Lab Experiment-1

Experiment name: BJT Characteristics .

Objectives:

i) To graph the collector characteristics of a transistor using experimental

methods.

Equipment:

Instruments
1 DC Power Supply
3 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
1 Function Generator
1 Oscilloscope
Components
Capacitors: 15 μF, 100 μF
Resistors: 1 kW, 3 kW, 10 kW, 33 kW, 330 kW, 10 kW
potentiometer,1 MW Potentiometer
Transistors: 2N3904
Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1.1. Vary the 1MW potentiometer to set
IB = 10 mA as in Table 1.1.

2. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1.1. Vary the 1MW potentiometer to set
IB = 10 mA as in Table 1.1.
3. Set the VCE to 2V by varying the 10kW potentiometer as required by
the first line of Table 1.1.
 Fig. 1.1: Circuit diagram for developing collector characteristics curve of C.E.C.

4. Record the VRC and VBE values in Table 1-1.

5. Vary the 10 kW potentiometer to increase VCE from 2V to the values appearing
in Table 1-1. (Note: IB should be maintained at 10 mA for the range of V CE
levels.)
6. Record 𝑉RCand VBE values for each of the measured VCE values. Use the mV
range for VBE.
7. Repeat step 2 through 5 for all values of IB indicated in Table 1.1.
8. Compute the values of IC (from IC = VRC/RC) and IE (from IE = IB+IC). Use
measured resistor value for RC.
9. Using the data of Table 1-1, plot the collector characteristics of the transistor
on a graph paper. (Plot IC versus VCE for the various values of IB. Choose an
appropriate scale for IC and label each IB curve).
 Table 1-1:

IB VCE VRC IC VBE IE

(μA) (V) (V) (mA (V) (mA)
meas meas ) meas calc
calc

10

GRAPH
Results and Calculations:
………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….
 Lab Experiment-2

Experiment name: Common-Emitter Transistor Amplifier .

Objectives:

i) To measure AC and DC voltages in a common-emitter amplifier.

Procedure:

1. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RC and RE) from circuit in Fig. 1.2 using
DMM.
2. Calculate DC Bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them.
3. Calculate AC dynamic resistance, re.
4. Construct circuit as of Fig. 1.2 and set VCC = 10 V.
5. Measure the DC bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them.
6. Calculate IE using values obtained in Step 5.
7. Calculate re using the value of IE from Step 6.
8. Compare value of re obtained both from Step 3 & 7.

Fig.1-2: Common Emitter DC bias circuit.

Results and Calculation:

1. R1 (measured) =33.4 W, R2 (measured) =2.665 W

RC (measured) =2.665 W, RE (measured) =0.993 W

2. VB (calculated) =2.17 V, VE (calculated) = 1.5 V

3. VC (calculated) =, IE (calculated) = 6 V

4. re (calculated) = 4.33 W

𝑟e
26 (𝑚𝑉)
= 𝐼E(𝑚𝐴)

5. VB (measured) = 2.175 V ,VE (measured) = 1.506 W

VC (measured) =5.986 V,

6. IE (calculated) using measured values of VE and RE =

IE=VE /IE=1.5166 mA

7. re (measured) =17.1436 W, using IE from Step 6.

 Conclusions
 Lab Experiment-3

Experiment name:

The quiescent operating conditions of the fixed- bias BJT configurations.

Equipment:

Instruments
1 DC Power Supply
3 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Components
Resistors: 680 W, 1.8 kW, 2.7 kW, 6.8 kW, 33 kW, 1 MW
Transistors: 2N3904, 2N4401
Procedure:
For Fixed-Bias Configuration

1) Measure all resistor values (RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 2-1 using DMM.
Record them.
2) Construct circuit as of Fig. 2.1 using 2N3904 transistor and set VCC = 20 V.
3) Measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Record them.
4) Calculate the resulting base current, IB and collector current, IC. Using the values
obtained, find β.
5) Using the values obtained in Step 4, calculate the values of VB, VC, VE and VCE.
6) Energize the network in Fig. 1-1, measure VB, VC, VE and VCE.
7) How do the measured values (Step 6) compare to the calculated values (Step 5)?
8) Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor.
9) Then, measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Using the same equations, calculate the
values of IB and IC. From the values obtained, determine the β value for 2N4401
transistor.
10) Compile all the data needed for both transistors in Table 2-1.
 Figure 2-1: Fixed biased configuration

1) Calculate the magnitude (ignore the sign) of the percent change in each
quantity due to a change in transistors
2) Place the results of your calculations in Table 2-2.

Results and Calculations:

1. RB (measured) =1 M W, RC (measured) = 2.665 W

2. VBE (measured) =0.63 V, VRC (measured) = 12.30 V

3. IB =0.02 mA, IC =4.66 mA, β =233

4. VB (calculated) = 0.63 V, VC (calculated) = 7.89 V

VE (calculated) =0 V, VCE (calculated) = 7.88 V

5. Table 2-1
Trans. Type V CE (V) I C (mA) I B (μA) β
2N3904 7.88 4.62 0.02 231
 Lab Experiment-4

Experiment name:
The quiescent operating conditions of the v o l t a g e d i v i d e r b i a s BJT
configurations.
Equipment:

Instruments
1 DC Power Supply
3 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Components
Resistors: 680 W, 1.8 kW, 2.7 kW, 6.8 kW, 33 kW, 1 MW
Transistors: 2N3904, 2N4401
Procedure:
Voltage-Divider-Bias Configuration

1. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 2-2 using
DMM. Record them.
2. Using the β determined for 2N3904 transistor in Part B; calculate the theoretical
values of VB, VE, IE, IC, VC, VCE and IB for the network shown in Fig. 2-2. Record
them in Table 2-3.
3. Construct the network of Fig. 2-2 and measure V B, VE, VC and VCE. Record them
in Table 2-3.

Figure 2-2 Voltage divider configuration

 4. Measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 (take readings to the hundredth or thousandth
place). Calculate the currents IE and IC and the currents I1 and I2. Using
Kirchhoff’s current law, calculate the current I B. Record IE, IC and IB values in
Table 2-3.
5. How do the calculated and measured values of Table 2-3 compare?
6. Compile the measured values of VCE (Step 3), IC and IB (Step 4) along with the
magnitude of β in Table 2-4.
7. Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor.
8. Then, measure the voltages VCE and VRC. Also, measure the voltages VR1 and VR2
(take readings to the hundredth or thousandth place). Calculate the current I C and
the currents I1 and I2. Using Kirchhoff’s current law, calculate the current IB.

9. Complete Table 2-4 with the values of V CE, IC, IB and β. Calculate the magnitude
(ignore the sign) of the percent change in each quantity due to a change in
transistors.
10. Place the results of your calculations in Table 2-5.

Results and Calculations:

1. R1 (measured) =33.46 k W, R2 (measured) =6.97 k W,

2. RC (measured) =1.777 k W, RE (measured) =690 W

3. VB (calculated) =3.3 V, VE (calculated) =2.62 V

IE (calculated) = 3.97 mA, IC (calculated) =3.77 mA

VC (calculated) =13.31 V, VCE (calculated) = 10.68 V

2N3904 VB(V) VE(V) VC(V VCE(V IE(m I C (mA) I B (μA) β

) ) A)
Calculated (Step 2) 3.3 2.62 13.31 10.68 3.97 3.77 0.03 126
Measured (Step 3.28 2.60 13.28 10.65 3.95 3.74 0.029 128.8
3&4)
IB (calculated) =0.03 mA
 4. Table:2-3

 Conclusions
 Lab Experiment-5

Experiment name:

i) To determine the range of linear operation of an RC-coupled two-

stage amplifier.
ii) To observe the phase relationships at the input and output of each
stage in the amplifier.
iii) To troubleshoot an audio amplifier.
Theory

A single stage of amplification is often not enough for a particular

application. The overall gain can be increased by using more than one stage,
so when two amplifiers are connected in such a way that the output signal of
the first serves as the input signal to the second, the amplifiers are said to be
connected in cascade.
The most common cascade arrangement is the grounded-emitter to
grounded-emitter configuration. As you will recall, grounded-emitter
amplifiers exhibit high voltage, high current, and high power gains, so they
are used in sound-reproducing systems as audio amplifiers, in TV receivers
as video (picture) amplifiers, and in many other applications.

Multistage amplifiers can be used either to increase the overall small signal
voltage gain, or to provide an overall voltage gain greater than 1, with a very
low output resistance.

Coupling Methods
Transformer Coupling
Transformers make it possible to match the output impedance of the first
stage to the input impedance of the next. Proper impedance matching ensures

maximum transfer of power from one stage to the next. Transformers are
frequently used in coupling amplifier stages because of the bulk and cost of
the transformers themselves.

FIGURE 3-1 Cascaded transistor amplifier with transformer coupling.

Direct Coupling

Direct coupling is also used in cascaded transistor amplifiers. In this method

both dc and ac voltages at the output of one stage appears at the input of the
next stage. An advantage of direct coupling is the savings possible in
components and the improvement in frequency response. This technique is
used by default in circuits like IC op-amps, since large coupling capacitors
cannot be fabricated on-chip.

FIGURE 3-2 Direct-coupled transistor amplifier.

RC Coupling

Figure 1-3 shows an RC-coupled cascaded amplifier. Capacitors C1 and C3

couple the signal into Q1 and Q2, respectively. C5 is used for coupling the
signal from Q2 to its load.

Computing the overall gain of RC Coupled Multistage Amplifier

To compute the overall gain of the amplifier, it is easier to calculate unloaded

voltage gain for each stage, then including the loading effect by computing
voltage dividers for the output resistance and input resistance of the
following stage. This idea is illustrated in figure 3-4. Each transistor is drawn
as an Amplifier consisting of an input resistance, Rin an output resistance, R out
along with its unloaded gain, AV( NL) .

FIGURE 3-4: Two-Stage Amplifier

Then, the overall loaded gain AV , of this amplifier can be found by:

Rin 2
Av=Av1( R out + Rin 2 ¿ Av 2

(1)
For the RC Coupled(C-E _ C-E) multistage amplifier:
Rin(Q1) = R1 || R 2 || bre1 (With Emitter bypass capacitor) (Without
(2)
R in (Q1) = R1 || R 2 ||
Emitter bypass capacitor)
b ( re1 + R E1 )

(3)
(With Emitter bypass capacitor) (4)
Rin(Q2) = R3 || R 4 || bre2

R in (Q2) = R 3 || R 4 || b ( re2 + R E2 ) (Without Emitter bypass capacitor)

(5) Rout 1 = RC1
(6)
Rout 2 = RC2
(7)

Note that if a load resistor was added across the output, an additional voltage
divider consisting of the output resistance of the second stage and the added
load resistor is used to compute the new gain.

Equipment Required:

 Resistors (1/4 W): 27kW, 10 kW, 5kW, 2.7 kW, 1kW, 470W, 220W, and 100W.
 5-kW potentiometer
 Capacitors (25 V): Two 10 μF.
 Two 2N3904 NPN silicon transistor.
 0-15 V dc power supply.
 DMM (Digital Multimeter).
 Signal generator.
 Dual trace oscilloscope.
 Bread boarding socket.

Procedure

1- Setup the circuit shown in Figure 3-5, omitting the signal generator and the power
supply.
2- Apply the 15-V supply, then using the DMM measure the required parameters in
Table 3-1 below & compare these values with the calculated values, assuming that
VBE = 0.7 V.
FIGURE 3-5 RC-Coupled Two -Stage Amplifier

Table 3-1

DC Computed Measured
Parameter Value Value

VB(Q1) 2.06 2.07

VE(Q1) 1.40 1.402

IE(Q1) 14.39

VC(Q1) 8.13 8.10

VCE(Q1) 6.77 6.75

VB(Q2) 1.359 1.356

VE(Q2) 0.723 0.721

IE(Q2) 1.46 1.45

VC(Q2) 11.13 11.11

VCE(Q1) 10.41 10.40

 1- Using the measured value for the dc emitter voltage obtained in Step 2, calculate
the following:

Transistor-1 ac emitter resistance, re1 =1.81 Ω

Transistor-2 ac emitter resistance, re2 =17.931 Ω

For steps from 4-6, record my measure in table 3.2

2- Connect the signal generator to the circuit after setting V in to 0.4 V

sine wave at
p-p

1KHz. as shown in Figure 3-5, and then measure the output voltage of the first
stage

3- Apply the input voltage to the second stage, then measure the output voltage of the
second stage.

4- Connect the two stages together, and apply the input to the first stage, and measure
the output of the second stage. Then calculate the overall voltage gain of the circuit.

Table 3-2

Computed Measured
AC Parameter
Value Value
(mV) (mV)
Vout(Q1) (Step 4) 88 90

AV (NL) Q1 (Step 4) 4.48 4.5

AV (NL) Q2 (Step 5) 3.99 4

Vout (Q2) (Step 5) 81 80

Vout (Step 6) 275 280

AV (Step 6) 13.9 14
Input and output graph:

Fig1: Input Signal. Fig 2: Output Signal.

Channel 1: 0.1 V / division

Time base: 0.2 ms/ divisio

1- Is there any phase shift between the input and the overall output of the circuit?

2- Measure the input resistance of the multistage amplifier, which is equal to the input
resistance of the first stage, and can be measured as following:

 Insert a 5 k W potentiometer in series between the function generator and the

input coupling capacitor.
 Adjust the potentiometer until Vout drops to one-half the value noted prior to
inserting the potentiometer.
 Power down, and remove the potentiometer from the circuit without
disturbing its setting.
 Measure the adjusted resistance of the potentiometer, and this resistance will
be equal to the input resistance.
·
R in (measured) =1.27 kΩ
3- Measure the output resistance of the multistage amplifier, which is equal to the
output resistance of the second stage, and can be measured as following:

 Connect a 5 KΩ potentiometer in parallel between the collector resistance

and the ground.

 Adjust the potentiometer until V out drops to one-half the previous value.
  Remove the potentiometer and measure its resistance. By the voltage divider
role, the resistance of the potentiometer equals the output resistance of the
amplifier.

R out (measured) = 4.08 kΩ

Concolution: