GRAMMAR REFERENCE A2

Topic Page
• Be 1
• Possessive adjectives 1
• Have got 2
• There is, There are 2
• Possessive’s 2
• Present simple 3
• Adverbs of frequency 3
• Question words 4
• Can 4
• Imperative 5
• Object pronouns 5
• Let’s 5
• Countable and uncountable nouns 5
• Some, any 5
• Much, many 6
• A lot, lots of, a few, a little 6
• Present continuous 7
• Present continuous (to express future) 7
• Present simple and present continuous 7
• Must 7
• Past simple: Be 8
• Past simple: Regular verbs 8
• Past simple: Irregular verbs 8
• Past simple (regular and irregular verbs) 8
• Wh- questions in the past simple 8
• Comparatives 9
• Superlatives 9
• Comparatives and superlatives 9
• Be going to 10
• Future simple 10
GRAMMAR  Be
We use be to talk about a person’s: Affirmative Negative
a job. Uncle Oliver is a scientist. I’m (I am) I’m not (I am not)
b nationality. We are English. you’re (you are) you aren’t (are not)
c relatives. She is my sister. he’s/she’s/it’s (he/she/it is) he/she/it isn’t (is not)
we’re/you’re/they’re we/you/they aren’t
d name. I’m Mandy.
(we/you/they are) (are not)
Questions Short answers
Am I … ? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Is he/she/it … ? Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Are we/you/they? Yes, you/we/they are. / No, you/we/they aren’t.

GRAMMAR  Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives show that Subject pronouns
something belongs to someone I, you, he, she, it, we, Note: Be careful with
or something. you, they these words:
• it’s (it is) and its
My dad is 37 years old. Possessive adjectives • you’re (you are) and your
His name is Barry. • he’s (he is) and his
my, your, his, her, its, our,
We live in a white house. your, their
Our house is big.

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GRAMMAR  Have got
We use have got to: Questions
a describe someone/something. Have I/you/we/they got … ?
I’ve got black hair. Has he/she/it got … ?
b 
show that something belongs to someone/something. Short answers
She’s got a puzzle. Yes, I/you/we/they have.
Yes, he/she/it has.
Affirmative
No, I/you/we/they haven’t.
I’ve/you’ve/we’ve/they’ve (have) got
No, he/she/it hasn’t.
he’s/she’s/it’s (has) got
Negative
Note: Be careful with its (possessive
I/you/we/they haven’t (have not) got
adjective) and it’s (it has) got.
he/she/it hasn’t (has not) got

GRAMMAR  There is, There are

We use there is and there are to Affirmative Negative
describe scenes and talk about place. There’s (There is) a(n) … There isn’t (is not) a(n) …
There is a girl in the shop. There are (some) … There aren’t (are not) (any) …
There are some books on the desk.
Questions Short answers
Is there a(n) … ? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Are there (any) … ? Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

GRAMMAR  Possessive ’s
We use ’s after singular nouns and an apostrophe (’) after
plural nouns to show something belongs to someone.
Note: Plural irregular nouns
This is Emma’s dog. (without s) are followed by ’s.
Ron is the boys’ dad. The children’s grandpa is nice.

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GRAMMAR  Present simple
We use the present simple Spelling rules Time expressions
to talk about: I he/she/it every day/night/week/month/year
a general truths. like likes at the weekends
Children go to school. go goes in the morning/afternoon/evening
b 
things we do regularly. watch watches on Thursdays
We play in the park every day. brush brushes
Time expressions can go at the
study studies
c 
permanent states. beginning or end of a sentence.
play plays
Jan works in an English school. At the weekends we play on the
Note:
beach.
I have, but he/she/it has.
My friends and I go to the cinema
every Saturday.

GRAMMAR  Present simple

Negative Questions Short answers
I/you/we/they don’t (do not) like Do I/you/we/they like … ? Yes, I/you/we/they do.
he/she/it doesn’t (does not) like Does he/she/it like … ? No, I/you/we/they don’t.
We don’t have lunch at school. Does your sister go to school? Yes, he/she/it does.
Mum doesn’t like football. Do you study at the library? No, he/she/it doesn’t.
Does he like sports? No, he doesn’t.

GRAMMAR  Adverbs of frequency

We use adverbs of frequency to show how often we do something.  They often play in the park.
  always  ➝  usually  ➝  often  ➝  sometimes  ➝  never
  100% 0% of
of the time the time
Adverbs of frequency go before main verbs. Dan usually gets up at 7.30 in the morning.
Adverbs of frequency go after the verb be. They are usually at the beach in the afternoon.

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GRAMMAR  Question words
We use the question word:
a What to ask about things c Where to ask about places. Note:
or animals. Where is Madrid? It’s in Spain. Be careful with
What is that? It’s a kite. d Whose to ask about possessions. the words
What is this? It’s a shark. Whose house is it? It’s my house. Who’s (Who is)
b Who to ask about people. e When to ask about times and dates. and Whose.
Who is that boy? That’s John. When is your birthday? It’s on 12th July.

GRAMMAR  Can
We use can to: Affirmitive
a talk about ability. I/You/He/She/It/We/They can swim.
Brian can swim. Negative
b ask for and give permission. I/You/He/She/It/We/They can’t (cannot) swim.
Can I have some pizza? Question
You can go on the merry-go-round. Can I/you/he/she/it/we/they swim?
We use a bare infinitive (a verb without to, Short answers
such as do, go, or read ) after can. Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they can.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they can’t.

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 GRAMMAR  Imperative
We use the imperative to give instructions to
someone else. We form the imperative with
a bare infinitive. We often use please with
imperatives. We use don’t to make a negative
imperative.
Affirmative Negative
Please be careful. Don’t go to the party!

GRAMMAR  Object pronouns

We use object pronouns to replace the object
of a sentence.
I’ve got two cats. I love them!
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I me
he/she/it him/her/it
we/you/they us/you/them

GRAMMAR  Let’s
We use Let’s with a bare infinitive to make
suggestions.
Let’s eat.
It’s hot. Let’s go to the beach!

GRAMMAR  Countable and uncountable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that we can count. Uncountable nouns are nouns that we cannot
We can use them in the singular and the plural. count and that haven’t got a plural form. We use a
They need a costume. singular verb after these nouns. We don’t use a/an
Let’s buy three hats. with uncountable nouns.
There’s music at the carnival.

GRAMMAR  Some, any

We use some in affirmative sentences with
plural countable and uncountable nouns.
I’ve got some presents!
There’s some food on the table.
We use any in negative sentences and
questions with plural countable and
uncountable nouns.
There aren’t any masks in this shop.
Have you got any paper?

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GRAMMAR  Much, many
We use much and many to describe quantities.
Note:
We use much in negative sentences and
questions with uncountable nouns. We can use lots of or a lot of instead of
many or much in affirmative sentences.
I don’t want much juice. Have you got much food?
There are lots of sandwiches on the table.
We use many in affirmative and negative sentences My brother eats a lot of food.
and questions with plural countable nouns.
The restaurant has got many menus.
I haven’t got many chips.
Note:
Are there many people at the café?
We use How much … ? to ask about prices.
We use how much and how many to ask about How much is the orange juice? It’s one euro.
quantities.
How much water is there?
How many burgers do you want?

GRAMMAR  A lot of, lots of, a few, a little

We use a lot of or lots of with countable and uncountable nouns in affirmative and negative
sentences and questions.
We haven’t got a lot of bananas!
Have you got a lot of money?
We use a few with countable nouns in affirmative sentences and questions.
There are a few restaurants here.
Do you want a few chips?
We use a little with uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences and questions.
There is a little water.
Can I have a little cheese, please?

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GRAMMAR  Present continuous
We use the present continuous for actions that are Spelling rules
happening now. run running
They are watching TV at the moment. come coming
Affirmative lie lying
I’m (I am) playing. It’s (It is) playing. Time expressions
You’re (You are) playing. We’re (We are) playing. now
He’s (He is) playing. You’re (You are) playing. at the moment
She’s (She is) playing. They’re (They are) playing.

GRAMMAR  Present continuous

Negative Question Short Answers
I’m not (am not) playing. Am I playing? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
You aren’t (are not) playing. Are you playing? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it
He/She/It isn’t (is not) playing. Is he/she/it playing? isn’t.
We/You/They aren’t (are not) Are we/you/they playing? Yes, you/we/they are. No, you/we/they
playing. aren’t.
He isn’t playing basketball now.  Are you playing in the school team?  Is he kicking the ball?  Yes, he is.

GRAMMAR  Present continuous (to express the future)

We can use the present continuous to talk Time expressions
about future plans. this afternoon/evening on Tuesday/Saturday/
I’m playing volleyball this afternoon. tomorrow/tonight my birthday
We aren’t going to the sports centre tomorrow. at the weekend at 4 o’clock
next week/month/year
Are you coming to the match on Saturday?

GRAMMAR  Present simple and present continuous

We use the present simple for facts and habits. We use the present continuous for actions that
I don’t like cities! are happening now.
Robbie often plays in the garden. I’m looking at the stars.

GRAMMAR  Must
We use must to talk about obligation. We
use a bare infinitive after must.
I must clean the house.
Affirmitive
I/You/He/She/It/We/They must go.
Negative
You/He/She/It/We/They mustn’t (must not) go.
Question
Must I/you/he/she/it/we/they go?
Short answers
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they must.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they mustn’t.

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GRAMMAR  Past simple: Be
We use the past simple to talk about events Questions Short answers
and habits in the past. Was I/he/she/it … ? Yes, I/he/she/it was.
The food was delicious last night. No, I/he/she/it wasn’t.
I was late for school yesterday. Were we/you/they … ? Yes, we/you/they were.
Affirmative No, we/you/they weren’t.
Time expressions
I/he/she/it was
yesterday two days/a month ago
we/you/they were
last night/week/month in July/2015
Negative
I/he/she/it wasn’t (was not) Note: The past simple of There is and There
we/you/they weren’t (were not) are is There was and There were.

GRAMMAR  Past simple: Regular verbs

Affirmative Spelling rules
We use the past simple to talk about events and dance danced
habits in the past. We add -ed to regular verbs in try tried
the past simple. stop stopped
He worked in a hotel two years ago.

GRAMMAR  Past simple: Irregular verbs

Affirmative
We do not add –ed to the past simple affirmative They went on holiday to the Greece last year.
of irregular verbs. They change in different ways. He wore those swimming trunks yesterday.
See page 128 for a list of irregular verbs.

GRAMMAR  Past simple (regular and irregular verbs)

Negative Question Short answers
I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t go Did I/you/he/she/it/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did.
The actor didn’t give any we/they go … ? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t.
autographs. Did you see the new film? Did he go to the studio? Yes, he did.

GRAMMAR  Wh- questions in the past simple

We can use Wh- questions with the past simple to find out   
more information about an action in the past.
Note: When the question word
Which film star did you see? Why did he speak to you? asks about the subject (person,
Who did you see? What did he say? animal or thing) then the verb
Where did you see him? How did you feel? stays in the affirmative form.
When did you see him? Whose autograph did you get? Who went to the cinema?

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 GRAMMAR  Comparatives
We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals or things.
We often use the word than after the comparative form.
Jake is taller than Mandy.
Short adjectives Long adjectives Irregular adjectives
tall taller beautiful more beautiful good better
nice nicer interesting more interesting bad worse
big bigger many/much more
pretty prettier

GRAMMAR  Superlatives
We use the superlative form to compare a person, an animal or thing with many other people,
animals or things.
Polly is the nicest girl in the world!
Short adjectives Long adjectives Irregular adjectives
tall the tallest interesting the most interesting good the best
big the biggest dangerous the most dangerous bad the worst
nice the nicest many/much the most
pretty the prettiest

GRΑMMΑR  Comparatives and superlatives

We use comparatives to compare two We use superlatives to compare one person,
people, animals or things. animal or thing with many others.
I think cats are better than dogs. Cats are the best pets for families.
Worms are smaller than elephants. Parrots are the most beautiful birds in the world.

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GRAMMAR  Be going to
We use be going to: Questions
a 
to talk about future plans and intentions. Am I going to play?
He’s going to look at the app. Are you going to play?
b 
to predict that something will happen when we Is he/she/it going to play?
have some proof or information. Are we/you/they going to play?
Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. Short answers
We use a bare infinitive after be going to. Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Donna’s going to play outside. Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t.
Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Affirmative Yes, we/you/they are. / No, we/you/
I’m (I am) going to play. they aren’t.
You’re (You are) going to play.
Time expressions
He’s/She’s/It’s (He/She/It is) going to play.
We’re/You’re/They’re (We/You/They are) going to play. tomorrow
in the morning
Negative
this weekend/summer/evening
I’m not (I am not) going to play. next week/month/year
You aren’t (are not) going to play. in a week/month/year
He/She/It isn’t (is not) going to play.
We/You/They aren’t (are not) going to play.

GRAMMAR  Future simple

We use the future simple to talk about the future. Question
We use will with a bare infinitive. Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they play?
People will cut down trees in the rainforest. Short answers
Affirmative Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they won’t.
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll,
it’ll, we’ll, they’ll) play. Time expressions
tomorrow, in the morning,
Negative this weekend/summer/evening
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not (won’t) play. next week/month/year, in a week/month/year

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