Presented by:

 PAS refers to a network of organizations with

specific rules and goals, structures, resources
and programs. It includes the internal
processes of and the interaction between and
among public organizations, which are
constituted to implement, help formulate,
monitor or assess public policies.
→ CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
1. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION (CSC)
2. COMMISSION OF AUDIT (CA)
3. COMMISSION OF ELECTION (CE)
→ CONSTITUTIONALLY CREATED/MANDATES SPECIAL BODIES:
4. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS(CHR)
5. OMBUDSMAN

→ Executive Departments
→ GOCCs (wholly-owned or at least 51%)
→ Chartered institutions (created by law)
→ LGUs
PAS empowers people as:
 1) it institutionalizes access to PAS services;

 2) it decentralizes & makes operations

transparent;
 3) it listens and works with people;

 4) its procedures should be made simple and

local language should be used.
1. Public organization - legal mandates, major
functions and structures, etc.
2. Internal procedures and interactive efforts -
perform public functions thru defined rules and
procedures internal to the organization
3. Responsible for implementing public policies –
formulated jointly by the legislative and executive
branches
4. Conscious of the different kinds of clientele
that it deals with
5. Socio-political, economic environment – PAS
as part of the bigger social system with
competing claims to limited resources and,
institutions play a role in determining the
utilization of resources
 Instrument of the state
 Enforcer and implementor of public policy

 Service delivery system

 Participant in policy formulation

 Technical expertise

 Nationwide presence
 A.EXECUTIVE BRANCH
B.LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
C.JUDICIAL BRANCH
EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGISLATIVE BRANCH JUDICIAL BRANCH

 President  Senate  Supreme Court

 Vice – President  House of Representatives  RTC, MTC
 Cabinet  Special Courts
 Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution
vests executive power on the President of the
Philippines. The President is the Head of
State and Head of Government, and functions
as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines. As chief executive, the
President exercises control over all the
executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
Article VII, of the 1987 Constitution
Section 2, provides QUALIFICATIONS of
being a President

1. Natural born Filipino

2. A registered voter
3. Must be able to read and write
4. at least 40 years old at the day of
the election
5. Must have resided in the
Philippines 10 years before the election
Can APPOINT and DISMISS
CABINET MEMBERS
 TO BE PASSED BY
CONGRESS
There is EO NO. 292, s. 1987, “ ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF
1987 which gives the President

1. POWER OF CONTROL OVER EXECUTIVE BRANCH

2. ORDINANCE POWER
- Executive Power
- Administrative Order
- Proclamations
- Memorandum Orders
- Memorandum Circulars
- General or Special Order
3. POWER OVER ALIENS
4. POWERS OF EMINENT DOMAIN, ESCHEAT, LAND RESERVATION
AND RECOVERY OF ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH
5. POWER OF APPOINTMENT
6. POWER OF GENERAL SUPERVISION OVER LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
7. OTHER POWERS, stated in the Constitution and powers given to
him by Law
1.Cannot hold any other office or
employment, practice any other
profession;

2.Cannot appoint his/her spouse and

relatives to a cabinet post
The President can be IMPEACHED
if found to accept bribes, betray his
countrymen, lose the confidence given
to him/her and perform other crimes
against the people, violation of the
constitution and graft and corruption.
 Vice President — in cases of the death,
disability, or resignation of the President
 Senate President — in cases of the death,
disability, or resignation of the President and
Vice President
 Speaker of the House of Representatives — in
cases of the death, disability, or resignation of
the President, Vice President, and Senate
President
 IN CASE OF …
 DEATH
 DISABILITY
 RESIGNATION

EXECUTIVE BRANCH
 The CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME
COURT is NOT included in President’s
LINE OF SUCCESSION

 The Congress of the Philippines is

mandated to enact a law calling for a
SPECIAL ELECTION 3 DAYS after the
vacancy in the Office of the President
and Vice President. The special
election should occur 40 days after the
enactment of the law, but not later
than 60 days after the enactment of
the law.
TERM : 1 TERM of 6 years

QUALIFICATIONS :
1. Natural born Filipino
2. A registered voter
3. Must be able to read and write
4. at least 40 years old at the day
of the election
5. Must have resided in the
Philippines 10 years before the
election
Yes, the Vice President may
ASSUME a CABINET POSITION if
offered by the President. The
Vice President will become the
secretary of a certain agency
concurrent to the position of
Vice-President.
The Vice-President is
mandated to
assume the
presidency in case
of death, disability or
resignation of the
President
In case of VACANCY in the
Office of the VICE PRESIDENT :
• the President is required by the
constitution to NOMINATE a
replacement with the
CONCURRENCE of the COMMITTEE
ON APPOINTMENT
Act as the alter ego of the President
executing , with his authority, the power
of the Office of the President in their
respective departments
ARTICLE 7, SECTION 16, 1987 CONSTITUTION.
The President shall nominate and, with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments,
appoint the heads of the executive departments,
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
or officers of the armed forces from the rank of
colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose
appointments are vested in him in this
Constitution.
CABINET SECRETARIES SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO :
1. issue directives relative to their department such
as department orders (specific department under the
cabinet secretary’s jurisdiction

2. Act as advisors to the President of the Philippines

for their areas

3. Advise the President on matters relating to the

duties of their respective offices
DepEd = Education
DoLE = Labor and Employment
DoH = Health
DA = Agriculture
DPWH = Public Works and Highways
DND = National Defense
Upon whom is
legislative power vested?
 Legistative power is vested in the
CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Consist of :
1. Senate – 24 Senators
2. House of Representative – not
more than 250 (unless fixed by law), 20
% must be Party-list representatives
What are the functions of the
L e g i s l a t i v e b r a n c h?

 Passes laws
 Defines and punished crimes against the
state
 Determines the taxes people should pay
 Budgets the money to be spent for public
purposes
 Creates and abolish courts except the
Supreme Court
 it is only Congress which has the power to
declare war
 What is the composition of the Senate and
what are the qualifications of the members?

SENATE
- headed by the SENATE PRESIDENT
- the ―UPPER HOUSE‖
- 24 Senators for 6 years
- QUALIFICATIONS:
1. natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. at least 35 years old
3. able to read and write
4. a registered voter
5. resident of the Philippines for not less
than 2 years before election day
What is the composition of the House of
Representatives and what are the qualifications
of the members?
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- Composed of not more than 250 members
- the SPEAKER is the CHIEF OFFICER
- each province is represented in the Lower House of
Congress
- Elected for a term of 3 years, but they cannot serve
for more than 3 consecutive terms
- QUALIFICATIONS:
1. natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. at least 25 years old
3. able to read and write
4. except the party-list representatives, a
registered voter and a resident for at least 1
year in the district where he/she elected
 HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS?

Responsible for making enabling laws to

make sure the spirit of the constitution
is upheld in the country
Can amend
or change
the
constitution
itself
What are the 2 main documents in
order to craft laws?

BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS – 2 main

documents in order to craft laws

RESOLUTION
– convey principles and sentiments of the Senate or
the House of Representatives

- THREE (3) ELEMENTS OF RESOLUTION:

1. JOINT RESOLUTIONS
2. CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS
3. SIMPLE RESOLUTIONS
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
- Art. VIII. Sec 1 of the 1987 Constitution,
Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court
and the lower courts. Its duty is to settle
actual controversies involving rights which
are legally demandable and enforceable
(Art. VIII Sec 1(2)
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court,
as well as in lower courts.
The inferior courts:
The Court of Appeals (CA)
The Court of Tax Appeals
The Regional Trial Courts (RTC)
The Metropolitan Trial Courts (MTC)
The Sandiganbayan and the
The Office of the Ombudsman
Includes the power to hear and settle
disputes:
Private person vs. Private person
Private person vs. Government
Government Agency vs. Government
Agency
SUPREME COURT
– the highest COURT in the Philippines
- screen prospective appointees to any
judicial post
Composed of : CHIEF JUSTICE (Highest
Judicial power) and 14 ASSOCIATE
JUSTICES
THE ―LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991‖
General Powers and Attributes of LGU
SECTION 6. Authority to Create LGU

A LGU may be created, merged, divided, abolished, or its boundaries

substantially altered either:

1. BY LAW enacted by Congress = in case of a province, city, municipality

or any political subdivision

2. BY ORDINANCE = passed by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan or

Sangguniang Panlungsod (in case of Barangay within its territorial
jurisdiction)
THE ―LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991‖, SECTION 7.
Creation and Conversion

GENERAL RULE: The creation / conversion of a LGU

from one level to another level shall be based on
verifiable indicators of viability and projected capacity to
provide services, to wit:
1. Income – must be sufficient
2. Population –total number of inhabitants
3. Land Area –
 How Would You Describe The Power To Generate
And Apply Resources Of Local Government Unit?
THE ―LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991‖,SECTION 18.
Power to Generate and Apply Resources
1. to establish an organization that shall be
responsible for effective and efficient implementation of
their development plan, program objectives and priorities
2. to create their own sources of revenues and to levy
taxes, fees and charges
3. to have a just share of national taxes
4. to have an equitable share in the proceeds of
utilization and development of the national wealth and
resources
5. to acquire, develop, lease, encumber, alienate or
dispose of real ad personal property
Local Government Units
- are subordinate entities,
- are political subdivisions of a nation or state
- Are ―parts‖ of the government of a nation or state or a
country
- Are ―geographic subdivisions‖;

- 2 important elements in LGU:

1. presence of higher authority
2. territorial boundary
 How would you describe local government
as legal authorities providing services?
Local Government Units
- Do not have legal authority to exercise their powers
- Constituted by law, they possess rights and the necessary
organization to regulate their own affairs

- LAYERS OF LOCAL AUTHORITY

1. within subordinate local government exists hierarchy of
authority
2. Intermediate units of local government which coordinate
services in larger area and supervise lower levels of local authorities
3. Basic units –
4. existence of several layers of local government – barangay
How would you describe local government
as municipal corporations?

Local Government Units

- Have government and private functions

- The power to create municipal corporations ―is
inherent in sovereignty‖. The power is vested in
the legislature
How would you describe rationale of local
government?

- It continues to exist because of the necessary

functions they perform
- Is presented as a manner of dividing power by area or
authority
- Promotes liberty, equality and welfare
- Is advantageous for the promotion of rural
development
- Are means of providing self-identity, especially in
ethnically homogenous communities
 In a devolved system, local governments have
clear and legally recognized geographical
boundaries over which they exercise authority
and within which they perform public functions.
It is this type of decentralisation that underlies
most cases of political decentralisation.
- WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF
DECENTRALIZATION PROCESSES?

1. Shift from National to Local

2. Shift to Public Private Partnership (PPP)
3. Shift from State to Civil Society
 1. Shift from National to Local

- aims to ―bring the government closer to the people‖

- involves the two processes of:

a. Deconcentration aka administrative or sectoral
decentralization
b. Devolution also called political decentralization
2. Shift to Public Private Partnership (PPP)

The airport is being privatized under the public-private

partnership model. The project includes the
construction of a new 8 million-passenger
international terminal in the first phase, with a further
expansion after 2023.
 3. Shift from State to Civil Society

This refers to the process by which civil society

participates directly in government programs and
systems of governance, as characterized by: (i)
the focus on self-organized sectors of civil society
(e.g., NGOs, POs, professional associations, the
academe and others); and (ii) the institution of
participatory mechanisms that go beyond
elections and similar traditional norms.
DECENTRALIZATION
- a state or condition in a governmental
system where there is dispersal of power
or authority from the center.

- 2 FEATURES:
1. Political decentralization
- referred to as a real approach to decentralization
- focuses on the delegation of power and authority to LGU
2. Administrative decentralization
- focuses on deconcentration of functions

CENTRALIZATION
- the condition where power and decision making are
concentrated in the center
WHAT ARE THE 3 FORMS OF DECENTRALIZATION?

1. Deconcentration
2. Delegation
3. Devolution
1.Agricultural Extension (DA)
2.Community Based Forestry (DENR)
3.Public Works (DPWH)
4.School Welfare Programs (DepED)
5.Social Welfare Services
6.Tourism (DOT)
7.Telecommunication Services (DOTC)
8.Housing and other Building Facilities (HLURB)
9.Field Health and Hospital Services (DOH)
 HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION, THE
GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION AND THE JURISDICTION OF THE
PHILIPPINE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT
REORGANIZATION COMMITTEE?
PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
- passed the MUNICIPAL CODE ACT
- reorganized the provincial government by passing the PROVINCIAL CODE ACT

GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION
- the Philippine House Committee on Government Reorganization Committee,
is a standing committee of the Philippine House of Representatives

JURISDICTION OF THE Philippine House Committee on Government

Reorganization Committee
1 reorganization of the government or any of its branches, departments and
instrumentalities, excluding government-owned or controlled corporation
2. creation, abolition or change of the principal functions or nature of any
government department, agency, commission or board
- Reflects the horizontal and vertical power dynamics between
central and local government and related consequences on
autonomy and the degree of discretion that local government
enjoy from central government control and direction

- Relationship between local government and central government

- The concept of central local relation

- Intergovernmental relations (NG & LGUs)

- Inter-Local Government Relations

What is the relationship between local
government and central government?
 The power of the local governments derives
from the central government's authorization or
decentralization of power.
 Secondly, while decentralizing the power,
the central government withholds the power to
manage important state issues, as was
stipulated in Article 89 of the Constitution.
WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF
CENTRAL LOCAL RELATION?

 Central local-relations refer to a complex political

arrangement relating to the vertical distribution of
political authority, fiscal, legal, and human
resources and functional competence between
central and local governments (Davey, 1996).
 It is a relationship between the central government
and the local governments in various aspects such
as fiscal, legislative(legal), political, human
resources and administrative aspect.
 HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS (NG & LGUS)
 President exercises general supervision over LGUs to
ensure compliance with prescribed powers & functions.
 Coordination of NGAs with each other & with LGUs prior
to project implementation.
 Provision for financial, technical or other forms of
assistance to LGUs without extra cost. Submission of
monthly reports to LCEs by NGA field units.
 Duty of NGAs to maintain local ecological balance.
 Prior consultations & Sanggunian
approval required prior to project or
program implementation
 HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE INTER-LOCAL
GOVERNMENT RELATIONS?
 Province thru governor shall ensure every component city &
municipality acts within prescribed powers & functions;
HUCs & independent component cities are independent of
the province.
 Governors review executive orders of mayors of component
cities & municipalities; city & municipal mayors review EOs of
PBs.
 Municipal government may secure opinion of provincial legal
officer or provincial prosecutor on any legal question.
 City or municipal LCE exercises general supervision over
component barangays to ensure compliance
with prescribed powers & functions.
 Cooperative undertakings among LGUs.
―The only way to control chaos and
complexity is to give up some of that
control‖
― Gyan Nagpal, Talent Economics: The
Fine Line Between Winning and Losing
the Global War for Talent