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COSS - Contact Session1

This document provides an introduction to computer systems and organization. It includes: - An overview of the instructors and teaching assistants for the course. - A basic introduction to computer hardware components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, as well as software components like operating systems and applications. - Descriptions of the von Neumann and Harvard computer architectures and how they differ in their use of memory. - Explanations of the instruction cycle and fetch-execute process, including interrupt handling. - Discussions of memory hierarchies including caches and their role in performance. - An overview of operating system functions like resource management, user interfaces, and executing applications.

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Prasana Venkatesh
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19 views

COSS - Contact Session1

This document provides an introduction to computer systems and organization. It includes: - An overview of the instructors and teaching assistants for the course. - A basic introduction to computer hardware components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, as well as software components like operating systems and applications. - Descriptions of the von Neumann and Harvard computer architectures and how they differ in their use of memory. - Explanations of the instruction cycle and fetch-execute process, including interrupt handling. - Discussions of memory hierarchies including caches and their role in performance. - An overview of operating system functions like resource management, user interfaces, and executing applications.

Uploaded by

Prasana Venkatesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and

Software Systems
Contact Session 1
Module 1 Dr. Lucy J. Gudino
Introduction to Computer Systems
Team
Instructors:
• Dr. Lucy J Gudino ( IC)
• Prof. Pradeep H K
Teaching Assistants:
• VAIBHAV JAIN (Lead TA)
• Usha Govindaiah
• H. Madhusudan Rao
• Selva Kumar S
• KADAM BHUSHAN VINAYAK
• H P Srinivasa
Introduction

• Why Study COSS? SEM


I

SEM SEM
IV COSS II

SEM
III
Introduction

Hardware Data

Software

Data analytics: is the process of examining data sets in order


to draw conclusions about the information they contain,
increasingly with the aid of specialized systems and
software.
Text Books and Reference Books
Text Books:
(T1) W. Stallings, Computer Organization & Architecture, PHI, 10th ed., 2010.
(T2) A Silberschatz, Abraham and others, Operating Systems Concepts, Wiley
Student Edition, 8th Edition

Reference Books:
(R1) Patterson, David A & J L Hennenssy, Computer Organization and Design –
The Hardware/Software Interface, Elsevier, 5th Ed., 2014.
(R2) Randal E. Bryant, David R. O’Hallaron, Computer Systems – A Programmer’s
Perspective, Pearson, 3rd Ed, 2016.
(R3)Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems: Pearson New International Edition,
Pearson Education, 2013 (Pearson Online)
(R4)Stallings, Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles : International
Edition, Pearson Education, 2013 (Pearson Online)
Evaluation Scheme

• 5 unit course.
Sl Evaluation Weightage % Nature of
No. Component Component
1 Mid Sem Exam 30% OB
2 Comprehensive 40% OB
Examination
3 Quiz 5% (Two quizzes OB
– Best of two)
4 Assignments 25% OB
Assignments
• Two assignments:
• One pre-midsem exam : 12%
• One post-midsem : 13%
• Lab based
• Simulator to be used : CPU-OS simulator
• Open source tool https://drive.google.com/open?id=12YUK52RQ-
JhP0ddj6CD_oifW4sTMbsBl
• Virtual lab (Platifi)
Assignment should not be
General Instructions
1. Always use note book for writing important points and for solving
problems
2. Use chat box for writing subject related questions
3. Do not repeat the questions on chat box. Questions will be answered
during last 10 minutes of the session
4. Unanswered questions will be put up on the canvas forum
Today’s Session

Contact List of Topic Title Text/Ref


Hour Book/external
resource
1-2 Introduction to Computer Systems T1
• Hardware Organization of a computer
• Basic uniprocessor architecture
• Instruction Cycle State Diagram
• Operating System role in Managing
Hardware
• Running a Hello Program
Definition of a Computer
• Is a complex system

• Is a programmable device

• Must be able to process data

• Must be able to store data

• Must be able to move data

• Must be able to control above three functions


Computer System
• Hardware
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• I/O devices
• Software
• System Software
• System Management Software
• Tools and Utilities for Developing the software
• Application Software
• General Purpose Software
• Specific Purposed Software
Hardware Organization of a computer
Von Neumann Architecture
• Three key concepts:
• Data and instructions are
stored in a single read –
write memory
• The contents of this
memory are addressable by
location, without regard to
the type of data contained
there
• Execution occurs in a
sequential fashion (unless
explicitly modified) from
one instruction to the next
Von Neumann Architecture…
• Stored-program computers have the following characteristics:
• Three hardware systems:
• A central processing unit (CPU)
• A main memory system
• An I/O system
• The capacity to carry out sequential instruction processing.
• A single path between the CPU and main memory.
• This single path is known as the von Neumann bottleneck.
• Side effect : reduced throughput (Data Rate)
Harvard Architecture
• Uses two memory systems and two separate busses
• Instruction Memory
• Data Memory
Instruction Cycle Diagram
• Instruction execution : Two steps:
• Fetch
• Execute
• Interrupt: Interrupt is checked at the end of Instruction cycle
Fetch Cycle
• Program Counter (PC) holds
address of next instruction to
be fetched
• Processor fetches instruction
from memory location pointed
to by PC
• Instruction loaded into
Instruction Register (IR)
• Processor interprets
instruction and performs
required actions during
execution cycle
• Increment PC
• Unless told otherwise
Execute Cycle
• Processor - memory
• Data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor - I/O
• Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
• Data processing
• Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
• Control
• Alteration of sequence of operations
• e.g. jump
• Combination of above
Interrupt Cycle
• Interrupts: Mechanism by which other modules (e.g. I/O) may interrupt
normal sequence of processing
• Interrupts enhances processing efficiency
Program Flow Control (No Interrupts)
Program Flow Control (With Interrupts)
Types of Interrupts
• Types of interrupts:
• Program
• e.g. overflow, division by zero
• Timer
• Generated by internal processor timer
• Used in pre-emptive multi-tasking
• I/O
• from I/O controller
• Hardware failure
• e.g. memory parity error
Interrupt Cycle
• Processor checks for interrupt
• Indicated by an interrupt signal
• If no interrupt, fetch next instruction
• If interrupt pending:
• Suspend execution of current program
• Save context
• Set PC to start address of interrupt handler routine
• Process interrupt
• Restore context and continue interrupted program
Transfer of Control via Interrupts

Reg
A X1
B
X2
C
Instruction Cycle - State Diagram
Memory Hierarchy
Role of Cache Memory
Operating System
• collection of software/ Program that acts as an intermediary between an user of
a computer and the computer hardware.
• is a program that helps to run all the other programs
• Three main functions:
• Resource management
• Establish an user interface
• Execute and provide services for application software
Main objectives
• Convenience
• Efficiency
• Ability to evolve and offer new services
• Maximize System performance
• Protection and access control
• Footprint of OS should be small
Important Note
• bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
• Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware
• Initializes all aspects of system
• Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

• “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel.
Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating
system) or an application program
Operating System Operations
• Dual-mode operation
• User mode
• Kernel mode ( also known as System Mode / Supervisor mode/
privileged mode )
• User mode(1):
• user program executes in user mode
• certain areas of memory are protected from user access
• certain privileged instructions may not be executed
• Kernel Mode (0)
• privileged instructions may be executed
• protected areas of memory may be accessed
Transition from user to kernel mode
Running a Hello.c Program
Reading ./hello command from Keyboard
Loading the executable from disk into main memory
Writing the output string from memory to the
display
Why do we need to know how compilation works?
• Optimizing program performance.
• Understanding link-time errors
• Avoiding security holes.
Lab Activity
Contd…
Contd…
Thank you!

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