Scribd
Upload
98 views

Radioactivity Chapter 8, Form 4

This document discusses radioactivity and its uses. It begins with the discovery of radioactivity and defines key terms like radioactive decay, half life, and units of radioactivity. It then describes the structure of atoms and defines ionizing radiation. Examples of natural and man-made sources of ionizing radiation in the environment are provided. Finally, the document outlines several important uses of radioactive radiation in fields like archaeology, industry, agriculture, defense, food preservation, and medicine and concludes with safety measures for handling radioactive materials.

Uploaded by

Nurhidayatul Batrisya Che Zakri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
98 views

Radioactivity Chapter 8, Form 4

This document discusses radioactivity and its uses. It begins with the discovery of radioactivity and defines key terms like radioactive decay, half life, and units of radioactivity. It then describes the structure of atoms and defines ionizing radiation. Examples of natural and man-made sources of ionizing radiation in the environment are provided. Finally, the document outlines several important uses of radioactive radiation in fields like archaeology, industry, agriculture, defense, food preservation, and medicine and concludes with safety measures for handling radioactive materials.

Uploaded by

Nurhidayatul Batrisya Che Zakri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

By: Nurhidayatul Batrisya bt Che Zakri

class: 3DLP

Chapter 8:
radioactivity
INDEX
8.1 Discovery Of Radioactivity

8.2 Atoms and Nucleas


8.3 Ionising Radiation and Non-


ionising radiation

8.4 Uses of Radioactive Radiation


8.1 Discovery Of Radioactivity
Radioactivity
–Radioactivity is a random and spntaneous decay process of an
unstable nucleus ny emitting radioactive radiation
–Radiaoactive radiation consists of
•Alpha particles(alpha radiation)
•Beta particles (beta radiation)
•Gamma ray
Radioactive decay?
• A random & spontaneous process where an
unstable nucleus emits radioactuve radiation until
the nucleus becomes more stable

•Example of radioactive elements :


- Carbon-14 (C-14)
- Radon-222 (Rn-222)
-Thorium-234 (Th-234)
- Uranium - 238 (U-238)

What's the units


of Radioactivity?

The first unit of radioactivity introduced was curie(Ci)


1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ decays/s

The S.I unit of radioactivity is becquerel (Bq)

1 Bq = 1 decay/s
Half Life Of Radioactive Decay
8.2 Atoms And Nucleus
Atoms are from the word atomos. Atomos means indivisible
John Dalton intorudced a theory on the structure of atoms. He
stated, an atom is the smallest particle & cannot be further divided.
But, the development of science has changed his statement. There
are even smaller particles called protons, electrons and neutrons

Structure of Atom
When the number of protons in an atom is the same as the number of its
electron, the atom is neutral
8.3 Ionising Radiation and Non ionising
Radiation
What is ionising radiation?
When a radiation such as radioactive radiation passes through air and
produces positive and negative ions
Sources of inonising radiation in the
environment

Natural Man-made
Examples: Examples:
-cosmic rays - Nucleur Accidents
-background radiation -Nucleae tests
-use of radioisotope for
medical purposes
-background radiation

Cosmic Rays
- high energy raduatuin produced outside the Solar System or from another galaxy
-also known as galactic cosmic rays

Background radiation
-made up of various types of ionising radiation in the environment
-released from various sources
-sources of background radiation include:
•cosmic rays
•radioactive radiation from natural radioactuve substances in the surroundings
•radioactive waste from nucleur accidents and tests
• radioisotopes from medical use
Unit of dose rate measurement for background radiation
A dose of 1 Sv us equivalent to 1 joule of ionising radiationn energy that is
absorbed by 1 kg of living tissue(human)
Unit = microSievert/hour

Safe background radiation dose in daily life


Background radiation or ionising radiation dose of less than 0.2 Sv/h is the
normal level or safe level

Risks from exposure to natural ionising radiation


-can risk our body health

sources of ionising
radiation dose received safety measures
Background radiation

Taking X-ray

Television

Food contiaminated with


radioactive subestances

Cosmic rays
8.4 uses of radioactive radiation
Radioactive radiation in daily life
1. Archeology and geochronology
A method known as carbon-14 dating is used by archeologists or
geochronologists to determine the age of fossil and atrifacts

2. Monitoring the thickness of metal sheets (industry)


A metal sheet is passed between a beta radiation source and a beta
radiation detector
It monitors the thickness of metal sheets

3. Agriculture
The rate of emittion (decay process) of the phosphorus-32 (P-32) is used
to determine the absorption rate of phosphate fertilliser in plants
Also used to kill beetles, control the population of lestes by sterilisation,
determine the type of phosphate fertilliser and modify the
charactersutics of plants

4. Defence
Ex : nuclear bomb
Can destroy almost all living things and its effect exists for generations
5. Food preservation
The radura logo is used to label food preserved using radioactive
radiation such as gamma rays.
Gammar rays are used in preservation of food such as fruits to kill
bacteria in the food

6. Medical
Gamma rays from caesium-137 or cobalt-60 : kill cancer cells
sodium-24 : determine the location of blood clots
Technetium-99 : treat tumors in brain
Cobalt-60 : destroy germs
iodine-131 : treat thyroid glands

Safety measures when handling radioactive sources and


radioactive waste
1. Storing radioactive sources or waste in containers with
thick lead walls
2. Radioactive substances are shielded wuth thick slabs of
lead
3. Robotic hands are used to handle radioactive substances
safely
4. Detecting the dose rate of radioactive radiation
absorbed into the body with detectors such as radiation
badges
5. Disposal of radioactive waste done safely and properly
6. Wearing appropiate clothing when handling radioactive
substances

You might also like