NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the

nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.

• A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four

atoms.

• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale.

• chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.

A basic concept on length scale that is showing size of nanomaterials and their
comparison to biological components and the definition of 'micro' and 'nano' sizes.
• HISTORY
• The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started by
physicist Richard Feynman in 1959 with his iconic speech: «There’s Plenty of
Room at the Bottom».
• Feynman described a process in which scientist would be able to manipulate and
control individual atoms and molecules.
• The term was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguichi of Tokyo Science University to
describe semiconductor processes such as thin-film deposition that deal with
control on the order of nanometers. His definition still stands as the basic
statement today:
• «Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation,
and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.
• Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of the
fullerene (C60) in 1985 lead to emergence of nanotechnology.
Timeline
• Their usefulness lies in their extremely small size
and their relatively large surface area, which can
make them very chemically reactive. The
characteristics and properties we associate with
bulk metals such as colour, reflectivity, melting
point change for their nanoparticle counterparts
and once created they have a natural tendency to
aggregate together strongly and particularly clever
chemistry and processing is required to render
them useful.

• By controlling the chemistry of these attached

molecules, many useful properties can be
engineered particularly in medicine where
targeted drug delivery is required and the
dispersive properties of the nanoparticles can also
be controlled.

• Nanoparticles from gold and silver were made first

and once created these have the advantage that
they resist oxidation though they are expensive
but other metal nanoparticles will oxidize readily
and the extent of this oxidation has to be limited to
retain their chemical reactivity.
Nanoparticle Properties
Approaches of nanotechnology
Bottom- up approach Top-down approach
• Create smaller objects using Larger objects • They arrenge smaller components in to
• Uses principles of molecular recognition more complex
• Layer-by-Layer self assembly
 ADVANTAGES
Material Industrial
Medical
With NT, we can create unique • Computers can become a
materials and products which • End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer,
billion times faster and a
million times smaller heart disease)
• Stronger
• Automatic Pollution Cleanup • Universal Immunity (i.e. aids,
• Lighter flu)
• Cheaper • Manufacturing at almost no
cost • Body Sculpting
• Durable
• Precise

These molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications,
including electronics, optics, and other fields of material science. They also exhibit extraordinary strength and
unique electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes are 100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth the weight, while
buckyballs are hollow, making them well-suited for use as carriers of drugs or other materials.
 Need For NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Allows the placement of small structures placed with precision, simplicity and low cost: Nanotechnology
paves the way for the production of smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices with more functions,
consuming less raw materials and less energy.
 Leads to economic growth: One of the impact promises associated with nanotechnology is that it will
facilitate greener and more sustainable economic growth.
 Enhances national security: Nanotechnology has numerous military applications. Carbon nanotubes and
diamond films and fibers have higher strength-to-weight ratios than steel, which allows for lighter and
stronger armor and parts for vehicles, equipment, and aircraft. Such upgraded military Humvees would better
protect soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and small-arms fire. Other areas of nanotechnology
pertinent to homeland security are emergency responder devices.
 Improves the quality of life
Nanotechnology improves the quality of life

1. Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers that consume far less power, with longer-lasting
batteries.
2. Faster, more functional, and more accurate medical diagnostic equipment.
3. Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products improve their absorption within the body and make them
easier to deliver, often through combination medical devices. Nanoparticles can also be used to
deliver chemotherapy drugs to specific cells, such as cancer cells.
4. Nanoparticles or nanofibers in fabrics can enhance stain resistance, water resistance, and flame
resistance, without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness of the fabric.
5. Water filters that are only 15-20 nanometers wide can remove nano-sized particles, including virtually
all viruses and bacteria. These cost-efficient, portable water treatment systems are ideal for improving
the quality of drinking water in emerging countries.
6. Most sunscreens today are made from nanoparticles that effectively absorb light, including the more
dangerous ultraviolet range. They also spread more easily over the skin. These same nanoparticles
are also used in food packaging to reduce UV exposure and prolong shelf life.
7. Thanks to nanotechnology, a huge variety of chemical sensors can be programmed to detect a
particular chemical at amazingly low levels, for example, a single molecule out of billions.
 Uses & Benefits

• Nanotechnology is part of the next wave of innovation in science and engineering that
will transform many sectors, including aerospace, energy, information technology,
medicine, national defense and transportation.
• Nanotechnology will enable the development of next generation materials that are
stronger, lighter and more durable than the materials used today in buildings, bridges,
airplanes, automobiles and other applications.
 Health care
• Health care is approaching a revolution thanks to
nanotechnology. Highly sophisticated tools for detecting and
treating cancer, bandages that prevent infection, enhanced
medical imaging technology and more are all in development and
made possible because of nanotechnology.
THE ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DISCOVERY
 Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body
and release drug doses on a predetermined schedule for optimal
treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
 Nanotechnology in Surgery
• With nanotechnology, minute surgical instruments and robots can be made which can be
used to perform microsurgeries on any part of the body.
• Instead of damaging a large amount of the body, these instruments would be precise and
accurate, targeting only the area where surgery should be done.
• Visualization of surgery can also be improved. Instead of a surgeon holding the instrument,
computers can be used to control the nanosized surgical instruments. “Nanocameras” can
provide close up visualization of the surgery. Less chance of any mistakes or faults surgery
could also be done on tissue, genetic and cellular levels.
Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance.
• For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain repellent
clothing using nano- sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• Making spill and dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
Nanotechnology in Electronics
 Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat
panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner
than current flat panel displays.
 Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
 The transistors are made of nanowires, that are
assembled on glass or thin films of flexible
plastic.
 E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car
windshields.
 Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter of around a
nanometer which consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays techniques due to less consumption of
electricity and less heat emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extend.
• New research on magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.
 Nanotechnology in Energy &
Environment
• Energy Production
- Clean, less expensive sources enabled by novel nanomaterials and processes
• Energy Utilization
- High efficiency and durable home and industrial lighting
- Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by
the equivalent of 28 million tons/year
• Materials of construction sensing changing conditions and in response, altering their inner
structure
 Nanotechnology in Energy

The main application areas of

nanotechnology at energy are:
• nano-enabled solar cells,
• energy storage,
• nanogenerators,
• thermal energy,
• fuel catalysis, and
• water treatment.
 Possibilities for the future
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to
manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable
materials that require less energy to produce than
conventional material and that promise greater
fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,
aircraft, and space vehicles.

• The future of nanotechnology could very well

include the use of nanorobotics.

• These nanorobots have the potential to take on

human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted
ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed.
 Implications of Nanotechnology

Health and safety issues Social & Political issues

• Nanoparticles can cause • Creates social strife through
serious illness or damage increasing wealth gap
human body. • Advisability of increasing scope
• Untraceable destructive of the technology creates
weapons of mass destruction. political dilemma
What is nanotechnology?
 CONCLUSION
• Nanotechnology is a brand new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science
that will change all what we knew before.
• The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near future be
real.
• Nano robots will repair every damage in our body.
• Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy
more effectively.
• Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in the near
future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true like teleportation
for example which scientists are working on today.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQhhcgn8YZo&ab_channel=EFSAchannel

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLa8DQkKlyU&ab_channel=Aperture