ( −3, − 2 ) on the graph. Use the
slope formula to find a second point on the line.
change in y 1
m= =
x = −6, select two different points on the change in x 2

line, such as ( −6, 0 ) and ( −6, 3) , and use From ( −3, − 2 ) , move up 1 unit and then
the slope formula. 2 units to the right to ( −1, −1) . Draw the line
3 −0 3 through the two points.
m= =
−6 − ( −6 ) 0
Since division by zero is undefined, the
slope is undefined.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

139 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 139

2 N7. Solve each equation for y.

N5. Through ( −4, 1) ; m = − x + 2y = 7 2x = y − 4
3

Locate the point ( −4, 1) on the graph. Use the 2 y = −x + 7 − y = −2x − 4

1 7
slope formula to find a second point on the line. y = − x+ y = 2x + 4
change in y −2 2 2
m= =
change in x 3 1
The slope is m = − . The slope is m = 2.

2
From ( −4, 1) , move down 2 units and then
⎛ 1⎞
mm = − 2 = −1, the lines are
3 units to the right to ( −1, −1) . Draw the line Since 1 2 ⎜ ⎟ )
(
2
⎝ ⎠
through the two points. perpendicular.
8. Solve each equation for y.
4x − y = 2 x − 4 y = −8
− y = −4x + 2 −4 y = −x − 8
1
y = 4x − 2 y = x+2
4
1
6. Find the slope of each line. The slope is m = 4. The slope is m = .
4
The line through ( −1, 2 ) and (3, 5) has slope Since m1 ≠ m2 , the lines are not parallel. Since
5 −2 3 ⎛1⎞
m1 = = . m1m2 = 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 1, the lines are not
3 − (−1) 4 ⎝4⎠

The line through (4, 7) and (8, 10) has slope perpendicular either. Therefore, the answer is
10 −7 3 neither.
m2 = = .
8−4 4
N8. Solve each equation for y.
The slopes are the same, so the lines are
parallel. 2x − y = 4 2x + y = 6

− y = −2x + 4 y = −2x + 6
N6. Find the slope of each line.
The line through (2, 5) and (4, 8) has slope y = 2x − 4

8 −5 3 The slope is m = 2. The slope is m = −2.

m1 = = .
4−2 2 Since m1 ≠ m2 , the lines are not parallel. Since

The line through (2, 0) and ( −1, − 2 ) has slope m1 m2 = 2 ( −2 ) = −4, the lines are not
−2 −0 −2 2 perpendicular either. Therefore, the answer is
m = = = .
2
−1 − 2 −3 3 neither.

The slopes are not the same, so the lines are not 9. ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2010, 45 ) and
parallel.
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2012, 47 ) .
7. Solve each equation for y.
y2 −y 1
3x + 5 y = 6 5x − 3y = 2 average rate of change =

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

140 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 140

x2 − x1
5 y = −3x + 6 −3y = −5x + 2
47 −45
5 2 =
y = x− 2012 − 2010
3 6
y = − x+
5 5 3 3
2
3 5 = =1
The slope is m = − . The slope is m = . 2
5 3
The average rate of change is about 1 million
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞
Since m1m2 = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = −1, the lines are customers per year. This is less than the
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ average rate of change from 2007 to 2012,
perpendicular. which is 2 million customers per year.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

141 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 141

N9. ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2008, 40 ) and 2. slope =

change in vertical position
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2012, 47 ) . change in horizontal position
2 feet
y2 −y1 =
average rate of change = 24 feet
x2 − x1
2 1
47 −40 Choices B, ; C, ; and E, 8.3%, are
= 24 12
2012 − 2008
7 all correct.
= = 1.75

4 change in vertical position

3. slope =
The average rate of change is about change in horizontal position
1.75 million customers per year. This is less 15 feet
than the average rate of change from 2007 to 3=
change in horizontal position
2012, which is 2 million customers per year.
3 × change = 15
10. ( x1 , y1 ) = (2000, 943) and 15
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2011, 241) . change = =5
3

y −y1 So the change in horizontal position is 5 feet.

average rate of change = 2
x2 − x1
change in vertical position
241 −943 4. slope =
= change in horizontal position
2011− 2000 change in vertical position
−702 0.05 =
= ≈ −63.8 50 feet
11

Thus, the average rate of change from 2000 to So the change in vertical position is
2011 was about −64 million CDs per year. 0.05 ( 50 feet ) = 2.5 feet.

N10. ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2010, 1150 ) and 5. (a) Graph C indicates that sales leveled off
during the second quarter.
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2013, 137 ) .
(b) Graph A indicates that sales leveled off
y −y1 during the fourth quarter.
average rate of change = 2
x2 − x1
(c) Graph D indicates that sales rose sharply
137 −1150 during the first quarter and then fell to the
=
2013 − 2010 original level during the second quarter.
−1013 (d) Graph B is the only graph that indicates that
= ≈ −337.7
3 sales fell during the first two quarters.
Thus, the average rate of change in sales of
6. Answers will vary, but the graphs will all rise,
digital camcorders in the United States from
level off, and then fall.
2010 to 2013 was about −$338 million per
year.

Exercises
100 feet
change in vertical position 3 30
1. slope = Choices A, 0.3; B, ; D, ; and F,
change in horizontal position
30 feet 30%,
=

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

142 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 142

7. To get to B from A, we must go up 2 units and

10 100 move right 1 unit. Thus,

are all correct.
rise 2
slope of AB = = = 2.
run 1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

143 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 143

rise 0 −2 −( −2 ) −2 +2 0
8. slope of BC = = =0 22. m = = = =0
run −4 4 − ( −3 ) 4+3 7

rise −7 3 −8 −5 −5
9. slope of CD = = , which is undefined.
23. m = = = , which is
run 0 −2 − ( −2 ) −2 + 2 0
rise −1 1 undefined.
10. slope of DE = = =−
run 3 3 5−6 −1 −1
24. m = = = , which is
rise 3 −8 − ( −8 ) −8 + 8 0
11. slope of EF = = =1
run 3 undefined.

rise −4 25. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −2, − 3 ) and

12. slope of FG = = = −4
run 1 ( x2 , y2 ) = ( −1, 5 ) . Then
rise −3 y −y 1 5 −( −3) 8
13. slope of AF = = = −1 m= 2 = = = 8.

run 3 x2 − x1 −1− ( −2 ) 1
rise −7 7 The slope is 8.
14. slope of BD = = =

run −4 4 (b) The slope is positive, so the line rises.

15. (a) “The line has positive slope” means that 26. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −4, 1) and
the line goes up from left to right. This is
( ) ( )
x2 , y2 = −3, 4 . Then
line B.
y2 −y 1 4 −1 3
(b) “The line has negative slope” means that the m= = = =3

line goes down from left to right. This is x2 − x1 −3 − ( −4 ) 1

line C. The slope is 3.

(c) “The line has slope 0” means that there is (b) The slope is positive, so the line rises.
no vertical change—that is, the line is
horizontal. This is line A. 27. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −4, 1) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2, 6 ) .

(d) “The line has undefined slope” means that y2 −y1 6 −1 5

Then m = = = .
there is no horizontal change—that is, the x2 − x1 2 − ( −4 ) 6
line is vertical. This is line D. 5
The slope is .
16. B and D are correct. Choice A is wrong 6
because the order of subtraction must be the same in
the numerator and denominator. Choice C is wrong
17.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

144 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 144

beca (b) The slope is positive, so the line rises.

use
slop 28. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −3, − 3 ) and
e is ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 5, 6 ) . Then
defi
y −y 1 6 −( −3 ) 9
ned m= 2 = = .
as
the
chan
ge in
y
divi
ded
by
the
chan
ge in
x.

m=
6−
2
=
4
=
2
5−3 2 x2 − x1 5 − ( −3 ) 8

5 −7 −2 1 9
18. m = = = The slope is .

−4 − 2 −6 3 8

4 −( −1) 4 +1 5
(b) The slope is positive, so the line rises.
19. m = = =
−3 − ( −5 ) −3 + 5 2 29. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2, 4 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( −4, 4 ) .

y2 −y1 4 −4 0
−6 −0 −6 Then m = = = = 0.
20. m = = = −2 x −x −4 − 2 −6
0 − ( −3 ) 3 2 1
The slope is 0.
−5 −( −5 ) −5 +5 0 (b) The slope is zero, so the line is horizontal.
21. m = = = =0
3−2 1 1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

145 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 145

30. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −6, 3) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2, 3 ) . 36. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 3.4, 4.2 ) and

Then m =
y2 −y1
=
3 −3
=
0
= 0.
( x2 , y2 ) = (1.4, 10.2 ) . Then

x2 − x1 2 − ( −6 ) 8 y −y 10.2 − 4.2 6
m= 2 1
= = = −3.
The slope is 0. x −x 1.4 − 3.4 −2
2 1

(b) The slope is zero, so the line is horizontal. The slope is −3.

31. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −2, 2 ) and (b) The slope is negative, so the line falls.

( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4, −1) . Then
37. Let ( x , y ) =
⎛1 1⎞
,
⎛5 9⎞
and ( x , y ) = , .
1 1 ⎜ ⎟ 2 2 ⎜ ⎟
y 2 −y 1 −1 −2 −3 1 ⎝6 2⎠ ⎝6 2⎠
m= = = =− .
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6 2 9 1 8
−
y 2 −y 1
3
m= =2 2=2 = ⋅ =
1 Then 4 6.
The slope is − . x −x 5 1 4 2
2 2 1 −
6 6 6
(b) The slope is negative, so the line falls. The slope is 6.

32. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −3, 1) and 38. Let ( x , y ) =

⎛ 3 1⎞
, and ( x , y ) =
⎛ 5 10 ⎞
, .
1 1 ⎜ ⎟ 2 2 ⎜ ⎟
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 6, − 2 ) . Then ⎝ 4 3⎠ ⎝4 3 ⎠

10 1 9
y 2 −y −2 −1 −3 1 −
m= 1
= = =− . y2 −y1 3 3 3
x2 − x1 6 − ( −3 ) 9 3 Then m = = = = 3⋅ 2 = 6.
x −x 5 3 2
2 1 −
1 3 4 4
The slope is − .
3 The slope is 6.

(b) The slope is negative, so the line falls. ⎛ 2 5⎞

39. Let ( x , y ) = − , and
1 1 ⎜ ⎟
9 18
⎝ ⎠
33. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 5, − 3) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 5, 2 ) .
⎛1 5⎞
x,y = , − . Then

y −y 2 −( −3 ) 5 ( )
2 2 ⎜ ⎟
Then m = 2 1
= = . ⎝ 18 9⎠
x2 − x1 5−5 0 5 5 15
The slope is undefined. − − −
y2 − y1 9 18
m= = = 18
(b) The slope is undefined, so the line is x2 − x1 1 ⎛ 2⎞ 5
− −
vertical. ⎜ ⎟
18 ⎝ 9 ⎠ 18
34. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 4, −1) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4, 3 ) . 15 18
= − ⋅ = −3.
18 5
y −y 3 −( −1) 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

146 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 146

Then m = 2 1
= = . The slope is −3.
x2 − x1 4−4 0
⎛ 4 9⎞
x,y = − , and
The slope is undefined. 40. Let ( 1 1 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 10 ⎠
(b) The slope is undefined, so the line is

( x2 , y2 ) = ⎛ −
vertical. 3 1⎞
, . Then

⎝ 10 5 ⎠
35. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (1.5, 2.6 ) and
1 9 7
− −
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0.5, 3.6 ) . Then y 2 −y 1
= 5 10 = 10
m=

y2 − y1 3.6 − 2.6 x2 − x1 3 ⎛ 4⎞ 5
m= = =
1
= −1. − − ⎜− ⎟

x2 − x1 0.5 −1.5 −1 10 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 10

The slope is −1. 7 10 7

=− ⋅ =− .
10 5 5
(b) The slope is negative, so the line falls.
7
The slope is − .
5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

147 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 147

41. Since the points lie on a line, the slope between 46. The points shown on the line are (1, −1) and
any two points will be the same. To find the
3 −( −1) 4
slope, any two points can be used, but using the ( 3, 3 ) . The slope is m = = = 2.
x- and y-intercepts will make the calculations 3 −1 2
simple. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 0, 6 ) and 47. The points shown on the line are ( 3, 3 ) and
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 3, 0 ) . Then −3 −3 −6

y −y 0 −6 −6 ( )
m= 2 1
= = = −2. 3−3 0

x2 − x1 3−0 3 3, − 3 . The slope is m = = , which

is undefined.

The slope is −2.

48. The points shown on the line are ( 2, 2 ) and
42. Since the points lie on a line, the slope between 2 −2 0
any two points will be the same. To find the ( −2, 2 ) . The slope is m= = = 0.
slope, any two points can be used, but using the −2 − 2 −4
x- and y-intercepts will make the calculations 49. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are
simple. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −1, 0 ) and ( 4, 0 ) and ( 0, − 8) .
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, − 3 ) . Then Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 4, 0 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, − 8 ) .
y2 −y1 −3 −0 −3 y2 −y1 −8 −0 −8
m= = = = −3. Then m = = = = 2.
x2 − x1 0 − ( −1) 1 x −x 0−4 −4
2 1
The slope is −3. The slope is 2.
43. Since the points lie on a line, the slope between (b) 2x − y = 8
any two points will be the same. To find the − y = −2x + 8
slope, any two points can be used, but using the
x- and y-intercepts will make the calculations y = 2x − 8
simple. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −3, 0 ) and From this equation, the slope is also 2.

( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, 4 ) . Then (c) 2x −1y = 8

y 2 −y 1 4 −0 A 2
m= =
4
= . A = 2 and B = −1, so − =− = 2.
x2 − x1 0 − ( −3 ) 3 B −1

4 50. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are

The slope is .
3 ( −2, 0 ) and ( 0, 6 ) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −2, 0 )

44. Since the points lie on a line, the slope between and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, 6 ) . Then
any two points will be the same.To find the y2 −y 1 6 −0 6
m= = = = 3.
slope, any two points can be used, but using the x2 − x1 0 − ( −2 ) 2
x- and y-intercepts will make the calculations

simple. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 0, − 2 ) y2 01−( −2 ) 2

m= = = .
y
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 5, 0 ) . Then −

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

148 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 148

T
and h
e
s
l
o
p
e
i
s
3
.
(b)
3x
−y
=
−6
−

−
3
x

6
y
=
3
x
+
6
x2 − x1 5−0 5
From this equation, the slope is also 3.
2
The slope is . (c) 3x −1y = −6
5

A 3
45. The points shown on the line are ( −3, 3 ) and A = 3 and B = −1, so − =− = 3.
B −1
( −1, − 2 ) . The slope is
−2 −3 −5 5
m= = =− .
−1− ( −3) 2 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

149 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 149

51. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are (c) 1x +1y = −3
( 4, 0 ) and ( 0, 3 ) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 4, 0 ) and A 1
A = 1 and B = 1, so − = − = −1.
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, 3 ) . Then B 1
y2 −y 1 3 −0 3 3 54. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are
m= = = =− .
x2 − x1 0−4 −4 4 ( 4, 0 ) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 4, 0 )

3 and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, − 4 ) . Then
The slope is − .
4 y −y −4 − 0 −4
m= 2 1
= = = 1.
(b) 3x + 4 y = 12 x2 − x1 0−4 −4
4 y = −3x +12 The slope is 1.

3
y = − +3 (b) x − y = 4
4 − y = −x + 4
3 y = x−4
From this equation, the slope is also − .
4 From this equation, the slope is also 1.
(c) 3x + 4 y = 12 (c) 1x −1y = 4
A 3
A = 3 and B = 4, so − =− . A 1
B 4 A = 1 and B = −1, so − =− = 1.
B −1
52. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are 55. To find the slope of x + 2 y = 4, first find the
( 5, 0 ) and ( 0, 6 ) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 5, 0 ) and intercepts. Replace y with 0 to find that the

( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, 6 ) . Then x-intercept is (4, 0); replace x with 0 to find that

y2 −y 1 6 −0 6 6 the y-intercept is (0, 2). The slope is then
m= = = =− . 2 −0 2 1
x2 − x1 0−5 −5 5 m= =− =− .
0−4 4 2
6
The slope is − . To sketch the graph, plot the intercepts and
5 draw the line through them.

(b) 6x + 5 y = 30
5 y = −6x + 30
6
y = − x+6
5
6
From this equation, the slope is also − .
5
56. To find the slope of x + 3y = −6, first find the
(c) 6x + 5 y = 30 intercepts. Replace y with 0 to find that the
A = 6 and B = 5, so −
A 6
=− . x-intercept is ( −6, 0 ) ; replace x with 0 to find

B 5 that the y-intercept is ( 0, −2 ) . The slope is then

53. (a) Answers will vary. The intercepts are −2 − 0 −2 1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

150 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 150

m= = =− .
( −3, 0 ) and ( 0, − 3) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −3, 0 ) 0 − ( −6 ) 6 3

and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, − 3 ) . Then To sketch the graph, plot the intercepts and

y2 −y 1 −3 −0 −3 draw the line through them.
m= = = = −1.
x2 − x1 0 − ( −3 ) 3

The slope is −1.

(b) x + y = −3
y = −x − 3
From this equation, the slope is also −1.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

151 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 151

57. To find the slope of 5x − 2 y = 10, first find the 60. In the equation y = −3x, replace x with 0 and

intercepts. Replace y with 0 to find that the then x with 1 to get the ordered pairs ( 0, 0 ) and
x-intercept is ( 2, 0 ) ; replace x with 0 to find (1, − 3), respectively. (There are other
that the y-intercept is ( 0, − 5 ) . The slope is then possibilities for ordered pairs.) The slope is
−5 −0 −5 5 −3 −0 −3
m= = = . then m = = = −3.

0−2 −2 2 1− 0 1

To sketch the graph, plot the intercepts and To sketch the graph, plot the two points and
draw the line through them. draw the line through them.

58. To find the slope of 4x − y = 4, first find the 61. x − 3 = 0 ( x = 3)

intercepts. Replace y with 0 to find that the The graph of x = 3 is the vertical line with
x-intercept is (1, 0 ) ; replace x with 0 to find x-intercept ( 3, 0 ) . The slope of a vertical line is
that the y-intercept is ( 0, − 4 ) . The slope is then undefined.
−4 −0 −4
m= = = 4.
0 −1 −1
To sketch the graph, plot the intercepts and
draw the line through them.

62. x + 2 = 0 ( x = −2 )
The graph of x = −2 is the vertical line with
x-intercept ( −2, 0 ) . The slope of a vertical line
is undefined.
59. In the equation y = 4x, replace x with 0 and

then x with 1 to get the ordered pairs ( 0, 0 ) and

(1, 4 ) ,
respectively. (There are other
possibilities for ordered pairs.) The slope is
4 −0 4
then m = = = 4.
1− 0 1
To sketch the graph, plot the two points and 63. y = −5
draw the line through them. The graph of y = −5 is the horizontal line with

y-intercept ( 0, −5 ) . The slope of a horizontal

line is 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

152 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 152

64. y = −4 From ( −4, 2 ) , go up 1 unit. Then go 2 units to

The graph of y = −4 is the horizontal line with the right to get to ( −2, 3) . Draw the line

y-intercept ( 0, −4 ) . The slope of a horizontal

through ( −4, 2 ) and ( −2, 3) .
line is 0.

68. To graph the line through ( −2, − 3) with slope

⎛ 3⎞
65. 2 y = 3 y=
⎜ ⎟ 5
⎝
2
⎠ m= , locate ( −2, − 3) on the graph. To find
3 4
The graph of y = is the horizontal line with a second point, use the definition of slope.

2
change in y 5
⎛ 3⎞ m= =
y-intercept 0, . The slope of a horizontal change in x 4
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
line is 0. From ( −2, 3) , go up 5 units. Then go 4 units to
the right to get to (2, 2). Draw the line through
( −2, − 3) and (2, 2).

4
66. 3x = 4 ⎛ x = ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
4 69. To graph the line through ( 0, − 2 ) with slope
The graph of x = is the vertical line with
3 2
m = − , locate the point ( 0, − 2 ) on the graph.
⎛4 ⎞ 3
x-intercept , 0 . The slope of a vertical line
⎜ ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ To find a second point on the line, use the
is undefined. 2 −2
definition of slope, writing − as .
3 3

change in y −2
m= =
change in x 3
From ( 0, −2 ) , move 2 units down and then
3 units to the right. Draw a line through this
second point and (0, −2). (Note that the slope
67. To graph the line through ( −4, 2 ) with slope 2
could also be written as . In this case, move

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

153 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 153

1 −3
m= , locate ( −4, 2 ) on the graph. To find a
2 2 units up and 3 units to the left to get another
second point, use the definition of slope. point on the same line.)
change in y 1
m= =
change in x 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

154 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 154

70. To graph the line through ( 0, − 4 ) with slope 73. Locate ( 2, −5 ) . A slope of 0 means that the

3 line is horizontal, so y = −5 at every point.

m = − , locate the point ( 0, − 4 ) on the graph.
2 Draw the horizontal line through ( 2, −5 ) .
To find a second point on the line, use the

3 −3
definition of slope, writing − as .
2 2

change in y −3
m= =
change in x 2
From ( 0, −4 ) , move 3 units down and then
2 units to the right. Draw a line through this 74. Locate (5, 3). A slope of 0 means that the line is
second point and ( 0, −4 ) . The slope could also horizontal, so y = 3 at every point. Draw the

3 horizontal line through (5, 3).

be written as . In this case, move 3 units up
−2
and 2 units to the left to get another point on the
same line, as shown in the figure.

75. Locate ( −3, 1) . Since the slope is undefined,

the line is vertical. The x-value of every point is
−3. Draw the vertical line through ( −3, 1) .
3
71. Locate ( −1, −2 ) . Then use m = 3 = to go
1
3 units up and 1 unit right to (0, 1). Draw the
line through ( −1, − 2 ) and (0, 1).

76. Locate ( −4, 1) . Since the slope is undefined,

the line is vertical. The x-value of every point is
−4. Draw the vertical line through ( −4, 1) .
4
72. Locate ( −2, −4 ) . Then use m = 4 = to go 4
1
units up and 1 unit right to ( −1, 0 ) . Draw the
line through ( −2, − 4 ) and k = 5.

4
77. If a line has slope − , then any line parallel to
9
4 9
it has slope −

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

155 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 155

(the slope must be the same),

9
and any line perpendicular to it has slope
4
(the slope must be the negative reciprocal).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

156 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 156

78. If a line has slope 0.2, then any line parallel to 83. Solve the equations for y.
it has slope 0.2 (the slope must be the same), 4x − 3y = 6 3x − 4 y = 2

and any line perpendicular to it has slope −3y = −4x + 6 −4 y = −3x + 2

−1
= −5 (the slope must be the negative 4 3 1
0.2 y= x−2 y= x−
3 4 2
reciprocal).
4 3
79. The slope of the line through (15, 9) and The slopes are and . The lines are neither
3 4

(12, − 7 ) is parallel nor perpendicular.

−7 −9 −16 16
m= = = . 84. Solve the equations for y.

12 −15 −3 3 2x + y = 6 x− y = 4

The slope of the line through ( 8, − 4 ) and y = −2x + 6 − y = −x + 4

( 5, − 20 ) is y = x−4

−20 −( −4 ) −16 16 The slopes are −2 and 1. The lines are neither
m= = = .

parallel nor perpendicular.

5 −8 −3 3

Since the slopes are equal, the two lines are 85. The second equation can be simplified as
parallel. x = −2. Both lines are vertical lines, so they are
80. The slope of the line through (4, 6) and parallel.
( −8, 7 ) is 86. The slope of the first line is the coefficient of x,
namely 3. Solve the second equation for y.
7 −6 1 1
m= = =− . 2 y − 6x = 5
−8 − 4 −12 12
2 y = 6x + 5
The slope of the line through ( −5, 5 ) and
5
( 7, 4 ) is y = 3x +
2
4 −5 −1 1 The slope of the second line is also 3, so the
m= = =− .
7 − ( −5 ) 12 12 lines are parallel.

Since the slopes are equal, the two lines are 87. Solve the equations for y.
parallel. 4x + y = 0 5x − 8 = 2 y

81. Solve the equations for y. 5

y = −4x x−4 = y
x + 4y = 7 4x − y = 3 2

4 y = −x + 7 − y = −4x + 3 5
The slopes are −4 and . The lines are neither
2
1 7 y=−
x+

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

157 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 157

4 4 y = 4x − 3
parallel nor perpendicular.
1 88. Solve the equations for y.
The slopes, − and 4, are negative reciprocals 2x + 5 y = −8 6 + 2x = 5 y
4
of one another, so the lines are perpendicular. 5 y = −2x − 8 5 y = 2x + 6

82. Solve the equations for y. 2 8 2 6

y = − x− y= x+

2x + 5 y = −7 5x − 2 y = 1 5 5 5 5

5 y = −2x − 7 −2 y = −5x +1 2 2
The slopes are − and . The lines are
5 5
2 7 5 1
y =− x− y= x− neither parallel nor perpendicular.
5 5 2 2
2 5 89. Solve the equations for y.
The slopes, − and , are negative
5 2 2x = y + 3 2 y + x = 3

reciprocals of one another, so the lines are 2x − 3 = y 2 y = −x + 3

perpendicular. 1 3
y =− x+
2 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

158 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 158

1 97. (a) In 2012, there were 326 million wireless

The slopes, 2 and − , are negative reciprocals subscriber connections in the United States.
2
of one another, so the lines are perpendicular. 326 −255 71
(b) m = = = 14.2
90. Solve the equations for y. 2012 − 2007 5
4x − 3y = 8 4 y + 3x = 12
(c) The number of subscribers increased by an
−3y = −4x + 8 4 y = −3x +12 average of 14.2 million per year from 2007

4 8 3 to 2012.
y= x− y = − x+3

3 3 4 98. (a) In 2012, 38% of U.S. households were

4 3 wireless-only households.
The slopes, and − , are negative
3 4 38 −16 22
reciprocals of one another, so the lines are (b) m = = = 4.4
perpendicular. 2012 − 2007 5

91. Let y be the vertical rise. (c) The percent of wireless-only housleholds
Since the slope is the vertical rise divided by increased by an average of 4.4% per year
y from 2007 to 2012.
the horizontal run, 0.13 = . Solving for y
150 99. (a) Use ( 2005, 402 ) and ( 2012, 350 ) .
gives y = 0.13(150) = 19.5. 350 − 402 −52

The vertical rise could be a maximum of m= = ≈ −7.4

2012 − 2005 7
19.5 ft. The average rate of change is about
92. The vertical change is 63 ft, and the horizontal −7 theaters per year.
change is 250 −160 = 90 ft. (b) The negative slope means that the number
63 7 of drive-in theaters decreased by an average
The slope is = . of 7 each year from 2005 to 2012.
90 10
93. Use the points (0, 20) and (4, 4). 100. (a) Use ( 2000, 15,189 ) and ( 2011, 11,595 ) .

average rate of change 11,595 −15,189 −3594

change in y 4 −20 −16 m= = ≈ −326.7
= = = = −4 2011 − 2000 11

change in x 4−0 4 The average rate of change is about

The average rate of change is −$4000 per −327 thousand travelers per year.
year—that is, the value of the machine is
(b) The negative slope means that the number
decreasing $4000 each year during these years.
of U.S. travelers to Canada decreased by an
94. Use the points (0, 0) and (4, 200). average of 327 thousand each year from
average rate of change 2000 to 2011.
change in y 200 −0 200
= = = = 50 101. Use (1980, 1.22 ) and ( 2012, 3.70 ) .

change in x 4−0 4

The average rate of change is $50 per month— 95. We can see that there is no change in the percent
that is, the amount saved is increasing of pay raise. Thus, the average rate of change is
$50 each month during these months. 0% per year—that is, the percent of pay raise is

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

159 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 159

not changing; it is 3% each year during these 3.70 −1.22 2.48

m= = ≈ 0.078
years. 2012 −1980 32
The average rate of change is about 7.8 cents
per year—that is, the price of a gallon of
gasoline increased by an average of $0.08 per
year from 1980 to 2012.
102. Use (1990, 4.23 ) and ( 2012, 7.96 ) .
7.96 − 4.23 3.73
m= = ≈ 0.17
96. If the graph of a linear equation rises from left 2012 −1990 22
to right, then the average rate of change is The average rate of change is about 17 cents
positive. If the graph of a linear equation falls per year—that is, the price of a movie ticket
from left to right, then the average rate of increased by an average of $0.17 per year from
change is negative. 1990 to 2012.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

160 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 160

103. Use ( 2010, 7246 ) and ( 2013, 1670 ) . 106. Label the points as shown in the figure.
1670 −7246 −5576
m= = ≈ −1858.7
2013 − 2010 3
The average rate of change is about
−1858.7 digital cameras sold per year—that is,
the number of digital cameras sold decreased
by an average of 1859 thousand per year from
2010 to 2013.
104. Use ( 2010, 7390 ) and ( 2013, 6876 ) .
6876 −7390 −514
m= = ≈ −171.3
2013 − 2010 3
The average rate of change is about In order to determine whether ABCD is a
−171.3 sales of desktop computers per year— parallelogram, we need to show that the slope
that is, the sales of desktop computers of AB equals the slope of CD and that the
decreased by an average of $171 million per slope of AD equals the slope of BC.
year from 2010 to 2013.
−19 −(−5) −14 14
Slope of AB = = =−
105. Label the points as shown in the figure. −2 − (−11) 9 9

4 −(−10) 14 14
Slope of CD = = =−
3 −12 −9 9
4 −(−5) 9
Slope of AD = =
3 − (−11) 14
−10 −(−19) 9
Slope of BC = =
12 − (−2) 14
Thus, the figure is a parallelogram. If two
adjacent sides form a right angle, the
parallelogram is a rectangle. A right angle is
formed by perpendicular lines. Notice AB is
In order to determine whether ABCD is a
14 ⎛ 9 ⎞
parallelogram, we need to show that the slope perpendicular to BC since − ⎜ ⎟ = −1.
9 ⎝ 14 ⎠
of AB equals the slope of CD and that the
Therefore, the figure is a rectangle.
slope of AD equals the slope of BC.

−9 −(−1) −8 107. For A(3, 1) and B(6, 2), the slope of AB is

Slope of AB = = =4

−13 − (−11) −2 2 −1 1
m= = .
6 −(−2) 8 6−3 3
Slope of CD = = =4
4−2 2
108. For B(6, 2) and C(9, 3), the slope of BC is
6 −(−1) 7
Slope of AD = = 3 −2 1
4 − (−11) 15 m= = .
9−6 3
−2 −(−9) 7
Slope of BC = =
2 − (−13) 15 109. For A(3, 1) and C(9, 3), the slope of AC is
Thus, the figure is a parallelogram. 3 −1 2 1
m= = = .

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

152 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.2 The Slope of a Line 152

9−3 6 3

110. The slope of AB = slope of BC

= slope of AC
1
= .
3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

151 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 151

111. For A(1, − 2) and B(3, −1), the slope of AB is Plot the y-intercept (0, −2). The slope can be

−1 −(−2) 1 −1 1 −1
m= = . interpreted as either or . Using ,

3 −1 2 2 −2 2

For B(3, −1) and C(5, 0), the slope of BC is move from (0, − 2) down 1 unit and to the

right 2 units to locate the point (2, −3). Draw a

0 −(−1) 1
m= = . line through the two points.
5−3 2

For A(1, − 2) and C(5, 0), the slope of AC is

0 −(−2) 2 1
m= = = .
5 −1 4 2
Since the three slopes are the same, the three
points are collinear.
112. For A(0, 6) and B(4, −5), the slope of AB is N2. 4x + 3y = 6
−5 −6 −11 11 Solve the equation for y.
m= = =− .
4−0 4 4 3y = −4x + 6
For B(4, − 5) and C(−2, 12), the slope of 4
y = − x+2
12 −(−5) 17 17 3
BC is m = = =− .
−2 − 4 −6 6 Plot the y-intercept (0, 2). The slope can be

Since these two slopes are not the same, the −4 4 −4

interpreted as either or . Using ,
three points are not collinear. 3 −3 3

move from (0, 2) down 4 units and to the right

2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 3 units to locate the point (3, −2). Draw a line
through the two points.
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
1. Slope 2; y-intercept (0, − 3)
Here m = 2 and b = −3. Substitute these
values into the slope-intercept form.
y = mx + b
y = 2x + (−3)

y = 2x − 3 3. Through (3, −4); slope = m =

2
5
2 Use the point-slope form with
N1. Slope ; y-intercept (0, 1)
3 2
(x , y ) = (3, − 4) and m = .
2 1 1
5
Here m = and b = 1. Substitute these values
3 y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
into the slope-intercept form. y = mx + b

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

152 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 152

2 2
y= x +1 y − (−4) = 5 (x − 3)
2
3 y + 4 = (x − 3)
5
2. x + 2 y = −4 2 6
y+4 = x−
Solve the equation for y. 5 5
2 y = −x − 4 2
y = x− −
6 20
1 5 5 5
y = − x−2 2 26
2 y = x−
5 5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

153 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 153

1 (b) Through (2, −1); m = 0

N3. Through (5, −3); slope = m = −

5 Since the slope is 0, this is a horizontal line.

Use the point-slope form with A horizontal line through the point (a, b)

1 has equation y = b. Here the y-coordinate is

(x1 , y1 ) = (5, − 3) and m = − .
5 −1, so the equation is y = −1.

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
N5. (a) Through (4, −4); m undefined
1
y − (−3) = − (x − 5) This is a vertical line since the slope is
5 undefined. A vertical line through the point
1
y + 3 = − (x − 5) (a, b) has equation x = a. Here the
5 x-coordinate is 4, so the equation is x = 4.
1 (b) Through (4, −4); m = 0
y + 3 = − x +1
5 Since the slope is 0, this is a horizontal line.
1
y = − x−2 A horizontal line through the point (a, b)

5 has equation y = b. Here the y-coordinate is

4. Through (−2, 6) and (1, 4) −4, so the equation is y = −4.

4 −6 −2 2 6. (a) Through (−8, 3); parallel to the line

m= = =−
1 − (−2) 3 3 2x − 3y = 10
Let (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 4). Find the slope of the given line.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) 2x − 3y = 10
2 −3y = −2x +10
y − 4 = − (x −1)
3 2 10
3y −12 = −2x + 2 y = x−
3 3
2x + 3y = 14 Standard form 2
The slope is , so a line parallel to it also
3
N4. Through (3, − 4) and (−2, −1)
2 2
−1 −(−4) 3 3 has slope . Use m = and
m= = =− 3 3

−2 − 3 −5 5 (x1 , y1 ) = (−8, 3) in the point-slope form.

Let (x1 , y1 ) = (3, −4).
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
2
3 y − 3 = [x − (−8)]
y − (−4) = − (x − 3) 3
5 2
3 y − 3 = (x + 8)
y + 4 = − (x − 3) 3
5 2 16
5 y + 20 = −3x + 9 y −3 = x+
3 3
3x + 5 y = −11 Standard form 2 16 9

This is a vertical line since

5. (a) Through (2, −1); m undefined the slope is undefined. A
vertical line through the

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

154 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 154

point (a, b) has equation x = a. Here the y= x+ +

3 3 3
x-coordinate is 2, so the equation is x = 2.
2 25
y = x+
3 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

155 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 155

(b) Through (−8, 3); perpendicular to (b) Through (6, −1); perpendicular to
2x − 3y = 10 3x − 5 y = 7
2 3
The slope of 2x − 3y = 10 is . The The slope of 3x − 5 y = 7 is . The
3 5

2 3 3 5
negative reciprocal of is − , so the negative reciprocal of is − , so the

3 2 5 3
3 5
slope of the line through (−8, 3) is − . slope of the line through (6, −1) is − .
2 3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
3 5
y − 3 = − [x − (−8)] y − (−1) = − (x − 6)
2 3
3 5
y − 3 = − (x + 8) y +1 = − x +10
2 3
3 5
y − 3 = − x −12 y = − x+9
2 3
3
y = − x −9 7. Since the price you pay is $0.10 per minute
2
plus a flat rate of $0.20, an equation that gives
N6. (a) Through (6, −1); parallel to the line the cost y in dollars for a call of x minutes is
3x − 5 y = 7 y = 0.1x + 0.2.
Find the slope of the given line. N7. Since the price you pay is $85 per month plus a
3x − 5 y = 7 flat fee of $100, an equation that gives the cost
−5 y = −3x + 7 y in dollars for x months of service is
3 7 y = 85x +100.
y = x−
5 5 8. (a) Use (0, 34.3) for 1950 and (60, 87.1)
3 for 2010.
The slope is , so a line parallel to it also
5 87.1 −34.3 52.8
m= = = 0.88
60 − 0 60
3 3
has slope . Use m = and y = mx + b
5 5
(x1 , y1 ) = (6, −1) in the point-slope form. y = 0.88x + 34.3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) (b) For 2012, x = 2012 −1950 = 62.
3 y = 0.88x + 34.3
y − (−1) = (x − 6)
5 y = 0.88(62) + 34.3 Let x = 62.
3
y +1 = x −
18 y = 54.56 + 34.3
5 5 y = 88.86
3 18 5
y = x− − About 88.9% of the U.S. population 25 yr
5 5 5 or older were at least high school graduates
3 23 in 2012.
y = x−
5 5
N8. (a) Use (0, 2787) for 2009 and (3, 3216)
for 2012.
3216 −2787 429
m= = = 143
3−0 3
y = mx + b
y = 143x + 2787

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

156 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 156

(b) For 2011, x = 2011− 2009 = 2. 2. Choice C, y − 3 = 2(x −1), is in the form
y = 143x + 2787
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ).
y = 143(2) + 2787 Let x = 2.

3. Choice A, y = 6x + 2, is in the form

y = 286 + 2787
y = mx + b.
y = 3073

According to the model, average tuition and 4. y + 2 = −3(x − 4)

fees for in-state students at public two-year y + 2 = −3x +12
colleges in 2011 were about $3073.
y = −3x +10
9. (a) Use (9, 255) and (11, 262).
262 −255 7 5. y + 2 = −3(x − 4)
m= = = 3.5
11 − 9 2 y + 2 = −3x +12
Use the point-slope form with 3x + y = 10 Standard form
(x1 , y1 ) = (9, 255).

y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) Exercises
y − 255 = 3.5(x − 9) 1. Choice A, 3x − 2 y = 5, is in the
y − 255 = 3.5x − 31.5 form
y = 3.5x + 223.5
(b) For 2014, x = 2014 − 2000 = 14.
y = 3.5x + 223.5
y = 3.5(14) + 223.5 Let x = 14.
y = 49 + 223.5
y = 272.5
The estimated retail spending on
prescription drugs in 2014 is $272.5 billion.
N9. (a) Use (8, 243) and (12, 263).
263 −243 20
m= = =5
12 − 8 4
Use the point-slope form with
(x1 , y1 ) = (8, 243).
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 243 = 5(x − 8)
y − 243 = 5x − 40
y = 5x + 203
(b) For 2015, x = 2015 − 2000 = 15.
y = 5x + 203
y = 5(15) + 203 Let x = 15.
= 75 + 203
= 278
The estimated retail spending on
prescription drugs in 2015 is $278 billion.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

157 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 157

6. Solve 10x − 7 y = 70 for y.

10. This line has slope m = 2 and y-intercept
−7 y = −10x + 70
(0, b) = (0, − 3). The only graph with positive
10
y = x −10 slope and with a negative y-coordinate of its
7 y-intercept is F.
7. This line is in slope-intercept form with slope 11. This line has slope m = 2 and y-intercept
m = 2 and y-intercept (0, b) = (0, 3). The only (0, b) = (0, 0). The only graph with positive
graph with positive slope and with a positive slope and with y-intercept (0, 0) is H.
y-coordinate of its y-intercept is A.
12. This line has slope m = −2 and y-intercept
8. This line is in slope-intercept form with slope m
(0, b) = (0, 0). The only graph with negative
= −2 and y-intercept (0, b) = (0, 3). The only
slope and with y-intercept (0, 0) is G.
graph with negative slope and with a
positive y-coordinate of its y-intercept is D. 13. This line is a horizontal line with y-intercept
(0, 3). Its y-coordinate is positive. The only
9. This line is in slope-intercept form with slope m =
graph that has these characteristics is B.
−2 and y-intercept (0, b) = (0, − 3). The only graph
with negative slope and with a 14. This line is a horizontal line with y-intercept
negative y-coordinate of its y-intercept is C. (0, −3). Its y-coordinate is negative. The only
Ax + By = C with A ≥ 0 and integers A, B, and graph that has these characteristics is E.

C having no common factor (except 1).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

158 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 158

15. m = 5 and b = 15 23. To get to the point (3, 3) from the y-intercept
Substitute these values in the slope-intercept (0, 1), we must go up 2 units and to the right
form. 2
3 units, so the slope is . The slope-intercept
y = mx + b 3
y = 5x +15 2
form is y = x +1.
3
16. m = 2 and b = 12

Substitute these values in the slope-intercept 24. To get to the point (2, 2) from the y-intercept
form. (0, −3), we must go up 5 units and to the right
y = mx + b 5

y = 2x +12 2 units, so the slope is . The slope-intercept

2
5
2 4 form is y = x − 3.
17. m = − and b = 2
3 5

Substitute these values in the slope-intercept 25. To get to the point (−3, 1) from the y-intercept
form.
(0, −2), we must go up 3 units and to the left
y = mx + b
3
2 4 3 units, so the slope is = −1. The slope-
y =− x+ −3
3 5
intercept form is y = −1x − 2, or y = −x − 2.

5 1
18. m and b 26. To get to the point (3, −1) from the y-intercept
=− =−
8 3
Substitute these values in the slope-intercept (0, 2), we must go down 3 units and to the right

form. −3
3 units, so the slope is = −1. The slope-
y = mx + b 3

5 1 intercept form is y = −1x + 2, or y = −x + 2.

y =− x−
8 3 27. Use the points (0, − 4) and (1, − 2) to find the
19. Here, m = 1 and b = −1. Substitute these slope of the line.

values in the slope-intercept form. −2 −( −4 ) −2 +4

m= = =2
y = mx + b 1− 0 1
y = 1x −1, or y = x −1 The slope is 2. The y-intercept is (0, − 4).
The equation in slope-intercept form is
20. Here, m = −1 and b = −3. Substitute these y = 2x − 4.
values in the slope-intercept form.
y = mx + b 28. Use the points (0, 3) and (2, 9) to find the
y = −1x − 3, or y = −x − 3 slope of the line.
9 −3 6
2 5 m= = =3
21. Here, m = and b = 5. Substitute these values

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

159 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 159

2−0 2 The slope is 3. The y-intercept is

(0, 3).
in the slope-intercept form.
The equation in slope-intercept form is
y = mx + b
y = 3x + 3.
2
y = x+5 29. Use the points (0, 3) and (5, 0) to find the
5
slope of the line.
3 0 −3 −3
22. Here, m = − and b = 7. Substitute these 3
4 m= = =−
5−0 5 5
values in the slope-intercept form.
y = mx + b

3
y = − x+7
4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

160 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 160

3 6
The slope is − . The y-intercept is (0, 3). (b) The slope is the coefficient of x, − .
5 5
The equation in slope-intercept form is
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or (0, 6).
3
y = − x + 3. (d)
5

30. Use the points (0, − 5) and (2, −10) to find the
slope of the line.
−10 −( −5 ) −10 +5 −5 5
m= = = =−
2−0 2 2 2

5
The slope is − . The y-intercept is (0, − 5). 34. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope-
2
The equation in slope-intercept form is intercept form.
5 3x + 4 y = 12
y = − x − 5.
2 4 y = −3x +12
3
31. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope- y = − x+3
intercept form. 4

−x + y = 4 3
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, − .
y = x+4 4
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or (0, 3).
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, 1.
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or (0, 4).

(d)
35. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope-
(d) intercept form.
32. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope- 4x − 5 y = 20
intercept form. −5 y = −4x + 20
−x + y = 6
4
y = x+6 y = x−4
5
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, 1. 4
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, .
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or (0, 6). 5
(d) (c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or
(0, −4).

(d)

33. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope-

intercept form.
6x + 5 y = 30
5 y = −6x + 30

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

161 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 161

6
y = − x+6
5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

162 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 162

36. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope-

intercept form.
7x − 3y = 3
−3y = −7x + 3
7
y = x −1
3 (d)
7
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, . 39. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
3 given slope and point.
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or 8 = −2 ( 5 ) + b
(0, −1). 8 = −10 + b
18 = b
y = −2x +18
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
standard form.
y = −2x +18
(d) 2x + y = 18
37. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope- 40. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
intercept form. given slope and point.
x + 2 y = −4 10 = 1(12 ) + b
2 y = −x − 4 10 = 12 + b
1 −2 = b
y = − x−2
2
y = x−2
1
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, − . (b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
2
standard form.
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or y = x−2
(0, −2). −x + y = −2
(d) x− y = 2
41. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
given slope and point.
3
4 = − ( −2 ) + b
4
3
4 = +b
2
38. (a) Solve for y to get the equation in slope-
intercept form. 8 = 3 + 2b
x + 3y = −9 5 = 2b
3y = −x − 9 5
=b
1 2
y = − x −3 3 5
3 y = − x+

1 4 2
(b) The slope is the coefficient of x, − .
3
(c) The y-intercept is the point (0, b), or
(0, −3).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

163 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 163

(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in 44. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
standard form. given slope and point.
3 5 1
y = − x+ −2 = ( 7 ) + b
4 2 4
3 5 7
x+ y = −2 = + b
4 2 4
3x + 4 y = 10 −8 = 7 + 4b
42. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the −15 = 4b
given slope and point. 15
− =b
5 4
6=− ( −1) + b 1 15
6 y= x−
5 4 4
6= +b
6 (b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
36 = 5 + 6b standard form.
31 = 6b 1
y = x−
15
31 4 4
=b 1 15
6 − x+ y = −
5 31 4 4
y = − x+ x − 4 y = 15
6 6

(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in 45. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
standard form. given slope and point.

5 31 x − 2y =
y = − x+
6 6 −13
5 31
x+ y =
6 6
5x + 6 y = 31
43. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
given slope and point.
1
4 = ( −5 ) + b
2
5
4 = − +b
2
8 = −5 + 2b
13 = 2b
13
=b
2
1 13
y = x+
2 2
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
standard form.
1 13
y = x+
2 2
1 13
− x+ y =
2 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 164 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 164

0 = 4 ( 3) + b
0 = 12 + b
−12 = b
y = 4x −12
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
standard form.
y = 4x −12
−4x + y = −12
4x − y = 12
46. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the
given slope and point.
0 = −5 ( −2 ) + b
0 = 10 + b
−10 = b
y = −5x −10
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
standard form.
y = −5x −10
5x + y = −10

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

165 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 165

47. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the Use the point-slope form with (x1 , y1 ) = (6, 1)
given slope and point. 1
6.8 = 1.4 ( 2 ) + b and m = − .
2
6.8 = 2.8 + b
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
4=b 1
y −1 = − (x − 6)
y = 1.4x + 4 2
2( y −1) = −1(x − 6)
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in
standard form. 2 y − 2 = −x + 6
y = 1.4x + 4 x + 2y = 8
−1.4x + y = 4
52. Find the slope.
7 x − 5 y = −20 1− 5 −4 2
m= = =
48. (a) Use the slope-intercept formula with the −8 − (−2) −6 3

given slope and point. Let (x1 , y1 ) = (−2, 5).

−1.2 = 0.8 ( 6 ) + b 2
−1.2 = 4.8 + b y − 5 = [x − (−2)]
3
−6 = b 3( y − 5) = 2(x + 2)
y = 0.8x − 6 3y −15 = 2x + 4
(b) Use the equation in part (a) and rewrite it in −2x + 3 y = 19
standard form. 2x − 3 y = −19
y = 0.8x − 6
53. Find the slope.
−0.8x + y = −6
5 −5 0
4x − 5 y = 30 m= = =0
1 − 2 −1

49. Find the slope. A line with slope 0 is horizontal. A horizontal

line through the point (x, k) has equation
8 −4 4
m= = =2 y = k, so the equation is y = 5.
5−3 2
Use the point-slope form with (x1 , y1 ) = (3, 4) 54. Find the slope.
and m = 2. 2 −2 0
m= = =0
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) 4 − (−2) 6

y − 4 = 2(x − 3) A line with slope 0 is horizontal. A horizontal

y − 4 = 2x − 6 line through the point (x, k) has equation

y = k, so the equation is y = 2.
−2x + y = −2
2x − y = 2 55. Find the slope.

−8 −6 −14
50. Find the slope. m= = Undefined
7−7 0
14 −(−2) 16
m= = = −2 A line with undefined slope is a vertical line.
−3 − 5 −8 The equation of a vertical line is x = k, where

Use the point-slope form with (x1 , y1 ) = (5, −2).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

166 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 166

y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) k is the common x-value. So the equation is

y − (−2) = −2(x − 5) x = 7.
y + 2 = −2x +10 −1 −5 −6
2x + y = 8 56. m = 13 −13 = 0 Undefined
A line with undefined slope is a vertical line.
51. Find the slope.
The equation of a vertical line is x = k, where
5 −1 4 1
m= = =− k is the common x-value. So the equation is
x = 13.
−2 − 6 −8 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

167 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 167

57. Find the slope. 2 8 2 −8

−
−3 −(−3) 0 3 3= 3
m= = =0 60. m =

2 1 7 2 3 8 −15
− − − −

3 2 6 5 4 20
A line with slope 0 is horizontal. A horizontal 6
line through the point (x, k) has equation −
⎛ 20 ⎞ 40
= − 3 = (2) ⎜ ⎟ =
7 7
y = k, so the equation is y = −3. 7 ⎝ ⎠
−
20
−6 −(−6) 0
58. m = = =0 ⎛ 3 8⎞
12 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 136 Let (x1 , y1 ) = ⎜ , ⎟ .
− − 4 3
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
7 ⎝ 9 ⎠ 63
8 40 ⎛ 3⎞
A line with slope 0 is horizontal. A horizontal y− = ⎜x− ⎟
line through the point (x, k) has equation 3 7 4

⎝ ⎠
y = k, so the equation is y = −6. ⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
7 ⎜ y − ⎟ = 40 ⎜ x − ⎟
59. Find the slope. ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠

2 2 10 −6 7y −
56
= 40x − 30
−
3 5 3
m= = 15

4 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 20 +6 34
− − −40x + 7 y = −
⎜ ⎟ 15
3 ⎝ 5⎠ 3
4 120x − 21y = 34
15 4 2
= = = 61. A line with slope 0 is a horizontal line. A
26 26 13 horizontal line through the point (x, k) has
15 equation y = k. Here k = 5, so an equation is
Use the point-slope form with
y = 5.
2 2⎞ 2
( x1 , y1 ) = ⎜⎛ − , ⎟ and m = .
⎝ 5 5⎠ 13 62. An equation of this line is y = −2.

2 2 ⎡
⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ 63. A vertical line has undefined slope and
y− =
x− −
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
5 13 5 equation x = c. Since the x-value in (9, 10) is 9,
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ the equation is x = 9.
13 y − = 2 x+
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 64. A line with undefined slope is a vertical line in
26 4 the form x = c. The equation of this line is
13y − = 2x + x = −2.
5 5

30 5 2x −13y = −6
−2x +13y =

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 168 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 168

3
65. The equation of this y=− .
2
line is
9
y=− .
2
66. The equation of this
line is

67. A horizontal line through the point (x, k) has

equation y = k, so the equation is y = 8.

68. A horizontal line through the point (x, k) has

equation y = k , so the equation is y = −7.

69. A vertical line through the point (k, y) has

equation x = k. Here k = 0.5, so the equation
is x = 0.5.
70. A vertical line through the point (k, y) has
equation x = k. Here k = 0.1, so the equation is
x = 0.1.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

169 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 169

71. (a) Find the slope of 3x − y = 8. y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

− y = −3x + 8 1
y − (−2) = [x − (−2)]
y = 3x − 8 2

The slope is 3, so a line parallel to it also 1

y+2 = (x + 2)
has slope 3. Use m = 3 and (x1 , y1 ) = (7, 2) 2
in the point-slope form. 1
y + 2 = x +1
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) 2
y − 2 = 3(x − 7) 1
y = x −1
y − 2 = 3x − 21 2
y = 3x −19 1

(b) y= x −1
(b) y = 3x − 19 2

−3x + y = −19 2y = x − 2 Multiply by 2.

−x + 2 y = −2
3x − y = 19
x − 2y = 2
72. (a) Find the slope of 2x + 5 y = 10.
74. (a) Find the slope of −x + 3y = 12.
5 y = −2x +10
3y = x +12
2
y = − x+2 1
5 y= x+4
3
2
The slope is − . We are to find the The slope of the required line is the same as
5
1 1
equation of a line parallel to this line, so its the slope of this line, . Use m = and

2 2 3 3
slope is also − . Use m = − and
5 5 (x1 , y1 ) = (−1, 3) in the point-slope form.

(x1 , y1 ) = (4, 1) in the point-slope form. 1

y − 3 = [x − (−1)]
3
2
y −1 = − (x − 4) 1

5 y − 3 = (x +1)
3
2 8
y −1 = − x + 1 1
5 5 y −3 = x+
3 3
2 13
y=− x+ 1 10
5 5 y= x+
3 3
2 13
(b) y = − x+ 1 10
5 5 (b) y= x+

5 y = −2x +13 Multiply by 5.

73. (a) Find the slope of −x + 2 y = 10.
2x + 5 y = 13

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

170 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 170

2 y = x +10 3 3
1 3y = x +10 Multiply by 3.
y = x+5
2 −x + 3y = 10
1 x − 3y = −10
The slope is , so a line parallel to it also
2

1 1
has slope . Use m = and
2 2
(x1 , y1 ) = (−2, − 2) in the point-slope form.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

171 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 171

75. (a) Find the slope of 2x − y = 7. 77. (a) x = 9 is a vertical line, so a line
− y = −2x + 7 perpendicular to it will be a horizontal line.
It goes through (−2, 7), so its equation is
y = 2x − 7
The slope of the line is 2. Therefore, the y = 7.

slope of the line perpendicular to it is −

1 (b) y = 7 is already in standard form.
2
78. (a) x = −3 is a vertical line, so a line
⎛ 1⎞ 1
since 2 − = −1. Use m = − and
⎜ ⎟ perpendicular to it will be a horizontal line.
⎝ 2⎠ 2
It goes through (8, 4), so its equation is
(x1 , y1 ) = (8, 5) in the point-slope form. y = 4.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
(b) y = 4 is already in standard form.
1
y − 5 = − (x − 8)
2 79. Distance = (rate)(time), so y = 45x.
1 x y = 45x Ordered Pair
y −5 = − x + 4
2
0 45(0) = 0 (0, 0)
1
y = − x+9 5 45(5) = 225 (5, 225)
2
1 10 45(10) = 450 (10, 450)
y = − x +9
2
(b) 2 y = −x +18 Multiply by 2.
x + 2 y = 18 80. Total cost = (cost/t-shirt)(number of t-shirts), so
y = 26x.
76. (a) Find the slope of 5x + 2 y = 18. x y = 26 x Ordered Pair
2 y = −5x +18
0 26(0) = 0 (0, 0)
5
y = − x+9
2 5 26(5) = 130 (5, 130)
5
m1 = −
2 10 26(10) = 260 (10, 260)
We wish to find m2 such that m1m2 = −1,
−1 81. Total cost = (cost/gal)(number of gallons), so
or m2 = . y = 3.75x.
m1
−1 ⎛ 2⎞ 2 x y = 3.75 x Ordered Pair
m2 = = (−1) ⎜ − ⎟ =
5 ⎝ 5⎠ 5
− 0 3.75(0) = 0 (0, 0)
2
Use the point-slope form. −2x + 55y =3.75(5)
−39 = 18.75 (5, 18.75)
2
y − (−7) = (x − 2) 2x − 5 y = 39
5 10 3.75(10) = 37.50 (10, 37.50)
2 4
y+7 = x−
5 5
2 39
y = x−
5 5
2 39
(b) y= x−
5 5
5 y = 2x − 39 Multiply by 5.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 172 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 172

82. Total
cost =
(cost/day)(n
umber of x y = 4.50 x Ordered Pair
days), so
y= 0 4.50(0) = 0 (0, 0)
4.50x.
5 4.50(5) = 22.50 (5, 22.50)

10 4.50(10) = 45.00 (10, 45.00)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

173 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 173

83. Total cost = (cost/credit)(number of credits), so 88. (a) The fixed cost is $159, so that is the value
y = 140x. of b. The variable cost is $57, so
y = mx + b = 57x +159.
x y = 140 x Ordered Pair
(b) If x = 5, y = 57 ( 5 ) +159 = 444 The ordered
0 140(0) = 0 (0, 0)
pair is (5, 444). The cost of a five-month
5 140(5) = 700 (5, 700) membership is $444.
(c) For 12 months, x = 12, so
10 140(10) = 1400 (10, 1400)
y = 57 (12 ) +159 = 843. The cost for a
one-year membership is $843.
84. Total cost = (cost/ticket)(number of tickets), so
y = 125x. 89. (a) The fixed cost is $36, so that is the value of
b. The variable cost is $95, so
x y = 125 x Ordered Pair y = mx + b = 95x + 36.
0 125(0) = 0 (0, 0) (b) If x = 5, y = 95(5) + 36 = 511. The ordered
pair is (5, 511). The cost of a plan over a
5 125(5) = 625 (5, 625)
five-month contract is $511.
10 125(10) = 1250 (10, 1250) (c) For a two-year contract, x = 24, so
y = 95(24) + 36 = 2316. The cost of a plan
85. (a) The fixed cost is $15, so that is the value of over a two-year contract is $2316.
b. The variable cost is $149, so

y = mx + b = 149x +15. 90. (a) The fixed cost is $36 + $99 = $135, so that

is the value of b. The variable cost is $110,

(b) If x = 5, y = 149(5) +15 = 760. The ordered
(c) If x = 12, y = 41(12) + 99 = 591. The cost
pair is (5, 760). The cost of five tickets and
a parking pass is $760. for the first year’s membership is $591.

(c) If x = 2, y = 149(2) +15 = 313. The cost of

two tickets and a parking pass is $313.
86. (a) The fixed cost is $20, so that is the value of
b. The variable cost is $105.90, so
y = mx + b = 105.90x + 20.

(b) If x = 5, y = 105.90(5) + 20 = 549.50. The

ordered pair is (5, 549.5). The cost of
five credit hours and the application fee is
$549.50.
(c) If x = 15, y = 105.90(15) + 20 = 1608.50.
The cost of 15 credit hours and the
application fee is $1608.50.
87. (a) The fixed cost is $99, so that is the value of
b. The variable cost is $41, so
y = mx + b = 41x + 99.

(b) If x = 5, y = 41(5) + 99 = 304. The ordered

pair is (5, 304). The cost for a five-month
membership is $304.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

174 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 174

so y = mx + b = 110x +135.

(b) If x = 5, y = 110(5) +135 = 685. The

ordered pair is (5, 685). The cost of a
plan
over a five-month contract is $685.
(c) For a two-year contract, x = 24, so
y = 110(24) +135 = 2775. The cost of
a plan over a two-year contract is
$2775.
91. (a) The fixed cost is $30, so that is the value of
b. The variable cost is $6, so
y = mx + b = 6x + 30.

(b) If x = 5, y = 6(5) + 30 = 60. The ordered

pair is (5, 60). It costs $60 to rent the
saw
for five days.
(c) 138 = 6x + 30 Let y = 138.
108 = 6x
108
x= = 18
6
The saw is rented for 18 days.
92. (a) The fixed cost is $50, so that is the value of
b. The variable cost is $0.45, so
y = mx + b = 0.45x + 50.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

175 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 175

(b) If x = 5, y = 0.45(5) + 50 = 52.25. The 96. (a) Use (7, 95.9) and (12, 68.7).
ordered pair is (5, 52.25). The charge for 68.7 −95.9 −27.2
m= = = −5.44
driving 5 miles is $52.25. 12 − 7 5
(c) 127.85 = 0.45x + 50 Let y = 127.85. Now use the point-slope form.
y − 95.9 = −5.44(x − 7)
77.85 = 0.45x
y − 95.9 = −5.44x + 38.08
77.85
x= = 173 y = −5.44x +133.98
0.45
The car was driven 173 miles. (b) The year 2010 corresponds to x = 10, so
93. (a) Use (0, 7030) and (3, 2959). the number of pieces of mail was
2959 −7030 −4071 approximately
m= = = −1357 y ≈ −5.44(10) +133.98 ≈ 79.6 billion in
3−0 3

The equation is y = −1357 x + 7030. The 2010. This value is greater than the actual
value.
slope tells us that the sales of portable
media/MP3 players in the United States 97. When C = 0°, F = 32° .

decreased by $1357 million per year from When C = 100°, F = 212° .

2010 to 2013.

(b) The year 2011 corresponds to x = 1, so 98. The two points of the form (C, F) would be
portable media/MP3 player sales were (0, 32) and (100, 212).
approximately 212 − 32 180 9

y = −1357(1) + 7030 = $5673 million in the 99. m = = =

100 − 0 100 5
United States in 2011.

9
94. (a) Use (0, 17.6) and (3, 37.9). 100. Let m = and (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 32).
5
37.9 −17.6 20.3
m= = ≈ 6.8
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
3−0 3

The equation is y = 6.8x +17.6. The slope 9

F − 32 = (C − 0)

tells us that the sales of smartphones in the y

United States increased by $6.8 billion =
per year from 2010 to 2013. 3
.
8
(b) The year 2011 corresponds to x = 1, so 7
smartphone sales were approximately 5
x
y = 6.8(1) +17.6 = $24.4 billion in the +
101. 3
United States in 2011. 1
.
95. (a) Use (8, 62.3) and (12, 77.8). 3
77.8 −62.3 15.5
m= = = 3.875
12 − 8 4
Now use the point-slope form.
y − 62.3 = 3.875(x − 8)
y − 62.3 = 3.875x − 31 102.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 176 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.3 Writing Equations of Lines 176

5 5 9
9 32 = C
F − 32 = C F 5
5 5
9 (F − 32) = C
F = C + 32 9
5 −
9
F = C + 32
9 5
F = C + 32
9
If C = 30, F = (30) + 32
(b) The year 2011 corresponds to x = 11, so 5
spending on home health care was = 54 + 32 = 86.
approximately Thus, when C = 30°, F = 86°.
y ≈ 3.875(11) + 31.3 ≈ $73.9 billion in

2011. This value is very close to the actual

value.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

165 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 165

5 5. The graph of x − 4 = 0, or x = 4, is a vertical

103. C = (F − 32) line with x-intercept (4, 0). The slope of a
9
vertical line is undefined because the
5
When F = 50, C = (50 − 32) denominator equals zero in the slope formula.
9
5 6. Solve the equation for y.
= (18) = 10. 4x + 7 y = 3
9

Thus, when F = 50°, C = 10°. 7 y = −4x + 3

4 3
104. Let F = C in the equation obtained in y = − x+
Exercise 100. 7 7
4
9
F = C + 32 The slope is − .
5 7
9 7. (a) The slope-intercept form of a line,
C = C + 32 Let F be C.
5 y = mx + b, becomes y = −0.5x − 2, or

⎛9 ⎞ Multiply by 5. 1
5C = 5 C + 32 y x − 2, which is choice B.
⎜ ⎟ =−
⎝5 ⎠ 2
5C = 9C +160
2−0 2 1
−4C = 160 Subtract 9C. (b) m = = =−
0 − 4 −4 2
C = −40 Divide by − 4. 1

(The same result may be found by using either Using m = − and a y-intercept of (0, 2),
2
form of the equation obtained in Exercise 101.)
1
The Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures are we get y = − x + 2. Changing this
2
equal (F = C) at −40 degrees.
equation to the standard form gives us
2 y = −x + 4, or x + 2 y = 4, which is
Summary Exercises Finding Slopes and choice F.
Equations of Lines
0 −(−2) 2 1
(c) m = − = =−
−6 −( −3 ) −3 3 0−4 −4
1. The slope is m = = =− . 2
8−3 5 5 1
Using m and a y-intercept of (0, 0),
=−
−5 −( −5 ) 0 2
2. The slope is m = = = 0. 1 1
−1− 4 −5 we get y = − x + 0, or y = − x, which is
2 2

3. Rewrite the equation to have a coefficient next 4. Solve the equation

to the x-variable. for y.
y = 1x − 5 3x − 7 y = 21
Compare this to the slope-intercept form, −7 y =
y = mx + b. −3x + 21
The slope can be identified as m = 1 by
inspection.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

166 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 166

3 choice A.
y= x −3
7 (d) Use the point-slope form with
3 1
The slope is . (x1 , y1 ) = (−2, − 2) and m = .
7 2
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
1
y − (−2) = [x − (−2)]
2
1
y + 2 = (x + 2)
2
2( y + 2) = x + 2
2y + 4 = x + 2
2 = x − 2y
This is choice C.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

167 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 167

(e) Use the point-slope form with 10. (a) A slope of 0 means that the line is a

1 horizontal line of the form y = k, where k

(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0) and m = .
2 is the y-coordinate of any point on the line.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) It goes through (5, − 8) so its equation is
1 y = −8.
y − 0 = (x − 0)
2 (b) y = −8 is already in standard form.
1
y = x or 2 y = x 11. (a) Use the point-slope form with
2

This is choice E. (x1 , y1 ) = (4, − 2) and m = −3.

(f) The slope-intercept form of a line, y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

y = mx + b, becomes y = 2x + 0, or y − (−2) = −3(x − 4)

y = 2x, which is choice D. y + 2 = −3x +12

y = −3x +10
8. The only equation written in standard from with
a positive whole number x coefficient and no (b) y = −3x +10
common factor is C.
3x + y = 10
A. y = −4x − 7
4x + y = −7 12 − (−8) 20 5
12. (a) The slope is m = = =− .
B. −3x + 4 y = 12 −4 − 4 −8 2
3x − 4 y = −12 Use the point-slope form.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
1
D. x+ y =0 5
2 y − (−8) = − (x − 4)
x + 2y = 0 2

E. 6x − 2 y = 10 5
y + 8 = − x +10
2
3x − y = 5
5
F. 3y − 5x = −15 y = − x+2
2
5x − 3y = 15

5
1 −6 −5 5 (b) y = − x+2
9. (a) The slope is m = = =− . 2
4 − (−2) 6 6 5 13
x+ y =−
Use the point-slope form. 6 3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
5
y − 6 = − [x − (−2)]
6
5 5
y −6 = − x−
6 3
5 5 18
y = − x− +
6 3 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 168 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 168

2 y = −5x + 4 Multiply by 2. perpendicular to it will be a horizontal line.

5x + 2 y = 4 ⎛3 7⎞
It goes through ⎜ , − ⎟ , so its equation is
⎝4 9⎠
2
13. (a) x = is a vertical line, so a line y =− .
7
3 9
7
(b) y = −
5 13 9
(b) y = − x+

6 3 9 y = −7 Multiply by 9.
6 y = −5x + 26 Multiply by 6.
5x + 6 y = 26

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

169 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 169

14. (a) Use the point-slope form with 16. (a) Find the slope of 3x − y = 4.
2 − y = −3x + 4
(x1 , y1 ) = (−3, 6) and m = .
3 y = 3x − 4
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) The slope is 3, so a line parallel to it also

2 has slope 3. Use m = 3 and

y −6 = [x − (−3)]
3 (x1 , y1 ) = (−2, 5) in the point-slope form.
2 y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y −6 = x+2
3 y − 5 = 3[x − (−2)]
2 y − 5 = 3(x + 2)
y = x+8
3 y − 5 = 3x + 6
2 y = 3x +11
(b) y= x+8
3
(b) y = 3x +11
3y = 2x + 24 Multiply by 3.
−3x + y = 11
−2x + 3y = 24
3x − y = −11
2x − 3y = −24
17. (a) The slope of the line through (3, 9) and
15. (a) Find the slope of 2x − 5 y = 6.
11 − 9 2
−5 y = −2x + 6 (6, 11) is m = = .
6−3 3
2 6 Use the point-slope form with
y = x−
5 5 2
(x1 , y1 ) = (−4, 2) and m = (since the
2 3
The slope of the line is . Therefore, the
5 slope of the desired line must equal the
5 slope of the given line).
slope of the line perpendicular to it is − y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
2

2⎛ 5⎞ 5 2
since − = −1. Use m = − and y−2= [x − (−4)]
⎜ ⎟ 3
5⎝ 2⎠ 2
(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0) in the point-slope form. 2
y−2= (x + 4)
3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
2 8
5 y−2= x+
y − 0 = − (x − 0) 3 3
2 2 8 6
5 y= x+ +
y =− x 3 3 3
2 2 14
y= x+
5 3 3
(b) y=− x
2
2 14
2 y = −5x (b) y= x+
3 3
5x + 2 y = 0
3 y = 2x +14
−2x + 3 y = 14
2x − 3 y = −14

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

170 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 170

18. (a) The slope of the line through (3, 7) and Step 2
6 −7 −1 1 Test (0, 0).
(5, 6) is m = = =− . x+ y ≥ 4
5−3 2 2
The slope of a line perpendicular to the ?
0+0 ≥ 4
given line is 2 (the negative reciprocal of
1 0 ≥ 4 False
− ). Use the point-slope form with Step 3
2
(x1 , y1 ) = (4, − 2) and m = 2. Since the result is false, shade the region that
does not contain (0, 0).
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − (−2) = 2(x − 4)
y + 2 = 2x − 8
y = 2x −10

(b) y = 2x −10
−2x + y = −10
2. Solve the inequality for y.
2x − y = 10
x+ y >0
y > −x Subtract x.
2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Graph the boundary line, y = −x [which has
slope −1 and y-intercept (0, 0)], as a dashed
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
line because the inequality symbol is >. Since
1. x + y ≤ 4 the inequality is solved for y and the inequality
Step 1 symbol is >, we shade the half-plane above the
Graph the line, x + y = 4, which has intercepts boundary line.

(4, 0) and (0, 4), as a solid line since the

inequality involves ≤ .
Step 2
Test (0, 0).
x+ y ≤ 4
?
0+0 ≤ 4
N2. Solve the inequality for y.
0 ≤ 4 True
3x − 2 y < 0
Step 3 −2 y < −3x Subtract 3x.
Since the result is true, shade the region that
contains (0, 0). 3
y > x Divide by − 2.
2

3
Graph the boundary line, y = x [which has
2

Graph the line, −x + 2 y = 4, which has intercepts

( −4, 0 ) and (0, 2), as a solid line since the
inequality involves ≤ .
N1. −x + 2 y ≥ 4
Step 1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 170 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and FunctionsSummary Exercises Finding Slopes and Equations of Lines 170

slope
3
and
y-
interce
pt (0,
0)], as
a
dashed
line
2
becaus
e the
inequal
ity
symbol
is >.
Since
the
inequ
ality
is
solve
d for
y and
the
inequ
ality
symb
ol is
>, we
shade
the
half-
plane
abov
e the
boun
dary
line.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

169 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 169

3. Solve the inequality for y.

y+4≤0
y ≤ −4 Subtract 4.
Graph the boundary line, y = −4 [which has

slope 0 and y-intercept ( 0, − 4 )], as a solid

line because the inequality symbol is ≤ . Since

the inequality is solved for y and the inequality The graph of the intersection is the region
symbol is ≤, we shade the half-plane below the common to both graphs.
boundary line.

N3. Solve the inequality for x. N4. Graph x + y = 3, which has intercepts (3, 0)

x+2>0 and (0, 3), as a dashed line since the inequality

involves < . Test (0, 0), which yields 0 < 3, a
x > −2 Subtract 2.
true statement. Shade the region that includes
Graph the boundary line, x = −2 (which has an (0, 0).
undefined slope and no y-intercerpt) as a
dashed line because the inequality symbol is >.
Since the inequality is solved for y and the
inequality symbol is >, we shade the half-plane
to the right of the boundary line.

Graph y = 2 as a solid horizontal line through

(0, 2). Shade the region below y = 2.

4. Graph x − y = 4, which has intercepts (4, 0)

and ( 0, − 4 ) , as a solid line since the

inequality involves ≤ . Test (0, 0), which yields ( −2, 0 ) . Shade the region to the right of
0 ≤ 4, a true statement. Shade the region that x = −2.
includes (0, 0).

Graph x = −2 as a solid vertical line through

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

170 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 170

The graph of the intersection is the region

common to both graphs.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

171 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 171

5. Graph 7x − 3y = 21 as a dashed line through its The graph of the union is the region that

includes all the points in both graphs.

intercepts (3, 0) and ( 0, − 7 ) . Test (0, 0),

which yields 0 < 21, a true statement. Shade

the region that includes (0, 0).

Exercises
1. (a) x − 2y ≤ 4
Graph x = 2 as a dashed vertical line through ?
(2, 0). Shade the region to the right of x = 2. 0 − 2 ( 0) ≤ 4
0 ≤ 4 True
The ordered pair (0, 0) is a solution.
(b) x − 2y ≤ 4
?
2 − 2 ( −1) ≤ 4
4 ≤ 4 True
The graph of the union is the region that The ordered pair ( 2, −1) is a solution.
includes all the points in both graphs.
(c) x − 2y ≤ 4
?
7 − 2 (1) ≤ 4
5 ≤ 4 False

The ordered pair (7, 1) is not a solution.

(d) x − 2y ≤ 4
N5. Graph 3x − 5 y = 15 as a dashed line through its ?
0 − 2 ( 2) ≤ 4
intercepts (5, 0) and ( 0, − 3) . Test (0, 0), −4 ≤ 4 True

which yields 0 < 15, a true statement. Shade The ordered pair (0, 2) is a solution.
the region that includes (0, 0).
2. (a) x + y > 0
?
0+0 > 0
0 > 0 False
The ordered pair (0, 0) is not a solution.
(b) x + y > 0

?
Graph x = 4 as a dashed vertical line through −2 + 1 > 0
(4, 0). Shade the region to the right of x = 4. −1 > 0 False
The ordered pair ( −2, 1) is not a solution.

(c) x + y > 0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

172 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 172

?
2 −1 > 0
1 > 0 True
The ordered pair ( 2, −1) is a solution.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

173 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 173

(d) x + y > 0 (d) y ≤ 1

? ?
−4 + 6 > 0 3 ≤1
2 > 0 True 3 ≤ 1 False
The ordered pair ( −4, 6 ) is a solution. The ordered pair ( −3, 3) is not a solution.

3. (a) x − 5 > 0 5. The boundary of the graph of y ≤ −x + 2 will

? be a solid line (since the inequality involves

0−5 > 0 ≤ ), and the shading will be below the line
−5 > 0 False (since the inequality sign is ≤ or <).

The ordered pair (0, 0) is not a solution. 6. The boundary of the graph of y < −x + 2 will

(b) x − 5 > 0 be a dashed line (since the inequality involves

?
<), and the shading will be below the line (since
5−5 > 0 the inequality sign is ≤ or <).

0 > 0 False 7. The boundary of the graph of y > −x + 2 will

The ordered pair ( 5, 0 ) is not a solution. be a dashed line (since the inequality involves
>), and the shading will be above the line (since
(c) x −5 > 0 the inequality sign is ≥ or >).
?

−1 − 5 > 0 8. The boundary of the graph of y ≥ −x + 2 will

−6 > 0 False be a solid line (since the inequality involves

≥ ), and the shading will be above the line
The ordered pair ( −1, 3) is not a solution. (since the inequality sign is ≥ or >).
(d) x − 5 > 0 9. The graph has a solid line and is shaded to the
left of x = 4.
?
6−5 > 0 x≤4
1 > 0 True
10. The graph has a solid line and is shaded above
The ordered pair ( 6, 2 ) is a solution. y = −3.
4. (a) y ≤ 1 y ≥− 3
?
0 ≤1 11. The graph has a dashed line and is shaded

above the line y = 3x − 2.

0 ≤ 1 True
y > 3x − 2
The ordered pair (0, 0) is a solution.

(b) y ≤ 1 12. The graph has a dashed line and is shaded

? below the line y = −x + 3.
1≤1 y < − x+3
1 ≤ 1 True

The ordered pair ( 3, 1) is a solution. ?

−1 ≤ 1
(c) y ≤1 −1 ≤ 1 True

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

174 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 174

13. 2 by drawing a solid Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
Graph line (since the inequality x+ y ≤ 2
the line involves ≤ ) through the ?
x+ y = 0+0 ≤ 2
intercepts (2, 0) and (0, 2).
The ordered pair ( 2, −1) is a solution.
0 ≤ 2 True

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

175 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 175

Shade the side of the line containing the test Since we have “ y >” in the last inequality,
point (0, 0). shade the region above the boundary line.

14. Graph the line x + y = −3 by drawing a solid 17. Graph the solid line x + 3y = −2 (since the
line (since the inequality involves ≤ ) through inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts

the intercepts ( −3, 0 ) and ( 0, − 3) . ⎛ 2⎞

Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
( −2, 0 )
and ⎜ 0, − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠
x + y ≤ −3 Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
? ?
0+0 ≤ −3 0 + 3(0) ≥ − 2
0 ≤ −3 False 0 ≥ −2 True
Shade the side of the line not containing the test Shade the side of the line containing the test
point (0, 0). point (0, 0).

15. Graph the line 4x − y = 4 by drawing a dashed 18. Graph the solid line x + 4 y = −3 (since the
line (since the inequality involves <) through inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts
the intercepts (1, 0) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Instead of 3
( −3, 0 ) and ⎛ 0, − ⎞ .
⎜ ⎟
using a test point, we will solve the inequality ⎝ 4⎠
for y. Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
− y < −4x + 4 ?
0 + 4(0) ≥ − 3
y > 4x − 4 0 ≥ −3 True
Since we have “ y >” in the last inequality, Shade the side of the line containing the test
shade the region above the boundary line. point (0, 0).

16. Graph the line 3x − y = 3 by drawing a dashed

1
line (since the inequality involves <) through 19. Graph the dashed line y = x + 3 (since the

2
the intercepts (1, 0) and ( 0, − 3) . Instead of inequality involves < ) through the intercepts

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

176 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 176

using a test point, we will solve the inequality ( −6, 0 )

and ( 0, 3 ) . Test a point not on this
for y.
line, such as (0, 0).
− y < −3x + 3
? 1

y > 3x − 3 0< (0) + 3

2
0<3 True

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

177 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 177

Shade the side of the line containing the test ? 3

point (0, 0). 0≥− (0) + 3
2
0≥3 False
Shade the side of the line not containing the test
point (0, 0).

1
20. Graph the dashed line y = x − 2 (since the
3

inequality involves < ) through the intercepts

( 6, 0 ) and ( 0, − 2 ) . Test a point not on this 23. Graph the solid line 2x + 3y = 6 (since the

line, such as (0, 0). inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts

? 1
(3, 0) and (0, 2). Test a point not on this line,
0 < (0) − 2 such as (0, 0).
3 ?

0 < −2 False 2(0) + 3(0) ≥ 6

Shade the side of the line not containing the test 0 ≥ 6 False
point (0, 0). Shade the side of the line not containing the test
point (0, 0).

2
21. Graph the solid line y = − x + 2 (since the 24. Graph the solid line 3x + 4 y = 12 (since the
5

inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts
(4, 0) and (0, 3). Test a point not on this line,
( 5, 0 ) and ( 0, 2 ) . Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
such as (0, 0). ?
? 3(0) + 4(0) ≥ 12
2
0 ≥ − ( 0) + 2
5 0 ≥ 12 False

0≥2 False Shade the side of the line not containing the test
Shade the side of the line not containing the test point (0, 0).
point (0, 0).

25. Graph the dashed line 5x − 3y = 15 (since the

3 inequality involves >) through the intercepts
22. Graph the solid line y = − x + 3 (since the

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

178 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 178

2 (3, 0) and ( 0, − 5 ) . Test a point not on this

inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts line, such as (0, 0).

( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, 3 ) . Test a point not on this line, ?
5(0) − 3(0) > 15
such as (0, 0).
0 > 15 False

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

179 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 179

Shade the side of the line not containing the test 29. Graph the solid line x − 3y = 0 through the
point (0, 0). points (0, 0) and (3, 1). Solve the inequality
for y.
−3y ≤ −x
1
y≥ x
3
Shade the region above the boundary line.

26. Graph the dashed line 4x − 5 y = 20 (since the

inequality involves >) through the intercepts

(5, 0) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Test a point not on this

line, such as (0, 0).

?
4(0) − 5(0) > 20
30. Graph the solid line x − 5 y = 0 through the
0 > 20 False
points (0, 0) and (5, 1). Solve the inequality
Shade the side of the line not containing the test
for y.
point (0, 0).
−5y ≤ −x
1
y≥ x
5
Shade the region above the boundary line.

27. Graph the line x + y = 0, which includes the

points (0, 0) and ( 2, − 2 ) , as a dashed line

(since the inequality involves >). Solving the

inequality for y gives us y > −x. So shade the
31. Graph the dashed line y = x through (0, 0) and
region above the boundary line.
(2, 2). Since we have “ y <” in the inequality,

shade the region below the boundary line.

28. Graph the line x + 2 y = 0, which includes the

points (0, 0) and ( −4, 2 ) , as a dashed line 32. Graph the solid line y = 4x through (0, 0) and
(since the inequality involves >). Solving the (1, 4). Since we have “ y ≤” in the inequality,
1
inequality for y gives us y > − x. So shade the shade the region below the boundary line.
2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

180 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 180

region above the boundary line.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

181 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 181

33. The line x + 3 ≥ 0 has an intercept at ( −3, 0 ) The boundary line here is solid, and the region
above it is shaded.
and is a vertical line. Graph the solid line
The inequality symbol to indicate this is ≥ .
x = −3 (since the inequality involves ≥ ).

Shade the region to the right of the Inequality for the graph: y ≥2 x −4
boundary line.
38. ( 3, 0 ) and ( 0, 2 )

0 −( 2 ) −2 2
m= = =−
3−0 3 3
2
Slope: −
3
y-intercept: ( 0, 2 )
34. The line x −1 ≤ 0 has an intercept at (1, 0 ) and
2
is a vertical line. Graph the solid line x = 1 Equation: y = − x + 2
(since the inequality involves ≤ ). Shade the 3
region to the left of the boundary line. The boundary line here is dashed, and the
region below it is shaded.
The inequality symbol to indicate this is < .
2
Inequality for the graph: y < − x + 2
3

39. Graph the solid line x + y = 1 through (0, 1)

and (1, 0). The inequality x + y ≤ 1 can be
35. The line y + 5 < 2 has an intercept at ( 0, − 3) written as y ≤ −x +1, so shade the region

and is a horizontal line. Graph the dashed line below the boundary line.
y = −3 (since the inequality involves < ). Graph the solid vertical line x = 1 through
Shade the region below the boundary line. (1, 0) and shade the region to the right. The
required graph is the common shaded area as
well as the portions of the lines that bound it.

36. The line y −1 > 3 has an intercept at ( 0, 4 )

and is a vertical line. Graph the dashed line 40. Graph x − y = 2 as a solid line through (2, 0)
y = 4 (since the inequality involves > ). Shade
the region above the boundary line. and ( 0, − 2 ) . Test (0, 0).
?
0−0 ≥ 2

and ( 0,
37.
0 −( −4 )
( 2,
0)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

182 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 182

0 is the region to the right of the line. Shade the

≥ region that includes the overlap of the two
2 graphs.
F
a
l
− 4) s
e
4
The
gra
ph
is
the
regi
on
that
doe
s
not
cont
ain
(0,
0).
Gra
ph
x=
3
as a
soli
d
vert
ical
line
thro
ugh
(
3,
0
).
T
h
e
g
ra
p
h
o
f
th
e
in
e
q
u
al
it
y

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

183 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 183

m= = =2
2−0 2
Slope: 2
y-intercept: ( 0, − 4 )

Equation: y = 2 x −4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

184 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 184

41. Graph the solid line 2x − y = 2 through the 44. Graph the dashed line 6x − 4 y = 10 through

intercepts (1, 0) and ( 0, − 2 ) . Test (0, 0) to get ⎛5 ⎛ 5⎞

, 0 and 0, − . Test (0, 0).
⎞
⎜3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎠
0 ≥ 2, a false statement. Shade the side of the ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
?
line not containing (0, 0).
6(0) 4(0) 10
− <
To graph y < 4 on the same axes, graph the
0 < 1 True
dashed horizontal line through (0, 4). Test (0, 0)
to get 0 < 4, a true statement. Shade the side of The graph includes the region that
includes (0, 0).
the dashed line containing (0, 0). The word

“and” indicates the intersection of the two Graph the dashed horizontal line y = 2 through

graphs. The final solution set consists of the (0, 2). The graph includes the region above the
region where the two shaded regions overlap. line. Shade the region that includes the overlap
of the two graphs.

42. Graph 3x − y = 3 as a solid line through (1, 0)

45. | x | < 3 can be rewritten as −3 < x < 3. The
and ( 0, − 3) . Test (0, 0).
boundaries are the dashed vertical lines x = −3
?

3(0) − 0 ≥ 3 and x = 3. Since x is between −3 and 3, the

graph includes all points between the lines.
0 ≥ 3 False
The graph is the region that does not contain
(0, 0).

Graph y = 3 as a dashed horizontal line

through (0, 3). The graph of the inequality is

the region below the dashed line. Shade the
region that includes the overlap of the two
graphs.
46. | y | < 5 can be rewritten as −5 < y < 5. The
boundaries are the dashed horizontal lines
y = − 5 and y = 5. Since y is between −5 and

5, the graph includes all points between the

lines.

43. Graph x + y = −5, which has intercepts

( −5, 0 ) and ( 0, − 5 ) , as a dashed line. Test

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

185 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 185

(0, 0), which yields 0 > − 5, a true statement.

Shade the region that includes (0, 0).
Graph y = −2 as a dashed horizontal line.

Shade the region below y = −2. The required

graph of the intersection is the region common

to both graphs.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

186 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 186

47. | x + 1| < 2 can be rewritten as the following. 50. Graph the solid line x + y = 2 through (2, 0)
−2 < x + 1 < 2 and (0, 2). Use (0, 0) as a test point, which
−3 < x < 1 yields 0 ≤ 2, a true statement. Shade the region
that includes (0, 0).
The boundaries are the dashed vertical lines

x = −3 and x = 1. Since x is between −3 and Graph the solid horizontal line y = 3 through

1, the graph includes all points between the (0, 3). Shade the region above the line. The
lines. required graph of the union includes all the
shaded regions—that is, all the points that
satisfy either inequality.

48. | y − 3| < 2 can be rewritten as the following.

−2 < y − 3 < 2 51. Graph x − 2 = y, which has intercepts (2, 0)
1< y < 5 and (0, −2 ), as a dashed line. Test (0, 0), which
The boundaries are the dashed horizontal lines yields −2 > 0, a false statement. Shade the

y = 1 and y = 5. Since y is between 1 and 5, region that does not include (0, 0).

the graph includes all points between the lines. Graph x = 1 as a dashed vertical line. Shade
the region to the left of x = 1.
The required graph of the union includes all the
shaded regions—that is, all the points that
satisfy either inequality.

49. Graph the solid line x − y = 1, which crosses

the y-axis at −1 and the x-axis at 1. Use (0, 0)

as a test point, which yields 0 ≥ 1, a false
statement. Shade the region that does not 52. Graph the dashed line x + 3 = y through
include (0, 0).

Now graph the solid line y = 2. Since the ( −3, 0 ) and (0, 3). Use (0, 0) as a test point,

inequality is y ≥ 2, shade above this line. The which yields 3 < 0, a false statement. Shade the

required graph of the union includes all the region that does not include (0, 0).
Graph the dashed vertical line x = 3 through
shaded regions—that is, all the points that
satisfy either inequality. (3, 0). Shade the region to the right of the line.
The required graph of the union includes all the
shaded regions—that is, all the points that
satisfy either inequality.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

187 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 187

53. Graph 3x + 2 y = 6, which has intercepts (2, 0) 58. Some examples of points in the shaded region
and (0, 3), as a dashed line. Test (0, 0), which are (150, 4000), (150, 5000), (120, 3500), and
yields 0 < 6, a true statement. Shade the region (180, 6000). Some examples of points on the
that includes (0, 0). boundary are (100, 5000), (150, 3000), and

Graph x − 2 y = 2, which has intercepts (2, 0) (200, 4000).

The corner points are (100, 3000) and
and ( 0, −1) , as a dashed line. Test (0, 0), (200, 3000).
which yields 0 > 2, a false statement. Shade the 59. (x, y) 50 x + 100 y = C
region that does not include (0, 0). The required
graph of the union includes all the shaded (150, 4000) 50(150) +100(4000) = 407,500
regions—that is, all the points that satisfy either
inequality. (120, 3500) 50(120) +100(3500) = 356, 000

(180, 6000) 50(180) +100(6000) = 609,000

(100, 5000) 50(100) +100(5000) = 505, 000

(150, 3000) 50(150) +100(3000) = 307,500

(200, 4000) 50(200) +100(4000) = 410, 000

54. Graph the solid line x − y = 1 through (1, 0)
and ( 0, −1) . Test (0, 0), which yields 0 ≥ 1, a (100, 3000) 50(100) +100(3000) = 305, 000
(least value)
false statement. Shade the region that does not
include (0, 0). (150, 5000) 50(150) +100(5000) = 507,500
Graph the solid line x + y = 4 through (4, 0)
and (0, 4). Test (0, 0), which yields 0 ≤ 4, a (200, 3000) 50(200) +100(3000) = 310, 000
true statement. Shade the region that includes
(0, 0). The required graph of the union includes 60. The company should use 100 workers and
all the shaded regions—that is, all the points manufacture 3000 units to achieve the least
that satisfy either inequality. possible cost.

2.5 Introduction to Relations and

Functions

Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises

1. The numbers in the table define a relation
55. “A factory can have no more than 200 workers between x and y. They can be written as
on a shift but must have at least 100” can be {( −4, 0) , ( 0, − 2) , ( 3,1) , ( 5,1)}.
translated as x ≤ 200 and x ≥ 100. “Must
manufacture at least 3000 units” can be N1. The data in the table defines a relation between

translated as y ≥ 3000. the average gas price per gallon and the year. It
can be written as
56. {( 2000,1.56 ) , ( 2005, 2.34 ) ,
( 2010, 2.84 ) , ( 2015, 3.39 )}.
57. The total daily cost C consists of $50 per worker
and $100 to manufacture one unit, so C = 50x
+100 y.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 180 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 180

2. (a) {(0, 3), (−1, 2), (−1, 3)}

The last two ordered pairs have the same
x-value paired with two different y-
values (−1 is paired with both 2 and
3), so this relation is not a function.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

179 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 179

(b) {(5, 4), (6, 4), (7, 4)} N5. A vertical line intersects the graph more than
The relation is a function because for each once, so the relation is not a function.
different x-value there is exactly one

y-value. It is acceptable to have different 6. (a) y = −2x + 7 is a function because each

x-values paired with the same y-value. value of x corresponds to exactly one value
of y. Its domain is the set of all real
N2. (a) {(1, 5), (3, 5), (5, 5)} numbers, (−∞, ∞).
The relation is a function because for each
different x-value there is exactly one (b) y = 5x − 6 is a function because each
y-value. It is acceptable to have different

x-values paired with the same y-value. value of x corresponds to exactly one value
of y. Since the quantity under the radical
(b) {(−1, − 3), (0, 2), (−1, 6)} must be nonnegative, the domain is the set
The first and last ordered pairs have the of real numbers that satisfy the condition
same x-value paired with two different 5x − 6 ≥ 0
y-values (−1 is paired with both −3 and 6), 5x ≥ 6
so this relation is not a function. 6
x≥ .
3. The domain of this relation is the set of all first 5
components—that is, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. The range ⎡6 ⎞
∞
of this relation is the set of all second Therefore, the domain is ⎢ , ⎟.
⎣5 ⎠
components—that is, {0, 3.50, 7.00, 10.50,
14.00}. This relation is a function because for (c) y = x is not a function. If x = 1, for
4
each different first component, there is exactly

one second component. example, y 4 =1 and y = 1 or y = −1. Since

N3. (a) {(2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 8)} y 4 must be nonnegative, the domain is the
The first two ordered pairs have the same set of nonnegative real numbers, [0, ∞).
x-value paired with two different y-values (2
is paired with both 2 and 5), so this relation (d) y ≥ 4x + 2 is not a function because if

is not a function. The domain is {2, 4}, and x = 0, then y ≥ 2. Thus, the x-value 0

the range is {2, 5, 8}. s indicate that the graph extends

N indefinitely left and right, as well as
(b) The domain of this relation is the set of all 4 upward.
first components—that is, {5, 10, 20, 40}. .
The range of this relation is the set of all T
second components—that is, {40, 80, 160, h
320}. This relation is a function because for e
each different first component, there is a
exactly one second component. r
4. The arrowheads indicate that the graph extends r
indefinitely left and right, as well as downward. o
The domain includes all real numbers, written w
(−∞, ∞). Because there is a greatest y-value, 4, h
e
the range includes all numbers less than or
a
equal to 4, ( −∞, 4]. d

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

180 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 180

c eal numbers, (−∞, ∞).

o
r 6
y=
r 5 + 3x
(e) Given any value of x in the domain, we find
e
s y by multiplying by 3, adding 5, and then
p dividing the result into 6. This process
o produces exactly one value of y for each
value in the domain, so the given equation
n
defines a function. The domain includes all
d
real numbers except those that make the
s denominator 0. We find those numbers by
t setting the denominator equal to 0 and
o solving for x.
5 + 3x = 0
m
3x = −5
a
n
y

y
-
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
I
t
s
d
o
m
a
i
n

i
s
t
h
e

s
e
t
o
f
a
l
l
r

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

181 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 181

The domain includes all real numbers, written 5

x=−
(−∞, ∞). Because there is a least y-value, −2, 3

the range includes all numbers greater than or The domain includes all real numbers

equal to −2, [−2, ∞). 5

except − , written as
3
5. Any vertical line would intersect the graph at

⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
most once, so the relation is a function. −∞, − ∪ − ,∞ .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

182 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 182

N6. (a) y = 4x − 3 is a function because each value domain, and the set {−2, −1, − 4, 3} is its
of x corresponds to exactly one value of y. range.
Its domain is the set of all real numbers,

(−∞, ∞). 5. Consider the function d = 50t, where d

represents distance and t represents time. The
(b) y = 2x − 4 is a function because each value of d depends on the value of t, so the

value of x corresponds to exactly one value variable t is the independent variable, and the
of y. Since the quantity under the radical variable d is the dependent variable.
must be nonnegative, the domain is the set 6. The vertical line test is used to determine
of real numbers that satisfy the condition whether a graph is that of a function. It says
2x − 4 ≥ 0 that any vertical line can intersect the graph of a
2x ≥ 4 function in no more than one point.
x ≥ 2. 7. The numbers in the table define a relation
between x and y. They can be written as
Therefore, the domain is [ 2, ∞ ) .
{( 2, − 2) , ( 2, 0 ) , ( 2,1)}.
1
(c) y = 8. The numbers in the table define a relation
x−2
between x and y. They can be written as
Given any value of x in the domain, we find
y by subtracting 2 and then dividing the {( −1, −1) , ( 0, −1) , (1, −1)}.
result into 1. This process produces exactly
one value of y for each value in the domain, 9. The data in the table defines a relation between
so the given equation defines a function. the average movie ticket price and year.
The domain includes all real numbers {(1960, 0.76 ) , (1980, 2.69 ) ,
except those that make the denominator 0.
We find those numbers by setting the
( 2000, 5.39 ) , ( 2013, 8.38)}
denominator equal to 0 and solving for x. 10. The data in the table defines a relation between
x−2 =0 the average ACT composite score and the year.
x=2 {( 2010, 21.0 ) , ( 2011, 21.1) ,
The domain includes all real numbers
except 2, written as (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞). ( 2012, 21.1) , ( 2013, 20.9 )}

(d) y < 3x +1 is not a function because if 11. The mapping defines a relation. It can be

x = 0, then y < 1. Thus, the x-value 0 written as

corresponds to many y-values. Its domain is {( A, 4 ) , ( B, 3) , ( C, 2 ) , ( D, 1) , ( F, 0)}.

the set of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞). 12. The mapping defines a relation. It can be
written as
Exercises {( A, 1) , ( E, 5) , ( I, 9 ) , ( O, 15) , ( U, 21)}.
1. A relation is any set of ordered pairs {( x, y )}. 4. The relation
2. A function is a relation in which for each
distinct value of the first component of the
ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the
second component.

3. In a relation {( x, y )}, the domain is the set of

x-values, and the range is the set of y-values.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 183 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 183

13. We can represent this set of ordered pairs by

plotting them on a graph.

14. We can represent this table as a set of ordered

{( 0, − 2 ) , ( 2, −1) , ( 2,−4 ) , ( 5, 3)} does not pairs: { (−1, − 3), (0, −1), (1, 1), (3, 3)}.

define a function. The set {0, 2, 5} is its

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

184 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 184

15. We can represent the diagram in table form. 24. The relation is a function since for each
x-value, there is only one y-value.
x y
The domain is the set of x-values: {2, 3, 4, 5}.
−3 −4 The range is the set of y-values: {5, 7, 9, 11}.

−3 1 25. The relation can be described by the set of

ordered pairs {(2, 1), (5, 1), (11, 7), (17, 20),
2 0 (3, 20)}. The relation is a function since for
each x-value, there is only one y-value.
16. No, the same x-value, −3, is paired with two The domain is the set of x-values: {2, 5, 11,
17, 3}.
different y-values, −4 and 1.
The range is the set of y-values: {1, 7, 20}.
17. The relation is a function since for each
26. The relation can be described by the set of
x-value, there is only one y-value.
ordered pairs
The domain is the set of x-values: {5, 3, 4, 7}.
The range is the set of y-values: {1, 2, 9, 6}. {(1,10), (2,15), (2, 19), (3,19), (5, 27)}.
The relation is not a function since the x-value
18. The relation is a function since for each
2 has two different y-values associated with it,
x-value, there is only one y-value.
15 and 19.
The domain is the set of x-values: {8, 5, 9, 3}. The domain is the set of x-values: {1, 2, 3, 5}.
The range is the set of y-values: {0, 4, 3, 8}.
The range is the set of y-values: {10, 15, 19,
19. The relation is not a function since the x-value 27}.
2 has two different y-values associated with it,
27. The relation can be described by the set of
4 and 5.
The domain is the set of x-values: {2, 0}. ordered pairs {(1, 5), (1, 2), (1, −1), (1, − 4)}.
The range is the set of y-values: {4, 2, 5}. The relation is not a function since the x-value
1 has four different y-values associated with it,
20. The relation is not a function since the x-value 5, 2, −1, and −4.
9 has two different y-values associated with it,
The domain is the set of x-values: {1}.
−2 and 2.
The range is the set of y-values:
The domain is the set of x-values: {9, − 3}.
{5, 2, −1, − 4}.

The range is the set of y-values: {−2, 5, 2}.

28. The relation can be described by the set of
21. The relation is a function since for each ordered pairs
x-value, there is only one y-value. {(−4, − 4), (−4, 0), (−4, 4), (−4, 8)}.
The domain is the set of x-values: The relation is not a function since the x-value
{−3, 4, − 2}. −4 has four different y-values associated with

The range is the set of y-values: {1, 7}. it, −4, 0, 4, and 8.
22. The relation is a function since for each The domain is the set of x-values: {−4}.
x-value, there is only one y-value. The range is the set of y-values: {−4, 0, 4, 8}.
The domain is the set of x-values:

{−12, −10, 8}. 29. The relation can be described by the set of

The range is the set of y-values: {5, 3}. The domain is the set of x-values: {1,
0, 2}. The range is the set of y-values:
23. The relation is not a function since the x-value
1 has two different y-values associated with it,
1 and −1. (A similar statement can be made for
x = 2. )

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

185 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 185

ordered pairs The domain is the set of x-values: {4, 2, 0,

{(4, − 3), (2, − 3), (0, − 3), (−2, − 3)}. {4, 2, 0 − 2,}.
The relation is a function since for each The range is the set of y-values: {−3}.
x-value, there is only one y-value.
{1, −1, 0, 4, − 4}.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

186 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 186

30. The relation can be described by the set of 36. Using the vertical line test, we find that any
ordered pairs vertical line will intersect the graph at most
{(−3, − 6), (−1, − 6), (1, − 6), (3, − 6)}. once. This indicates that the graph represents a
The relation is a function since for each function. This graph extends indefinitely to the

x-value, there is only one y-value. left (−∞) and indefinitely to the right (∞).

The domain is the set of x-values: Therefore, the domain is (−∞, ∞). The y-value

{−3, −1, 1, 3}. of the graph is constant, so the range is {2}.

The range is the set of y-values: {−6}.

37. Since a vertical line, such as x = −4, intersects
31. The relation can be described by the set of the graph in two points, the relation is not a
ordered pairs {(−2, 2), (0, 3), (3, 2)}. The function.
relation is a function since for each x-value, The domain is ( −∞, 0] , and the range is
there is only one y-value. (−∞, ∞).
The domain is the set of x-values: {−2, 0, 3}.
The range is the set of y-values: {2, 3}. 38. The relation is not a function since a vertical
line may intersect the graph in more than one
32. The relation can be described by the set of point.
ordered pairs {(−1, − 3), (1, − 3), (4, 0)}. The The domain is the set of x-values, [ −2, 2].
relation is a function since for each x-value,
there is only one y-value. The range is the set of y-values, [ −2, 2].
The domain is the set of x-values: {−1, 1, 4}. 39. Using the vertical line test, we find that any
The range is the set of y-values: {−3, 0}. vertical line will intersect the graph at most
once. This indicates that the graph represents a
33. Using the vertical line test, we find that any function. This graph extends indefinitely to the
vertical line will intersect the graph at most left (−∞) and indefinitely to the right (∞).

once. This indicates that the graph represents a Therefore, the domain is (−∞, ∞).
function. This graph extends indefinitely to the
This graph extends indefinitely downward
left (−∞) and indefinitely to the right (∞).
(−∞) and reaches a high point at y = 4.

Therefore, the domain is (−∞, ∞).

Therefore, the range is (−∞, 4].
This graph extends indefinitely downward

(−∞) and indefinitely upward (∞). Thus, the 40. Since any vertical line that intersects the graph

range is (−∞, ∞). intersects it in no more than one point, the

relation represented by the graph is a function.
34. Using the vertical line test, we find that any The domain is [ −2, 2] , and the range is [0, 4].
vertical line will intersect the graph at most
once. This indicates that the graph represents a 41. Since a vertical line can intersect the graph of
function. This graph extends indefinitely to the the relation in more than one point, the relation

left (−∞) and indefinitely to the right (∞). is not a function.

The domain, the x-values of the points on the

Therefore, the domain is (−∞, ∞).
graph, is [−4, 4].
This graph extends indefinitely downward
The range, the y-values of the points on the

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

187 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 187

(−∞) and indefinitely upward (∞). Thus, the graph, is [ −3, 3].
range is (−∞, ∞).
42. Since a vertical line, such as x = 4, intersects
35. Using the vertical line test shows that one
the graph in two points, the relation is not a
vertical line intersects the graph and it is at
function.
every point. This indicates that the graph does
not represent a function. The domain is [3, ∞), and the range is (−∞, ∞).
The domain is {2} because the x-value does
not change, and the range is ( −∞, ∞ ) .

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

188 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 188

43. For each x-value, there are multiple y-values 52. The ordered pairs (16, 2) and (16, − 2) both
associated with it, all of which are 2 or greater. satisfy the equation. Since one value of x, 16,
Thus, this relation does not define a function. corresponds to two values of y, 2 and −2, the
The domain is (−∞, ∞), and the range is relation does not define a function. Because x is
[ 2, ∞ ). equal to the fourth power of y, the values of x
must always be nonnegative. The domain is
44. For each y-value, there are multiple x-values [0, ∞).
associated with it, all of which are 3 or less.
Thus, this relation does not define a function. 53. For a particular x-value, more than one y-value
can be selected to satisfy x + y < 4. Look at the
The domain is ( −∞, 3] , and the range is
given example.
( −∞, ∞ ) . x = 2, y = 0
45. Each value of x corresponds to one y-value. For 2+0<4 True

example, if x = 3, then y = −6(3) = −18. Now, if x = 2 and y = 1, then 2 +1 < 4 is a

Therefore, y = −6x defines y as a function of x. true statement. Therefore, x + y < 4 does not

Since any x-value, positive, negative, or zero, define y as a function of x.

can be multiplied by −6, the domain is The graph of x + y < 4 is equivalent to the

(−∞, ∞). graph of y < −x + 4, which consists of the

shaded region below the dashed line

46. Each value of x corresponds to one y-value. For
y = −x + 4, which extends indefinitely from
example, if x = 3 then y = −9(3) = −27.
left to right. Therefore, the domain is (−∞, ∞).
Therefore, y = −9x defines y as a function of x.

Since any x-value, positive, negative, or zero, 54. Let x =1.

can be multiplied by −9, the domain is 1− y < 3
(−∞, ∞). −y < 2
47. For any value of x, there is exactly one value of y > −2
y, so this equation defines a function. The So for x =1, y may be any number greater than

domain is the set of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞). −2. x − y < 3 does not define y as a function of

48. For any value of x, there is exactly one value of x. The x-values may be any number. The
y, so this equation defines a function. The domain is (−∞, ∞).
domain is the set of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞). 55. For any value of x, there is exactly one
49. Each value of x corresponds to one y-value. For corresponding value for y, so this relation

example, if x = 3, then y = 32 = 9. Therefore, defines a function. Since the radicand must be a

nonnegative number, x must always be

y = x 2 defines y as a function of x. nonnegative. The domain is [0, ∞).
Since any x-value, positive, negative, or zero,
can be squared, the domain is (−∞, ∞).
50. Each value of x corresponds to one y-value. For

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

189 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 189

56. For any value of x, there is exactly one

corresponding value for y, so this relation
defines a function. Since the radicand must be a
example, if x = 3, then y = 33 = 27. Therefore, nonnegative number, x must always be

y = x3 defines y as a function of x. Since any nonnegative. The domain is [0, ∞).

x-value, positive, negative, or zero, can be 57. y = x − 3 is a function because each value of
cubed, the domain is (−∞, ∞). x in the domain corresponds to exactly one
51. The ordered pairs (64, 2) and (64, − 2) both value of y. Since the quantity under the radical
must be nonnegative, the domain is the set of
satisfy the equation. Since one value of x, 64,
real numbers that satisfy the following
corresponds to two values of y, 2 and −2, the condition.
relation does not define a function. Because x is x −3≥ 0
equal to the sixth power of y, the values of x
must always be nonnegative. The domain is x≥3
[0, ∞). Therefore, the domain is [3, ∞).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

190 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 190

58. y = x − 7 is a function because each value of process produces exactly one value of y for

each x-value in the domain, so the relation

x in the domain corresponds to exactly one
represents a function. The domain includes all
value of y. Since the quantity under the radical
real numbers except those that make the
must be nonnegative, the domain is the set of
denominator 0, namely 0. The domain is
real numbers that satisfy the following
condition. (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
x −7 ≥0 64. Given any value of x, y is found by dividing
x≥7 that value into 6 and negating that result. This
Therefore, the domain is [7, ∞). process produces exactly one value of y for
each x-value in the domain, so the relation
59. y = 4x + 2 is a function because each value represents a function. The domain includes all

of x in the domain corresponds to exactly one real numbers except those that make the
value of y. Since the quantity under the radical denominator 0, namely 0. The domain is
must be nonnegative, the domain is the set of (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
real numbers that satisfy the following
condition. 65. Given any value of x, y is found by subtracting
4 and then dividing the result into 2. This
4x + 2 ≥ 0
process produces exactly one value of y for
4x ≥ −2 each x-value in the domain, so the relation
1 represents a function. The domain includes all
x ≥− real numbers except those that make the
2
denominator 0, namely 4. The domain is
⎡ 1 ⎞
Therefore, the domain is − , ∞ . (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞).
⎢⎣ 2 ⎟
⎠
66. Given any value of x, y is found by subtracting
60. y = 2x + 9 is a function because each value 2 and then dividing the result into 7. This

of x in the domain corresponds to exactly one process produces exactly one value of y for
value of y. Since the quantity under the radical each x-value in the domain, so the relation
must be nonnegative, the domain is the set of represents a function. The domain includes all
real numbers that satisfy the following real numbers except those that make the
condition. denominator 0, namely 2. The domain is
2x + 9 ≥ 0 (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞).
2x ≥ −9 1

9 67. Rewrite xy = 1 as y = . Note that x can never

x≥− x

2 equal 0; otherwise the denominator would

⎡ 9 ⎞ equal 0. The domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
Therefore, the domain is − , ∞ .
⎢⎣ 2 ⎟ Each nonzero x-value gives exactly one
⎠
y-value. Therefore, xy = 1 defines y as a
61. Given any value of x, y is found by adding 4
and then dividing the result by 5. This process function of x.
produces exactly one value of y for each 3

x-value in the domain, so the relation represents 68. Rewrite xy = 3 as y = . Note that x can never
x
a function. The denominator is never 0, so the
domain is (−∞, ∞).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

191 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.5 Introduction to Relations and Functions 191

62. Given any value of x, y is found by subtracting equal 0; otherwise the denominator would
3 and then dividing the result by 2. This process equal 0. The domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
produces exactly one value of y for each Each nonzero x-value gives exactly one
x-value in the domain, so the relation represents y-value. Therefore, xy = 3 defines y as a
a function. The denominator is never 0, so the
function of x.
domain is (−∞, ∞).
69. (a) Each year corresponds to exactly one
63. Given any value of x, y is found by dividing percentage, so the table defines a function.
that value into 2 and negating that result. This
(b) The domain is {2009, 2010, 2011, 2012,
2013}.
The range is {44.0, 43.4, 43.1, 42.9}.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

185 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 185

(c) The range element that corresponds to 2012 (b) f (x) = −x 2 + 3x + 3

is 42.9. The domain element that
f (t) = − ( t ) + 3 ( t ) + 3
2
corresponds to 43.4 is 2010.
f ( t ) = −t + 3t + 3
2
(d) Answers will vary. Two possible answers
are (2010, 43.4) and (2013, 43.1).
2

N2. (a) f ( x ) = 2x − 4x +1
70. (a) Each year corresponds to exactly one

percentage, so the table defines a function. f (−2) = 2(−2)2 − 4(−2) +1

(b) The domain is {2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, = 8 + 8 +1 = 17
2012}.
(b) f ( x ) = 2x − 4x +1
2
The range is {4.4, 4.2, 3.7, 2.8, 2.6}.
2
(c) The range element that corresponds to 2012 f (a) = 2a − 4a +1
is 2.6. The domain element that corresponds
3. g(x) = 5x −1
to 2.8 is 2011.
g(t + 2) = 5(t + 2) −1
(d) Answers will vary. Two possible answers
are (2008, 4.4) and (2012, 2.6). = 5t +10 −1
= 5t + 9
2.6 Function Notation and Linear g(x) = 8x − 5
N3.
Functions
g(a − 2) = 8(a − 2) − 5
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises = 8a −16 − 5

= 8a − 21
1. (a) f (x) = 6x − 2

f (−3) = 6(−3) − 2 Replace x with − 3. 4. (a) When x = 2, y = 6, so f (2) = 6.

= −18 − 2 Multiply.
2
(b) f (x) = −x
= −20 Subtract.
f (2) = −(2) 2 = −(4) = −4
(b) f (x) = 6x − 2

f (0) = 6(0) − 2 Replace x with 0. N4. (a) When x = −1, y = 4, so f (−1) = 4.

=0−2 Multiply. (b) f (x) = x 2 −12

= −2 Subtract.
f (−1) = (−1)2 −12 = 1−12 = −11
N1. (a) f (x) = 4x + 3
5. (a) When x = 2, y = 1, so f (2) = 1.
f (−2) = 4(−2) + 3 Replace x with − 2.

= −8 + 3 Multiply. (b) When x = −2, y = 3, so f (−2) = 3.

= −5 Add. (c) f (x) = 0 is equivalent to y = 0, and y = 0

when x = 4.
(b) f (x) = 4x + 3

f (0) = 4(0) + 3 Replace x with 0. N5. (a) When x = −1, y = 0, so f (−1) = 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

186 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 186

=0+3 Multiply. (b) f (x) = 2 is equivalent to y = 2, and y = 2

=3 Add. when x =1.

2. (a) f (x) = −x 2 + 3x + 3 6. x 2 − 4 y = 3
f (−3) = − ( −3) + 3 ( −3) + 3
2
Solve for y.
2
f ( −3) = −9 − 9 + 3 −4 y = −x + 3
2

f ( −3) = −15 1 3 x −3
y= x2 − or y =

4 4 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

187 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 187

Replace y with f(x). 2. For a function f, the notation f ( 3) means the

x 2 −3 value of the dependent variable when the

f (x) =
4 independent variable is 3. This is choice B.
(1) 2 −3 1 −3 −2 1 3. The equation 2x + y = 4 has a straight line as
f (1) = = = =−
4 4 4 2 its graph. One point that lies on the graph is
f (a) =
a −3
2
( 3, −2 ). If we solve the equation for y and use
4 function notation, we have a linear function,

N6. −4x 2 + y = 5 f ( x ) = −2 x +4. For this function, f ( 3) = −2,

meaning that the point ( 3, −2 ) lies on the

Solving for y gives us y = 4x 2 + 5.
Replace y with f(x). graph of the function.
f (x) = 4x 2 + 5 1 5
4. Choice A, f (x) = x − , is the only choice
f (−3) = 4(−3)2 + 5 = 36 + 5 = 41 4 4

that defines y as a linear function of x.

f (h) = 4h 2 + 5
5. f (x) = −3x + 4
7. The graph of f (x) = −1.5 is a horizontal line. f (0) = −3(0) + 4
=0+4
=4

6. g (x) = −x 2 + 4x +1
g(0) = −(0) 2 + 4(0) +1
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is = 0 + 0 +1
{−1.5}. =1

1 7. f (x) = −3x + 4
N7. The graph of g(x) = x − 2 is a line with slope f (−3) = −3(−3) + 4
3
=9+4
1
and y-intercept ( 0, − 2 ) . =13
3
8. f (x) = −3x + 4
f (−5) = −3(−5) + 4
= 15 + 4
=19

9. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1
The domain and range are ( −∞, ∞ ) .
g(−2) = −(−2) 2 + 4(−2) +1
Exercises = −(4) − 8 +1
= −11
1. To emphasize that “y is a function of x” for a
given function f, we use function notation and
10. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

188 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 188

write y = f ( x ). Here, f is the name of the

g (−1) = −(−1)2 + 4(−1) +1
function, x is a value from the domain, and
= −(1) − 4 +1
f ( x ) is a function value (or y-value) that
= −4
corresponds to x. We read f ( x ) as “f of x” (or
“f at x”).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

189 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 189

11. g (x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 20. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1

g(3) = −(3)2 + 4(3) +1 g (k) = −k 2 + 4k +1
= −9 +12 +1
21. f (x) = −3x + 4
=4
f (−x) = −3(−x) + 4
12. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 = 3x + 4
g(10) = −(10) 2 + 4(10) +1 22. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1
= −100 + 40 +1
g (−x) = −(−x)2 + 4(−x) +1
= −59
= −x 2 − 4x +1
13. f (x) = −3x + 4
23. f (x) = −3x + 4
f (100) = −3(100) + 4
f (x + 2) = −3(x + 2) + 4
= −300 + 4
= −3x − 6 + 4
= −296
= −3x − 2
14. f (x) = −3x + 4
24. f (x) = −3x + 4
f (−100) = −3(−100) + 4
f (x − 2) = −3(x − 2) + 4
= 300 + 4
= −3x + 6 + 4
= 304
= −3x +10
15. f (x) = −3x + 4
25. f (x) = −3x + 4
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = −3⎜ ⎟ + 4 f (2t +1) = −3(2t +1) + 4
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
= −6t − 3 + 4
= −1+ 4
= −6t +1
=3
26. f (x) = −3x + 4
16. f (x) = −3x + 4
f (3t − 2) = −3(3t − 2) + 4
⎛7⎞ ⎛7⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = −3⎜ ⎟ + 4 = −9t + 6 + 4
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠
= −7 + 4 = −9t +10
= −3 27. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1

17. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 g(π ) = −π 2 + 4π +1

g(0.5) = −(0.5) 2 + 4(0.5) +1
28. g(x) = −x + 4x +1
2

= −0.25 + 2 +1
g(t) = −t 2 + 4t +1
= 2.75
29. f (x) = −3x + 4
18. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 f (x + h) = −3(x + h) + 4
g(1.5) = −(1.5)2 + 4(1.5) +1 = −3x − 3h + 4
= −2.25 + 6 +1
30. f (x) = −3x + 4
= 4.75
f (a + b) = −3(a + b) + 4
19. f (x) = −3x + 4 = −3a − 3b + 4
f ( p) = −3( p) + 4
= −3 p + 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

190 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 190

31. g (x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 43. (a) The point (2, − 3) is on the graph of f, so

2 f (2) = −3.
g ⎛⎜
p⎞ ⎛ p⎞ ⎛ p⎞
⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟ + 4 ⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ (b) The point (−1, 2) is on the graph of f, so

⎛ p⎞ p2
4p f (−1) = 2.
g⎜ ⎟ = − + +1
⎝3⎠ 9 3
44. (a) The point (2, − 2) is on the graph of f, so

32. g(x) = −x 2 + 4x +1 f (2) = −2.

2
⎛1⎞
g ⎛⎜ ⎟⎞ = − ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞ + 4 ⎜ ⎟ +1
1 1 (b) The point (−1, 4) is on the graph of f, so

⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝x⎠ f (−1) = 4.
⎛1⎞ 1 4
g = − + +1
⎜ x⎟ 45. (a) f (x) = 3: when y = 3, x = 2
⎝ ⎠ x2 x

(b) f (x) = −1: when y = −1, x = 0

33. (a) When x = 2, y = −1, so f (2) = −1.
(c) f (x) = −3: when y = −3, x = −1
(b) When x = −1, y = −1, so f (−1) = −1.

46. (a) f (x) = 4: when y = 4, x = 3

34. (a) When x = 2, y = −5, so f (2) = −5.

(b) f (x) = −2: when y = −2, x = 0

(b) When x = −1, y = −5, so f (−1) = −5.

(c) f (x) = 0: when y = 0, x =1

35. (a) When x = 2, y = 2, so f (2) = 2.

47. (a) Solve the equation for y.

(b) When x = −1, y = 3, so f (−1) = 3.
x + 3y = 12
36. (a) When x = 2, y = 5, so f (2) = 5. 3y = 12 − x

12 −x
(b) When x = −1, y = 11, so f (−1) =11. y=
3

37. (a) When x = 2, y = 15, so f (2) =15. 12 −x 1

Since y = f (x), f (x) = = − x + 4.
3 3
(b) When x = −1, y = 10, so f (−1) =10.
12 − 3 9
38. (a) When x = 2, y = 1, so f (2) = 1. (b) f (3) = = =3
3 3

(b) When x = −1, y = 7, so f (−1) = 7. 48. (a) Solve the equation for y.

( W n x = −1,
39. (a) When x = 2,
b h
) e

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 191 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 191

x − 4y = 8
y = 4, so f (2) = 4.
−
y = 1, so f (−1) =1. 4

x
40. (a) When x = 2, y = 0, so f (2) = 0. −4
8 −x 1
f (x) = = x−2
(b) When x = −1, y = −3, so f (−1) = −3. −4 4

41. (a) The point (2, 3) is on the graph of f, so 8−3 5 5

f (2) = 3. (b) f (3) = = =−
−4 −4 4

(b) The point (−1, − 3) is on the graph of f, so 49. (a) Solve the equation for y.
f (−1) = −3. y + 2x 2 = 3

42. (a) The point (2, 2) is on the graph of f, so y = 3 − 2x 2

f (2) = 2. Since y = f (x), f (x) = 3 − 2x 2 .
(b) The point (−1, − 4) is on the graph of f, so
f (−1) = −4.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

192 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 192

(b) f (3) = 3 − 2(3) 2 53. The graph will be a line. The intercepts are
= 3 − 2(9) ⎛5 ⎞
(0, 5) and ⎜ , 0 ⎟. The domain is (−∞, ∞). The

= −15 ⎝2 ⎠

range is (−∞, ∞).

50. (a) Solve the equation for y.
y − 3x 2 = 2
y = 2 + 3x 2
f (x) = 2 + 3x 2

(b) f (3) = 2 + 3(3)2

= 2 + 3(9) 54. Using a y-intercept of (0, 1) and a slope of
= 29 4
m = 4 = , graph the line. From the graph we
1
51. (a) Solve the equation for y. see that the domain is (−∞, ∞). The range is
4x − 3y = 8
(−∞, ∞).
−3 y = 8 − 4x
8 −4 x
y=
−3

Since y = f (x),

8 −4 x 4 8
f (x) = = x− .
−3 3 3
8 −4(3) 8 −12 55. The graph will be a line. The intercepts are
(b) f (3) = =

−3 −3 (0, 2) and (−4, 0). The domain is (−∞, ∞). The

−4 4 range is (−∞, ∞).
= =
−3 3

52. (a) Solve the equation for y.

−2x + 5 y = 9
5 y = 9 + 2x
9 +2 x
y=
5
9 +2 x 2 9 56. Using a y-intercept of (0, 1) and a slope of
f (x) = = x+ 1
5 5 5 m = − , we graph the line. From the graph, we
4

9 +2(3) see that the domain is (−∞, ∞). The range is

(b) f (3) =
5 (−∞, ∞).
9 +6 15
= = =3
5 5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

193 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 193

57. This line includes the points (0, 0), (1, 2), and The range is {0}.
(2, 4). The domain is (−∞, ∞). The range is
(−∞, ∞).

62. Draw the horizontal line through the point

(0, − 2.5). On the horizontal line the value of x
58. Using a y-intercept of (0, 0) and a slope of can be any real number, so the domain is
−3 (−∞, ∞). The range is {−2.5}.
m = −3 = , we graph the line. From the
1
graph we see that the domain is (−∞, ∞). The
range is (−∞, ∞).

63. f (x) = 0, or y = 0, is the x-axis.

64. No, because the equation of a line with an

undefined slope is x = a. The ordered pairs
59. Using a y-intercept of (0, −4 ) and a slope of have the form (a, y), where a is a constant and y
m = 0, we graph the horizontal line. From the is a variable. Thus, the number a corresponds to
graph we see that the domain is (−∞, ∞). The an infinite number of values of y.

range is {−4}. 65. (a) f (x) = 3.75x

f (3) = 3.75(3)
= 11.25 (dollars)
(b) 3 is the value of the independent variable,
which represents a package weight of 3
pounds. f(3) is the value of the dependent
variable representing the cost to mail a
60. Draw the horizontal line through the point 3-lb package.
(0, 5). On the horizontal line the value of x can (c) The cost to mail a 5-lb package is
be any real number, so the domain is (−∞, ∞). 3.75(5) = $18.75. Using function notation,
The range is {5}.
we have f (5) = 18.75.

66. (a)
x f(x)
0 0
1 $2.50
61. Draw the horizontal line through the point 2 $5.00
(0, 0). On the horizontal line the value of x can 3 $7.50
be any real number, so the domain is (−∞, ∞).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 194 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 194

(b) Since the charge equals the cost per mile, $2.50, times the number of miles, the linear
function that gives a rule for the amount
charged is f (x) = $2.50 x.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

195 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 195

(c) To graph y = f (x) for x ∈{0,1, 2, 3}, plot (e) Use the slope-intercept form of the equation

the points (0, 0), (1, 2.50), (2, 5.00), and of a line and the information found in
(3, 7.50) from the chart. parts (c) and (d).
f (x) = mx + b
f (x) = −1.2x + 3.5

70. (a) f (2) = 0.6

(b) y is 2.1 when x is 3. So, if f (x) = 2.1, then

x = 3.

(c) Let (x1 , y1 ) = (0, − 2.4) and

(x2 , y2 ) = (1, − 0.9). Then
67. (a) f (x) = 12x +100 −0.9 − (−2.4) 1.5
m= = = 1.5.
(b) f (125) =12(125) +100 1− 0 1
The slope is 1.5.
=1500 +100 = 1600
The cost to print 125 t-shirts is $1600. (d) When x = 0, y is −2.4, so the y-intercept is
(0, − 2.4).
(c) f (x) =1000
12x +100 =1000 (e) Use the slope-intercept form of the equation
12x = 900 Subtract 100. of a line and the information found in
parts (c) and (d).
x = 75 Divide by 12.
f (x) = mx + b
In function notation, f (75) =1000. The f (x) = 1.5x − 2.4
cost to print 75 t-shirts is $1000.
71. (a) The independent variable is t, the number of
68. (a) f (x) = 0.50x +150 hours, and the possible values are in the set
[0, 100]. The dependent variable is g, the
(b) f (250) = 0.50(250) +150
number of gallons, and the possible values
= 125 +150 = 275 are in the set [0, 3000].
In function notation, f (250) = 275. (b) The graph rises for the first 25 hours, so the
water level increases for 25 hours. The
(c) f (x) = 400
graph falls for t = 50 to t = 75, so the water
0.50x +150 = 400 level decreases for 25 hours.
0.50x = 250 Subtract 150.
(c) There are 2000 gallons in the pool when
x = 500 Multiply by 2. t = 90.
It costs $400 to drive a rental car 500 miles.
(d) f(0) is the number of gallons in the pool at
69. (a) f (2) =1.1 time t = 0. Here, f (0) = 0, which means

(b) y is −2.5 when x is 5. So, if f (x) = −2.5, the pool is empty at time 0.
then x = 5. (e) f (25) = 3000; After 25 hours, there are
3000 gallons of water in the pool.
(c) Let (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 3.5) and

(x2 , y2 ) = (1, 2.3). Then 2.3 −3.5 −1.2

m= = = −1.2.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

196 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 196

1− 0 1 72. (a) For every hour, there is one and only one
The slope is −1.2. megawatt reading. Thus, the graph passes
the vertical line test, so it is the graph of a
(d) When x = 0, y is 3.5, so the y-intercept is function.
(0, 3.5).
(b) We start the day at midnight and end the
day at midnight. The domain is [0, 24].

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

197 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 197

(c) At 8 A.M., it appears that the number of (d) f (x) = 0.91(3.14)x 2

megawatts used is halfway between 1100
and 1300. So 1200 is a good estimate. f (1.5) = 0.91(3.14)(1.5) 2
(d) The most electricity was used at 18 hours = 6.42915

(6 P.M.) and the least electricity was used at To the nearest hundredth, the volume of the
4 hours (4 A.M.). pool is 6.43 m3 .
(e) f (12) = 1800; At 12 noon, electricity use is 75. Because it falls from left to right, the slope is
1800 megawatts. negative.

73. (a) Since the length of a man’s femur is given, −1− 5 −6 3

76. m = = =−
use the formula h(r) = 69.09 + 2.24r. 3 − ( −1) 4 2
h(56) = 69.09 + 2.24(56) Let r = 56. 3

= 194.53 The slope is − .

2
The man is 194.53 cm tall.
77. Parallel lines have the same slope, so their
(b) Use the formula h(t) = 81.69 + 2.39t. 3
slope will be − . Any perpendicular line will
h(40) = 81.69 + 2.39(40) Let t = 40. 2
=177.29 have a slope that is the negative reciprocal
3
The man is 177.29 cm tall. of − .
2
(c) Since the length of a woman’s femur is ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
given, use the formula h(r) = 61.41 + 2.32r. − =
⎜ 3⎟ 3
h(50) = 61.41+ 2.32(50) Let r = 50. ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
= 177.41
2
The woman is 177.41 cm tall. The slope of a perpendicular line will be .
3
(d) Use the formula h(t) = 72.57 + 2.53t.
78. 2 y = −3x + 7
h(36) = 72.57 + 2.53(36) Let t = 36.
2 ( 0 ) = −3x + 7
= 163.65
0 = −3x + 7
The woman is 163.65 cm tall.
−7 = −3x
2
74. (a) f (x) = 0.91(3.14)x −7
=x
f (0.8) = 0.91(3.14)(0.8) 2 −3
=1.828736 7
=x
To the nearest hundredth, the volume of the 3
pool is 1.83 m3 . ⎛7 ⎞
f =
(b) f (x) = 0.91(3.14)x 2 0. 4
f (1.0) = 0.91(3.14)(1.0) 2 ( 91 .
1 (3. 1
= 2.8574 14
. 1
To the nearest hundredth, the volume of the 2 )(1 4
pool is 2.86 m3 . ) .2 6
)2 5
(c) f (x) = 0.91(3.14)x 2 = 6

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 194 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions 2.6 Function Notation and Linear Functions 194
Th 2 2 , 0 ⎟.
To the ex- ⎠
nearest int
erc
ept
hundredth, 79. is
⎜3
the volume ⎝
of the pool 2y
is 4.11 m3 . =
−
3x
+
7 7⎞
.
2y 2 ⎠⎟
=
80. −3
(0
)+
7
2y
=
0
+
7
2y
=
7

7
2
The ⎜
x-
inte
rce
pt
⎛
is
0,
⎝

f =−
(
x)
3

x
+
7

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

193 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 193

3 7
81. f ( x) = − x + x y
2 2
3 7 0 5
f ( 8) = − 2 ( 8 ) + 2
10 0
24 7
f ( 8) = − + 3
2 2 2 2
17
f ( 8) = − 14 −2
2
3
3 7
82. f ( x) = − x +
2 2
Plot the ordered pairs, and draw the line
3 7
−8 = − x + through them.
2 2
23 3
− =− x
2 2
23 = 3x
23
=x
3
2. For x = 2 :
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 2− y =8
1. For x = 0 : −y = 6
3(0) + 2 y = 10 y = −6 (2, − 6)

2 y = 10 For y = −3 :

y = 5 (0, 5) x − (−3) = 8
For y = 0 : x+3 = 8

3x + 2(0) = 10 x = 5 (5, − 3)
3x = 10 For x = 3 :
10 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 3− y = 8
x= , 0
⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝3 ⎠ −y = 5
For x = 2 : y = −5 (3, − 5)
3(2) + 2 y = 10 For y = −2 :

6 + 2 y = 10 x − (−2) = 8
2y = 4 x+2 =8
y = 2 (2, 2) x = 6 (6, − 2)
For y = −2 : x y

3 2 −6
3x + 2(−2) = 10
3x − 4 = 10 5 −3
3x = 14 3 −5
14 ⎛ 14 6 −2
x= ⎜ ,
3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

194 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 194

⎞
− 2⎟
⎝ ⎠

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

195 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 195

Plot the ordered pairs, and draw the line Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
through them. them.

3. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. 5. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

4x − 3 y = 12 2x + 5 y = 20
4x − 3(0) = 12 2x + 5(0) = 20
4x = 12 2x = 20
x=3 x = 10
The x-intercept is (3, 0). The x-intercept is (10, 0).

To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.

4x − 3y = 12 2x + 5 y = 20
4(0) − 3y = 12 2(0) + 5 y = 20
−3y = 12 5 y = 20
y = −4 y=4
The y-intercept is (0, −4 ). The y-intercept is (0, 4).
Plot the intercepts and draw the line through Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
them. them.

4. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. 6. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

5x + 7 y = 28 x − 4y = 8
5x + 7(0) = 28 x − 4(0) = 8
5x = 28 x=8
The x-intercept is (8, 0).
28
x= To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
5
0 − 4y = 8
⎛ 28 ⎞
The x-intercept is ,0 . −4 y = 8
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
y = −2
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
5x + 7 y = 28 The y-intercept is ( 0, − 2 ) .

5(0) + 7 y = 28 y=4
7 y = 28 The y-intercept is (0, 4).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 196 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 196

Plot the intercepts and draw the

line through them.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

197 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 197

7. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the ∆y 1− (−1) 2 1

segment with endpoints (−8, −12) and (8, 16) 17. m = = = =− .
∆x −3 − 3 −6 3

⎛ −8 +8 −12 +16 ⎞ ⎛ 0 4 ⎞
is , = , = (0, 2). 18. The x-intercept is (2, 0) and the y-intercept is
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (0, 2). The slope is
8. By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of the change in y 2 −0 2
m= = = = −1.
segment with endpoints (0, −5 ) and ( −9, 8) is change in x 0−2 −2

⎛ 0 +(−9) −5 +8 ⎞ ⎛ −9 3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 3 ⎞
, = , = − , . 19. The line goes up from left to right, so it has
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ positive slope.
change in y −5 −2 −7 7 20. The line goes down from left to right, so it has
9. m = = = =−
change in x 4 − (−1) 5 5 negative slope.
21. The line is vertical, so it has undefined slope.
10. (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 3) and (x2 , y2 ) = (−2, 4).
y −y1 4 −3 22. The line is horizontal, so it has 0 slope.
1 1
m= 2 = = =−
x2 − x1 −2 − 0 −2 2 23. To rise 1 foot, we must move 4 feet in the
horizontal direction. To rise 3 feet, we must
11. The slope of y = 2x + 3 is 2, the coefficient move 3(4) = 12 feet in the horizontal direction.
of x.
24. Let (x1 , y1 ) = (1980, 21, 000) and
12. Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
(x2 , y2 ) = (2012, 51, 017).
3x − 4 y = 5
51, 017 −21, 000 30, 017
−4 y = −3x + 5 average rate of change = =
2012 −1980 32
3 5
y = x− ≈ 938
4 4
The average rate of change is $938 per year (to
3
The slope is . the nearest dollar).
4
1
13. x = 5 is a vertical line and has undefined slope. 25. (a) Use the slope-intercept form with m = −
3
14. Write the equation in slope-intercept form. and b = −1.
3y = 2x + 5 y = mx + b

2 5 1
y= x+ y = − x −1
3 3 3

2 1
The slope of 3y = 2x + 5 is ; all lines parallel (b) y = − x −1
3 3

2 3x − y = 4
to it will also have a slope of .
3 y = 3x − 4
15. Solve for y. The slope is 3; the slope of a line perpendicular

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

198 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 198

3y = −x − 3 26. (a) Use the slope-intercept form with m = 0

x + 3y = −3 and b = −2.
y = mx + b
y = (0)x − 2
1 ⎛ 1⎞
to it is − since 3 − = −1. y = −2
⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 3⎠
(b) y = −2 is already in standard form.
∆y −4 −5 −9
16. m = = = Undefined
∆x −1− (−1) 0
This is a vertical line; it has undefined slope.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

199 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 199

4 31. (a) Find the slope.

27. (a) Use the point-slope form with m = − and
3 ∆y 6 −(−1) 7
m= = =
(x1 , y1 ) = (2, 7). ∆x 2 − (−3) 5

y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) Use the point-slope form with m =

7
and
4 5
y − 7 = − (x − 2) (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 6).
3
4 8 y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y −7 = − x+
3 3 7
y −6 = (x − 2)
4 29 5
y = − x+
3 3 7 14
y −6 = x−
5 5
4 29
(b) y =− x+ 7 16
3 3 y = x+
5 5
3y = −4x + 29
4x + 3y = 29 7 16
(b) y= x+
5 5
28. (a) Use the point-slope form with m = 3 and 5 y = 7x +16
(x1 , y1 ) = (−1, 4).
−7x + 5 y = 16
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
7x − 5 y = −16
y − 4 = 3[x − (−1)]

y − 4 = 3(x +1) 32. (a) From Exercise 18, we have m = −1 and a

y − 4 = 3x + 3 y-intercept of (0, 2). The slope-intercept

form is y = −1x + 2, or y = −x + 2.
y = 3x + 7

(b) y = −x + 2
(b) y = 3x + 7
x+ y =2
−3x + y = 7

3x − y = −7 33. (a) Parallel to 4x − y = 3 and through (7, −1 )

Writing 4x − y = 3 in slope-intercept form
29. (a) The equation of any vertical line is in the

gives us y = 4x − 3, which has slope 4.

form x = k. Since the line goes through

(2, 5), the equation is x = 2. (Slope- Lines parallel to it will also have slope 4.
intercept form is not possible.) The line with slope 4 through (7, −1 ) is
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
(b) x = 2 is already in standard form. y − (−1) = 4(x − 7)
30. (a) Find the slope. y +1 = 4x − 28
∆y 4 −(−5) 9 y = 4x − 29.
m= = = = −9
∆x 1− 2 −1
Use the point-slope form with m = −9 and y y1 = m(x − x1 )
(x1 , y1 ) = (2, − 5). −

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 200 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 200

(b) y
=
4
x
−
2
9
−
4
x

−
2
9
4
x

2
9
y − (−5) = −9(x − 2) 34. (a) Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
y + 5 = −9x +18 2x − 5 y = 7
y = −9x +13 −5 y = −2x + 7
y = −9x +13 2 7
(b) y = x−
9x + y = 13 5 5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

201 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 201

2 7 2 Since (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, shade the

y= x − has slope and is region on the side of the line containing (0, 0).
5 5 5

5
perpendicular to lines with slope − . The
2
5
line with slope − through (4, 3) is
2
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
5
y − 3 = − (x − 4) 38. Graph 5x − y = 6 as a dashed line through
2

(0, − 6) and ⎜⎛ , 0 ⎟⎞ . Use (0, 0) as a test point.

5 6
y − 3 = − x +10 ⎝5 ⎠
2
5 Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality,
y = − x +13. shade the region on the side of the line that
2
does not contain (0, 0).

5
(b) y = − x +13
2

2 y = −5x + 26
5x + 2 y = 26
35. The fixed cost is $159, so that is the value of b.
The variable cost is $47, so
39. Graph 2x + y = 1 as a solid line through
y = mx + b = 47x +159.
⎛1
The cost of a one-year membership can be , 0 ⎞ and (0, 1), and shade the region on the
⎜ ⎟
found by substituting 12 for x. 2
⎝ ⎠
y = 47x +159. side containing (0, 0) since it satisfies the
y = 47(12) +159 inequality. Next, graph x = 2 y as a solid line
through (0, 0) and (2, 1), and shade the region
= 564 +159 = 723
on the side containing (2, 0) since 2 > 2(0), or
The cost is $723.
2 > 0, is true. The intersection is the region
36. (a) Use (8, 2476) and (12, 2628). where the graphs overlap.
∆y 2628 −2476 152
m= = = = 38
∆x 12 − 8 4
Use the point-slope form of a line.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 2476 = 38(x − 8)
y − 2476 = 38x − 304
y = 38x + 2172 40. Graph x = 2 as a solid vertical line through
The slope, 38, indicates that the revenue (2, 0). Shade the region to the right of x = 2.

from skiing facilities increased by an Graph y = 2 as a solid horizontal line through

average of $38 million each year from 2008 (0, 2). Shade the region above y = 2. The

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

202 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 202

to 2012. graph of x ≥ 2 or y ≥ 2 includes all the shaded

(b) The year 2010 corresponds to x = 10. regions.
y = 38(10) + 2172
= 380 + 2172 = 2552
According to the equation from part (a), we
estimate the revenue from skiing facilities
to be $2552 million (to the nearest million).
37. Graph 3x − 2 y = 12 as a solid line through
(0, − 6) and (4, 0). Use (0, 0) as a test point.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

203 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 203

41. The domain, the set of x-values, is {−4, 1}. The 49. The ordered pairs (4, 2) and (4, − 2) both
range, the set of y-values, is {2, − 2, 5, − 5}. satisfy the equation. Since one value of x, 4,
Since each x-value has more than one y-value, corresponds to two values of y, 2 and −2, the
the relation is not a function. equation does not define a function. Because x
is equal to the square of y, the values of x must
42. The relation can be described by the set of
always be nonnegative. The domain is [0, ∞).
ordered pairs
{(9, 32), (11, 47), (4, 47), (17, 69), (25, 14)}. 50. Given any value of x, y is found by subtracting
The relation is a function since for each 6 and then dividing the result into 7. This
x-value, there is only one y-value. process produces exactly one value of y for
The domain is the set of x-values: each x-value in the domain, so the equation
{9, 11, 4, 17, 25}. defines a function. The domain includes all real
The range is the set of y-values: numbers except those that make the
{32, 47, 69, 14}. denominator 0, namely 6. The domain is
(−∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞).
43. The domain, the x-values of the points on the

graph, is [−4, 4]. The range, the y-values of the 51. f (0) = −2(0)2 + 3(0) − 6 = −6
points on the graph, is [0, 2]. Since a vertical
line intersects the graph of the relation in at 52. f (2.1) = −2(2.1)2 + 3(2.1) − 6
most one point, the relation is a function.
= −8.82 + 6.3 − 6 = −8.52
44. The x-values are negative or zero, so the
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 1⎞
domain is (−∞, 0]. The y-values can be any 53. f ⎜ − ⎟ = −2 ⎜ − ⎞⎟ + 3 ⎜ − ⎟ − 6

real number, so the range is (−∞, ∞). A vertical ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

line, such as x = −3, will intersect the graph 1 3

= − − − 6 = −8
twice, so by the vertical line test, the relation is 2 2
not a function.
54. f (k) = −2k 2 + 3k − 6
45. For any value of x, there is exactly one value of
55. 2x − y = 0
2
y, so the equation defines a function. The
function is a linear function. The domain is the
− y = −2x 2
set of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞).
2

46. For any value of x, there are many values of y. y = 2x

For example, (1, 0) and (1, 1) are both solutions Since y = 2x 2 , f (x) = 2x 2 .
of the inequality that have the same x-value but 2

different y-values. The inequality does not 4x ≥ −7

define a function. The domain is the set of all
7
real numbers,
. (−∞, ∞). x≥
−
47. For any value of x, there is exactly one value of 4
y, so the equation defines a function. The
domain is the set of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞).
48. Given any value of x, y is found by multiplying
x by 4, adding 7, and taking the square root of
the result. This process produces exactly one
value of y for each x-value in the domain, so the
equation defines a function. Since the radicand
must be nonnegative,
4x + 7 ≥ 0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

204 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises 204

f (x) = 2x 2 7
x− = y
f (3) = 2(3)2 5 5
= 2(9) Thus, choice C is correct.
= 18 57. The graph of a constant function is a horizontal
line.
56. Solve for y in terms of x.
2x − 5 y = 7 58. (a) For each year, there is exactly one life
expectancy associated with the year, so the
2x − 7 = 5 y
table defines a function.
⎡ 7 ⎞
The domain is ⎢− , ∞ ⎟ .
⎣ 4 ⎠

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 2 Mixed Review Exercises 199

(b) The domain is the set of years—that is, 6. Use the two points to determine the slope.

{1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010}. 3−4 −1 1

m= = =−
The range is the set of life expectancies— 0 − ( −2 ) 2 2
that is, {69.7, 70.8, 73.7, 75.4, 76.8, 78.7}.
The point (0, 3) is the y-intercept, so the
(c) Answers will vary. Two possible answers 1
are (1960, 69.7) and (2010, 78.7). equation is y = − x + 3. Change the equation
2

(d) f (1980) = 73.7. In 1980, life expectancy at from slope-intercept form to standard form.

birth was 73.7 yr. 1

y = − x+3
2
(e) Since f (2000) = 76.8, x = 2000.
1
x+ y =3
2
Chapter 2 Mixed Review Exercises x + 2y = 6
1. Determine the slope of both lines.
7. x = 2 is a vertical line, so a perpendicular line
3x + y = 4 and 3y = x − 6
to x = 2 would be a horizontal line. The
x general form of a horizontal line is y = a. Use
y = −3x + 4 y= −2

3 the y-value from an ordered pair to find the

m = −3 m=
1 equation. Using the the point ( 2, − 3 ) gives the

3 equation y = −3.
The lines are perpendicular because their slopes

are negative reciprocals of each other. 8. Choice A gives an equation whose graph has
one intercept since it is a vertical line and
2. Determine the slope of both lines.
crosses only the x-axis. Choice B gives an
4x + 3y = 8 and 6 y = 7 − 8x equation whose graph has one intercept since
3y = −4x + 8 6 y = −8x + 7 the graph crosses the x-axis and y-axis at the

4 8 4 7 same point. Choice D gives an equation whose

y =− x+ y = − x+ graph has one intercept since it is a horizontal
3 3 3 6
line and crosses only the y-axis.
4 4
m=− m=− 9. In y < 4x + 3, the < symbol indicates that the
3 3

The lines are parallel because their slopes are graph is a dashed boundary line and that the
the same. shading is below the line, so the correct choice
is D.
3. Use (2003, 46.8) and (2011, 32.7).

32.7 −46.8 −14.1 10. (a) The graph has a value of negative one when
average rate of change = =
2011− 2003 8 of potatoes decreased by an average of
≈ −1.8 1.8 lb per year.
4. The point (0, 46.8) is the y-intercept, so
the
The average rate of change is −1.8 lb per year.
From 2003 to 2011 the per capita consumption

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 x has a value of negative two. f ( 0 ) = −2
f ( −2 ) = −1
(c) When the graph has a y-value of negative
(b) The graph has a value of negative two when three, the corresponding x-value is two.
x has a value of zero.
equation is y = −1.8x + 46.8. f ( 2 ) = −3

5. y = mx + b (d) The graph catches all x- and y-values.

y = 3x + b Therefore, the domain is ( −∞, ∞ ) , and the

0 = 3( 0) + b range is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
0=b
y = 3x

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

200 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions

Chapter 2 Test 3. The graph of y = 5 is the horizontal line with

slope 0 and y-intercept (0, 5). There is no

1. For x = 1 :
x-intercept.
2(1) − 3y = 12
2 − 3y = 12
−3y = 10

10 ⎛ − 10 ⎞
y=− ⎜1, 3 ⎟
3 ⎝ ⎠

For x = 3 :
2(3) − 3 y = 12 4. The graph of x = 2 is the vertical line with
6 − 3 y = 12 x-intercept at (2, 0). There is no y-intercept.
−3 y = 6
y = −2 ( 3, −2 )
For y = −4 :
2x − 3(−4) = 12
2x +12 = 12

2x = 0 ∆y −1− 4 −5 1
5. m = = = =
x=0 ( 0, −4 ) ∆x −4 − 6 −10 2

1
x y The slope of the line is .
2
1 10
− 6. The graph of a line with undefined slope is the
3 graph of a vertical line.
3 −2 7. Find the slope of each line.
5x − y = 8
0 −4
− y = −5x + 8
2. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0. y = 5x − 8
3x − 2(0) = 20 The slope is 5.
5 y = −x + 3
3x = 20
1 3
20 y = − x+
x= 5 5
3
1
⎛ 20 ⎞ The slope is − .
The x-intercept is ,0 .
⎜ ⎟ 5
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0. Since 5 ⎜ − ⎟ = −1, the two slopes are negative
3(0) − 2 y = 20 ⎝ 5⎠

reciprocals and the lines are perpendicular.

−2 y = 20
y = −10 8. Find the slope of each line.
2 y = 3x +12
The y-intercept is (0, −10).
3
Draw the line through these two points. y = x+6
2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

201 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions

2
The slope is
3
.
3y = 2x − 5
2 5
y = x−
3 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 2 Test 201

2 1
The slope is . (b) y = − x+2
3 2

The lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. 1

x+ y =2
9. Use the points (1980, 119,000) and 2
(2012, 92,200). ⎛1 ⎞
2 ⎜ x + y ⎟ = 2(2)
average rate of change 2
⎝ ⎠
change in y 92, 200 −119, 000 x + 2y = 4
= =
change in x 2012 −1980
−26, 800 13. (a) The equation of any vertical line is in the
= ≈ −838 form x = k. Since the line goes through
32
(5, − 6), the equation is x = 5. Writing
The average rate of change is about −838
farms per year, that is, the number of farms x = 5 in slope-intercept form is not possible
decreased by about 838 each year from 1980 to since there is no y-term.
2012. (b) From part (a), the standard form is x = 5.
10. (a) Let m = −5 and (x1 , y1 ) = (4, −1) in the 14. (a) To find the slope of 3x + 5 y = 6, write the
point-slope form. equation in slope-intercept form by solving
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) for y.
y − (−1) = −5(x − 4) 3x + 5 y = 6
y +1 = −5x + 20 5 y = −3x + 6

y = −5x +19 3 6
y = − x+
5 5
(b) y = −5x +19 From part (a) 3
The slope is − , so a line parallel to it also
5x + y = 19 Standard form 5

11. (a) A horizontal line has equation y = k. Here 3 3

has slope − . Let m = − and

5 5
k = 14, so the line has equation y = 14.

(x1 , y1 ) = (−7, 2) in the point-slope form.

(b) y = 14 is already in standard form. y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
12. (a) First find the slope. 3
y − 2 = − [x − (−7)]
∆y −1 −3 −4 1 5
m= = = =−
∆x 6 − (−2) 8 2 3
y − 2 = − (x + 7)
5
1
Use m = − and (x1 , y1 ) = (−2, 3) in the 3 21
2 y−2= − x−

point-slope form. 5 5
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) 3 11
y = − x−
1 5 5
y − 3 = − [x − (−2)]
2 3 11
(b) y = − x−

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1 5 5
y − 3 = − (x + 2)
2 3 11
x+ y = −
1 5 5
y − 3 = − x −1
2 ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
1 5⎜ x + y ⎟ = 5⎜ − ⎟
y = − x+2 ⎝5 ⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
2
3x + 5 y = −11

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

202 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 202

15. (a) Since y = 2x is in slope-intercept form 19. First graph y = 2x −1 as a dashed line through

(b = 0), the slope, m, of y = 2x is 2. A line (2, 3) and (0, −1). Test (0, 0), which yields

perpendicular to it has a slope that is the 0 < −1, a false statement. Shade the side of the
1 line not containing (0, 0).
negative reciprocal of 2—that is, − . Let
2
Next, graph x − y = 3 as a dashed line through
1
m = − and (x1 , y1 ) = (−7, 2) in the (3, 0) and (0, − 3). Test (0, 0), which yields
2

point-slope form. 0 < 3, a true statement. Shade the side of the

y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) line containing (0, 0). The intersection is the
region where the graphs overlap.
1
y − 2 = − (x + 7)
2
1 7
y−2= − x−
2 2

1 3
y =− x−
2 2
1 3
(b) y = − x− 20. Choice D is the only graph that passes the
2 2
vertical line test.
1 3
x+ y =− 21. Choice D does not define a function, since its
2 2
domain (input) element 0 is paired with two
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
2 x+ y =2 − different range (output) elements, 1 and 2.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
22. The x-values are greater than or equal to zero,
x + 2 y = −3
so the domain is [0, ∞). Since y can be any
16. Positive slope means that the line goes up from value, the range is (−∞, ∞).
left to right. The only line that has positive
slope and a negative y-coordinate for its 23. The domain is the set of x-values: {0, − 2, 4}.
y-intercept is choice B. The range is the set of y-values: {1, 3, 8}.

17. (a) The fixed cost is $45, so that is the value of

24. (a) f (1) = −(1) + 2(1) −1
2
b. The variable cost is $142.75, so
y = mx + b = 142.75x + 45. = −1+ 2 −1
=0
(b) y = 142.75(6) + 45 Let x = 6.
(b) f (a) = −a + 2a −1
2
= 901.5

The cost for 6 tickets and a parking pass is 25. This function represents a line with y-intercept
$901.50.
⎛ 3 ⎞
(0, −1) and x-intercept ⎜ , 0 ⎟ .
18. Graph the line 3x − 2 y = 6, which has ⎝2 ⎠
intercepts (2, 0) and (0, − 3), as a dashed line Draw the line through these two points.
since the inequality involves >. Test (0, 0), The domain is (−∞, ∞), and the range is
which yields 0 > 6, a false statement. Shade the (−∞, ∞).
region that does not include (0, 0).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

203 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 203

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

204 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 204

Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review r 16

12. =
Exercises 8 p + 2r 8(−4) + 2(16)
1. The absolute value of a negative number is a 4
=
positive number, and the additive inverse of the −32 + 32
same negative number is the same positive 4
number. For example, suppose the negative = , which is undefined.
0
number is −5 :
−5 = −(−5) = 5 and − (−5) = 5 13. 2z − 5 + 3z = 4 − ( z + 2 )
The statement is always true. 5z − 5 = 2 − z
2. The sum of two negative numbers is another 6z = 7
negative number, so the statement is never true. 7
z=
3. The statement is sometimes true. For example, 6
3 + (−3) = 0, but 3 + (−1) = 2 ≠ 0. ⎧7 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎩6⎭
4. − −2 − 4 + −3 + 7 = −2 − 4 + 3 + 7
14. Multiply both sides by the LCD, 10.
= −6 + 3 + 7
3x −1 x+2 3
= −3 + 7 + =−
5 2 10
=4
⎛ 3x −1 x +2 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
10 ⎜ + ⎟ = 10 ⎜ − ⎟
5. (−0.8) 2 = (−0.8)(−0.8) = 0.64 ⎝ 5 2 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠

2(3x −1) + 5(x + 2) = −3

6. −64 is not a real number.
6x − 2 + 5x +10 = −3
7. −(−4x + 3) = −(−4x) − 3 11x + 8 = −3
= 4x − 3 11x = −11
8. 3x 2 − 4x + 4 + 9x − x 2 x = −1
The solution set is {−1}.
= 3x 2 − x 2 − 4x + 9x + 4
15. Let x denote the side of the original square and
= 2x 2 + 5x + 4
4x the perimeter. Now x + 4 is the side of the
(42 − 4) − (−1)7 (16 − 4) − (−7) new square and 4(x + 4) is its perimeter. “The
9. = perimeter would be 8 inches less than twice the
4 + (−6) −2
perimeter of the original square” translates to
12 +7 19 the following.
= =−
−2 2 4(x + 4) = 2(4x) − 8
10. 25 − 5 ( −1)
2 4x +16 = 8x − 8
24 = 4x
= 5 − 5 (1)
6=x
= 5−5 The length of a side of the original square is
=0 6 inches.

⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
11. −3(2q − 3 p) = −3 2 − 3(−4)
⎢ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎥

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

205 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 205

⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
= −3(1+12)
= −3(13)
= −39

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

206 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 206

16. Let x = the time it takes for the planes to be 21. 2k − 7 + 4 = 11

2100 miles apart. Make a table. Use the
2k − 7 = 7
formula d = rt.
2k − 7 = 7 or 2k − 7 = −7
r t d
2k = 14 2k = 0
Eastbound Plane 550 x 550x k = 7 or k =0
Westbound Plane 500 x 500x
The solution set is {0, 7}.

The total distance is 2100 miles. 22. 3x + 6 ≥ 0

550x + 500x = 2100 The absolute value of an expression is always
1050x = 2100 nonnegative, so the inequality is true for any
real number x.
x=2
The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
It will take 2 hr for the planes to be 2100 mi

apart. 23. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.

17. −4 < 3 − 2k < 9 3x + 5(0) = 12

−7 < −2k < 6 3x = 12

Divide by −2 , and reverse the inequalities. x=4

7 The x-intercept is (4, 0).
> k > −3 To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
2

7 3(0) + 5 y = 12
−3 < k < Equivalent inequality
2 5 y = 12

⎛ 7⎞ 12
The solution set is −3, . y=
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 5
⎛ 12 ⎞
18. −0.3x + 2.1(x − 4) ≤ −6.6 The y-intercept is 0, .
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
−3x + 21(x − 4) ≤ −66 Multiply by 10.
Plot the intercepts and draw the line through
−3x + 21x − 84 ≤ −66 them.
18x − 84 ≤ −66
18x ≤ 18
x ≤1
The solution set is (−∞, 1].

1 1 8
19. x > 3 and x<

2 3 3 24. (a) The slope of line AB is

x>6 x <8 ∆y −5 −1 −6 6
m= = = =− .

This is the intersection. The solution set is ∆x 3 − (−2) 5 5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

207 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 207

(6, 8).
(b) The slope of a line perpendicular to line AB
20. −5x +1 ≥ 11 or 3x + 5 > 26 6
is the negative reciprocal of − , which
−5x ≥ 10 3x > 21 5

x ≤ −2 or x>7 5
is .

This is the union. The solution set is 6

(−∞, − 2] ∪ (7, ∞).

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

208 Chapter 2 Linear Equations, Graphs, and Functions Chapters R–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 208

25. Graph the line −2x + y = −6, which has 28. The domain of the relation consists of the

intercepts (3, 0) and (0, − 6), as a dashed line elements in the leftmost figure—that is,
{14, 91, 75, 23}.
since the inequality involves <. Test (0, 0),
The range of the relation consists of the
which yields 0 < −6, a false statement. Shade elements in the rightmost figure—that is,
the region that does not include (0, 0). {9, 70, 56, 5}.
Since the element 75 in the domain is paired
with two different values, 70 and 56, in the
range, the relation is not a function.

26. (a) To write an equation of this line, let

3
m = − and b = −1 in the slope-intercept
4
form.
y = mx + b
3
y = − x −1
4
3
(b) y = − x −1
4
4 y = −3x − 4
3x + 4 y = −4
27. (a) First find the slope of the line.
∆y 1 −(−3) 4 4
m= = = =−
∆x 1− 4 −3 3

Now substitute (x1 , y1 ) = (4, − 3) and

4
m = − in the point-slope form. Then
3
solve for y.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
4
y − (−3) = − (x − 4)
3
4 16
y +3 = − x+
3 3
4 7
y =− x+
3 3
4 7
(b) y =− x+
3 3
3y = −4x + 7
4x + 3y = 7

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.