Azime Yılmaz

WHAT İS NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.

• Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely

small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as
chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
 Definitions
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an
atomic scale.

• Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering

of the functional systems at smaller levels or we can say at
atomic level.

• A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of

three or four atoms.
 Length Scale

A basic concept on length scale that is showing size of

nanomaterials and their comparison to biological components
and the definition of 'micro' and 'nano' sizes.
Length Scale
HİSTORY
• The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology
started by physicist Richard Feynman in 1959 with his iconic speech:
«There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom».
• Feynman described a process in which scientist would be able to
manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
• The term was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguichi of of Tokyo Science
University to describe semiconductor processes such as thin-film
deposition that deal with control on the order of nanometers. His
definition still stands as the basic statement today: "Nano-technology
mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.«
• Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the
discovery of the fullerene (C60) in 1985 lead to emergence of
nanotechnology.

• https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/introduction_t
o_nanotechnology_1.php
Timeline
• Their usefulness lies in their extremely small size
and their relatively large surface area, which can
make them very chemically reactive. The
characteristics and properties we associate with
bulk metals such as colour, reflectivity, melting
point change for their nanoparticle counterparts
and once created they have a natural tendency
to aggregate together strongly and particularly
clever chemistry and processing is required to
render them useful.

• By controlling the chemistry of these attached

molecules, many useful properties can be
engineered particularly in medicine where
targeted drug delivery is required and the
dispersive properties of the nanoparticles can
also be controlled.

• Nanoparticles from gold and silver were made

first and once created these have the advantage
that they resist oxidation though they are
expensive but other metal nanoparticles will
oxidize readily and the extent of this oxidation
has to be limited to retain their chemical
reactivity.
Nanoparticle Properties
 Approaches of nanotechnology
Bottom- up approach Top-down approach
• Create smaller objects using Larger • They arrenge smaller components
objects in to more complex
• Uses principles of molecular • Layer-by-Layer self assembly
recognition
 Advantages
Material Industrial
Medical
With NT, we can create unique • Computers can become a
materials and products which • End of Illnesses (i.e.
billion times faster and a
cancer, heart disease)
• Stronger million times smaller
• Universal Immunity (i.e.
• Lighter • Automatic Pollution
aids, flu)
• Cheaper Cleanup
• Body Sculpting
• Durable • Manufacturing at almost
no cost
• Precise

These molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of
applications, including electronics, optics, and other fields of material science. They also exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes are 100 times stronger
than steel at one-sixth the weight, while buckyballs are hollow, making them well-suited for use
as carriers of drugs or other materials.
 Need For NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Allows the placement of small structures placed with precision, simplicity and low cost:
Nanotechnology paves the way for the production of smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices with
more functions, consuming less raw materials and less energy.
 Leads to economic growth: One of the impact promises associated with nanotechnology is that it
will facilitate greener and more sustainable economic growth.
 Enhances national security: Nanotechnology has numerous military applications. Carbon
nanotubes and diamond films and fibers have higher strength-to-weight ratios than steel, which
allows for lighter and stronger armor and parts for vehicles, equipment, and aircraft. Such upgraded
military Humvees would better protect soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and small-
arms fire. Other areas of nanotechnology pertinent to homeland security are emergency responder
devices.
 Improves the quality of life
 NANOTECHNOLOGY İMPROVES THE QUALİTY OF LİFE

1. Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers that consume far less power, with longer-lasting
batteries.
2. Faster, more functional, and more accurate medical diagnostic equipment.
3. Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products improve their absorption within the body and make them
easier to deliver, often through combination medical devices. Nanoparticles can also be used to
deliver chemotherapy drugs to specific cells, such as cancer cells.
4. Nanoparticles or nanofibers in fabrics can enhance stain resistance, water resistance, and flame
resistance, without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness of the fabric.
5. Water filters that are only 15-20 nanometers wide can remove nano-sized particles, including virtually
all viruses and bacteria. These cost-efficient, portable water treatment systems are ideal for improving
the quality of drinking water in emerging countries.
6. Most sunscreens today are made from nanoparticles that effectively absorb light, including the more
dangerous ultraviolet range. They also spread more easily over the skin. These same nanoparticles
are also used in food packaging to reduce UV exposure and prolong shelf life.
7. Thanks to nanotechnology, a huge variety of chemical sensors can be programmed to detect a
particular chemical at amazingly low levels, for example, a single molecule out of billions.
 Uses & Benefits
• Nanotechnology is part of the next wave of innovation in science and engineering that
will transform many sectors, including aerospace, energy, information technology,
medicine, national defense and transportation.
• Nanotechnology will enable the development of next generation materials that are
stronger, lighter and more durable than the materials used today in buildings, bridges,
airplanes, automobiles and other applications.
 Health care
• Health care is approaching a revolution thanks to
nanotechnology. Highly sophisticated tools for detecting
and treating cancer, bandages that prevent infection,
enhanced medical imaging technology and more are all in
development and made possible because of
nanotechnology.
 Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the
body and release drug doses on a predetermined schedule for
optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
 Nanotechnology in Surgery
• With nanotechnology, minute surgical instruments and robots can be made which
can be used to perform microsurgeries on any part of the body.
• Instead of damaging a large amount of the body, these instruments would be
precise and accurate, targeting only the area where surgery should be done.
• Visualization of surgery can also be improved. Instead of a surgeon holding the
instrument, computers can be used to control the nanosized surgical instruments.
“Nanocameras” can provide close up visualization of the surgery Less chance of any
mistakes or faults Surgery could also be done on tissue, genetic and cellular levels.
 Nanotechnology in Fabrics

• The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who

are adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve
performance.
• For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain
repellent clothing using nano- sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to
bead up on the surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
Nanotechnology in Electronics
 Electrodes made from nanowires enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well as
thinner than current flat panel displays.
 Nanolithography is used for fabrication of
chips.
 The transistors are made of nanowires,
that are assembled on glass or thin films of
flexible plastic.
 E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map
on car windshields.
 Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on
carbon nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter of
around a nanometer which consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays techniques due to less
consumption of electricity and less heat emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extend.
• Researchers at North Carolina State University says that growing arrays of
magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.
 Nanotechnology in Energy &
Environment
 Energy Production
- Clean, less expensive sources enabled by novel nanomaterials and processes
 Energy Utilization
- High efficiency and durable home and industrial lighting
- Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by
the equivalent of 28 million tons/year
 • Materials of construction sensing changing conditions and in response, altering their inner
structure
 Nanotechnology in Energy

The main application areas of

nanotechnology at energy are:
 nano-enabled solar cells,
 energy storage,
 nanogenerators,
 thermal energy,
 fuel catalysis, and
 water treatment.
 Possibilities for the future

* Nanotechnology may make it possible to

manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable
materials that require less energy to produce than
conventional material and that promise greater
fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,
aircraft, and space vehicles.

* The future of nanotechnology could very well

include the use of nanorobotics.

* These nanorobots have the potential to take on

human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted
ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed.
 Implications of Nanotechnology

Health and safety issues Social & Political issues

• Nanoparticles can cause serious illness • Creates social strife through increasing
or damage human body. wealth gap
• Untraceable destructive weapons of • Advisability of increasing scope of the
mass destruction. technology creates political dilemma
What is nanotechnology?
 CONCLUSION
• As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand new
technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what
we knew before.
• The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near
future be real.
• This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of Nano robots that
will repair every damage that we have in our body.
• Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform
energy more effectively.
• Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in
the near future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true
like teleportation for example which scientists are working on today.