MODULE 2

Electrical Services - Internal Electrical

distribution systems and Renewable
Energy Systems
Residential & Commercial Building internal electrical Distribution system:

• Rising Mains,
• Sub-Mains,
• UPS requirements,
• Wiring Systems,
• Wiring Installation systems.

• Circuit-Mains,
• Server power requirements,
• Point Wiring,
• Point Matrix,
• Utility Loads,
 RISING MAINS
The phrase “rising electrical mains” refers to the main electrical power cables
that are installed in a multi-story commercial building.
An Electrical rising main is required when electricity is installed in a multi
occupancy building which could be many stories high. Examples can be found in
tower blocks, car parks, and hospitals.
Typically the main power supply cables will come into the building underground
and will be accessible in the building through a specially built raceway, access
duct or electrical room. At each floor, there will typically be a tap-off to supply
power to each floor. The rising mains will run the entire height of the building.
Once electricity is carried beyond your meter, it is distributed to lights,
receptacles, and appliances throughout the house by several different electrical
circuits.

Here we look at the load centres—the distribution centre or main panel and
smaller subpanels used to hook up and control the various electrical circuits.

The main panel receives three incoming electrical service wires and routes
smaller cables and wires to subpanels and circuits throughout the house.

Power lines connect to the two top lugs of the meter mount. The main circuit
breakers pull electricity from the two bottom lugs when the meter is in place to
complete the circuit.

The MDB feeds SMDBs, which is installed generally at the point where a large
distribution cable terminates and several smaller sub-circuits start. These are the
switchboards that although similar construction, are larger than a final
distribution board circuit. The boards are installed midway through the power
distribution system, at the point in a large distribution cable ends, and several
smaller starting sub-circuits.
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 SUB-MAINS
Sub-mains are added to a system for three main
reasons: space, convenience, and efficiency.

Service panels have only so many slots for installing

breakers (and thus circuits); when the slots in a main
panel are all filled, a Sub- Main can be added to
provide more space for circuits.

Sub-panels also add convenience, particularly when

they are located far away from the main panel. If a
breaker trips in that area, you need only to go to the
Sub- Main and not all the way back to the main
panel to reset the breaker.

Sub-panels can save time and construction costs by

reducing the number of home runs back to the main
panel.

Every circuit starts at a panel and having a Sub- Main

nearby shortens the wiring runs for the individual
circuits it serves. Only the wiring for the sub-panel's
main feed starts at the main panel.
 UPS REQUIREMENTS

WHAT IS UPS ?

UPS maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected

equipment by supplying power from a separate source when
utility power is not available.

It differs from an auxiliary power supply or standby generator, which

does not provide instant protection from a momentary power
interruption

An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or

battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency
power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails.
 How does an UPS work?
The battery charger continuously
produces DC power, which the inverter
continuously turns back into 120-volt AC
power. If the power fails, the battery
provides power to the inverter. There is
no switch-over time in a continuous
UPS. This setup provides a very stable
source of power.

What is the purpose of the

UPS?
A UPS is typically used to protect
hardware such as computers, data
centres, telecommunication
equipment or other electrical
equipment where an unexpected
power disruption could cause injuries,
fatalities, serious business disruption
or data loss. It also provides
protection from power surges.
The Four Main Components of a UPS System

1. The static bypass: The online UPS has an internal static bypass circuit
that is the first line of defence should you experience a failure within
your UPS system

2. The rectifier: The rectifier has two main functions. One is to charge the
batteries (like an alternator in a car) so your batteries remain at the proper
float voltage. The other job of the rectifier is to convert the incoming
power from A/C to D/C.

3. The battery: The battery is the heart of your UPS system. Should your
facility experience a utility power failure, your mission critical equipment
will depend on your UPS’s battery system to support the load.

4. The inverter: The final main component of a UPS system is the

inverter. This device accepts the D/C from the D/C buss, which is
supplied by the rectifier and the battery.
 WIRING SYSTEMS

• Wiring in buildings is run either on the surface or concealed

in the construction. Surface wiring is cheaper but its
appearance limits its use.

• The type of wiring system available for use in buildings are

sheathed and conduit. Two or more wires consisting of metal
conductors is enclosed in a protective sheath known as TRSC
tough rubber sheathed.

• Use of PVC for insulation and sheating is preferred as it

gives smoother and neater cables. This type of wire are well
suited to surface use.
• For use in concealed wiring, conduit or metal channels should
be provided to protect wiring.
Points to be considered while selecting
any system of wiring
1. Life of installation
2. Future extension or alterations
3. Construction of building
4. Fire hazards or other special conditions
5. Corrosive fumes
6. Dampness
7. Type of wire and material used
8. Nature of load (lighting of power)
9. Safety of the system
10. Cost of wiring system
 Various systems by which power is
distributed to the domestic consumers

1. Single-phase two-wire system

2. Three-phase three-wire system

3. Three-phase four-wire system

 Types of wiring
Commonly used types of wiring systems for residential
buildings ,commercial buildings etc.

1. Cleat wiring
2. Batten
• Wooden casing and capping wiring
• C. T. S or T. R. S. wiring
• Metal Sheathed or Lead Sheathed wiring
3. Wooden casing and capping wiring
4. Conduit Wiring
Cleat wiring
 Cleat

• Cleat wiring is normally used for temporary

wiring purpose.
• Ex..functions, marriages…etc.
• In this type of wiring vulcanized india
rubber(V.I.R) or polyvinyl chloride(PVC)
insulated wires are used as conductors.
• Wires are held by the help of porcelain cleat
which are placed 6mm off the walls or ceilings.
 Cleat
• As shown in dia. Grooves are provided in the
base portion of the cleat for accommodating the
wires.
• wiring is done as shown in figure..
 Cleat wiring

• Types of cleats…………
• …1. one groove
• …2. two grooves and
• …3. three grooves
 Cleat
Advantages
1. Cheapest system of internal wiring
2.Installation and dismantlement is easy
and quick
3.Material is recoverable after the
dismantlement
4.Inspection, alternations and additions can
be easily made
5. Skill required is little
 Cleat
Disadvantages

1. Aesthetically not appealing.

2. Temporary and perishes quickly

3. Wires are exposed to mechanical injury

4. Oil and smoke are injurious to V.I.R insulation

5. Not suitable for domestic premises.

 Cleat

Field of application

1.The wiring of this type is suitable for

temporary installations in dry
places.
2.This is also accepted where appearance
is not so important and low cost is the
main consideration
 Wooden Casing and Capping

• This is one of the cheapest type of wiring and is

commonly used for house wiring.
• The cable used in this type of wiring is either V.I.R or
P.V.C or any approved insulated cables.
• Casing consist of V-shaped grooves and is covered
by rectangular strip of teak wood known as capping.
• This type of wiring adopted up to 250 V in dry places and
in places where no risk of fire.

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Wooden Casing and Capping

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Wooden Casing and Capping

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Wooden casing and capping wiring
Advantages
1. Better appearance than cleat wiring
2. Cheaper in cost
3. Easy to install and rewire
4. Easy to inspect by opening the capping

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 Wooden Casing and Capping
Wiring
Disadvantages
1. Not suitable in damp places
2. Risk of fire
3.This type of wiring can only be used on
surface and can not be concealed in
plaster.
4.Since it requires better workmanship
, labour cost is more
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 Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring

Field of application

This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage

domestic installations in dry places and where
there is no risk of fire hazards

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 C.T.S or T.R.S Wiring
• This type of wiring is also used for house wiring
and is quite economical.
• Cab tyre sheathed (C.T.S) wire or tough rubber
sheathed (T.R.S) wire is normally used as
conductor for this wiring.
 C.T.S or T.R.S
• The wires are run on the teak wooden battens which are
fixed on the wall or the ceiling by means of screws and
wooden plugs.
C.T.S OR T.R.S cables used are not much affected by
chemicals , water, and steam.

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 C.T.S or T.R.S
Advantages:

1. It is easy to install and repair

2. It gives better appearance
3. Its life is long
4. It is fire proof up to a certain limit
5. It is cheaper than other types of wiring except
cleat wiring
6. Conductors have strong insulations
7. Chemicals do not affect the conductor insulation
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 C.T.S or T.R.S
Disadvantages
1.The conductors are open and liable to
mechanical injury thus this type of
wiring cannot be used in workshops etc.
2.Its use in places open to sun and rain is
restricted
3.Good workmanship is suitable where
acids and alkalis are present.

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 Metal Sheathed
• This type of wiring is adopted for low voltage installation.
• This system is similar to C.T.S wiring except that
the cable used is different in this wiring system.
• In this type of system conductors are insulated with V.I.R
and then covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminium
alloy containing 95% lead and 5% aluminium.

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 Metal Sheathed
• The metal sheath is provided over the insulated
conductor in order to protect system from
mechanical injury , dampness, and atmospheric
action.
• Same as C.T.S wiring system cables are run on
wooden batten and are fixed with the help of tinned link
clips.
Metal Sheathed 33
Metal Sheathed

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 Metal sheathed wiring
Advantages
1. Conductors are protected against mechanical
injury
2. It is suitable under damp situations
3.It gives better appearance
4. It has longer life
5. Conductors are protected against chemicals
6. It can be installed in open space

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 Metal sheathed wiring
Disadvantages
1.Cables are costlier than C.T.S or t.R.S
wires
2. In case of leakage ,there is risk of shock
3.Skilled labour and proper supervision is
required
4.It is not suitable for places where
chemical corrosion may occur
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 Metal Sheathed Wiring
Field of application
• This wiring system is suitable for low voltage (up
to 250V) installations.
• It may be used in places exposed to sun and
rain provided no joint is exposed.
• It may be used in damp placed with a suitable
protective covering.
• This type of wiring is very common in use except
for some small installations and distribution
boards etc.
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Conduit

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 Conduit

• Conduit wiring system is best for domestic and

commercial installations.
• It provide proper protection to the installation
against fire hazards, mechanical damage and
dampness.
• The cable used in this system is either V.I.R or
P.V.C insulated and is run in mild steel or P.V.C
pipes called conduits.
• Conduits carrying the insulated wires can be
installed on the surface of the walls or concealed in
the walls and the ceiling.

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 Conduit
• Modern practice is to conceal the conduit in the
plaster of the wall , so that the appearance of the
building remains unaffected.

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Conduit

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 Conduit
Advantages

1. Conduit provides protection against mechanical

injury and fire & is shock proof
2. Conduit provides protection against chemicals
3. The whole system is water proof
4. Conductors are safely secured from moisture
5. It has a longer life

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 Conduit
Disadvantages
1. It is costly system of wiring
2. It requires more time
3. It requires highly skilled labour
4.Internal condensation of moisture may
cause damage to the insulation unless
the system outlets are drained and
ventilated

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 Conduit
Field of application

1. Places where considerable dust is present such as

textile mills, saw mills, flour mills etc.
2. Damp situations
3. In workshops for lighting and motor wiring
4. Places where there is possibility of fire hazards such
as in oil mills, varnish factories, etc.
5.Placed where important documents are kept such
as record room
6.Residential and public buildings where the
appearance is of prime importance

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 LEAD CASING WIRE

• In this system of wiring, the wiring procedure is same except the wire
used in VIR covered with an outer sheath made of lead-aluminum
alloy It is used in houses and industrial wiring. It has good
mechanical protection and possibility of fire is less.