STS Three Conditions that must be present in Moral

Dilemmas:
Science - the word came from the Latin "scientia," 1. The person or agent of moral action is obliged to
meaning "knowledge." It refers to the systematic and make a decision about which course of action is best.
methodical activity of building and organizing 2. There must be different courses of action to choose
knowledge about how the universe behaves through from.
observation, experimentation, or both. 3. No matter what course of action is taken, some moral
principles are always compromised.
John Heilbron (2003)
- modern science is a discovery of regularity in Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas:
nature, enough for natural phenomena to be  Helix- a digital app store designed to read
described by principles and laws genomes.
 BlessU-2 Popper- first robot priest and monk
Technology- it is the application of scientific knowledge,  Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition- a software
laws, and principles to produce services, materials, being developed to assess your reactions to
tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world anything such as shopping and playing games.
problems. it came from the Greek word techne,  Ransomware- a way of holding data hostage
meaning 'art, skill, or cunning of hand. through the backing and requiring a ransom to
be paid.
Society- is composed of a group of people living  Textalyzer- a device that analyzes whether a
together in a more or less ordered community. driver was using his or her phone during an
accident.
Wolpert (2005)  Social Credit System- a system of scoring
 scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical citizens through their actions by placing them
value. under constant surveillance.
 science is not the same as technology  Google Clips- a hands-free camera that lets the
 technological applications of science are user capture every moment effortlessly.
influenced by other sectors such as politics and  Sentencing Software- a mysterious algorithm
governance, religion, and business. designed to and courts in sentencing decisions.
 Friendbot- an app that stores the deceased's
New academic discipline: digital footprint so one can still chat with them.
 Science  Citizen App- an app that notifies users of
 Technology ongoing crimes or major events in a specific
 Society area.

STS independent and older disciplines: Social Implication - social implications of an event or
 history of science action are the results, on society or part of society, of
 philosophy of science the event or the action. The idea of social implications
 sociology of science can also be extended to a law or a policy, that is, a
planned set of repeated actions.
Dilemma  Personalized genetic tests/personalized
- It is a situation where a person is forced to medicine: Within the last 10 years, the creation
choose between two or more conflicting of fast, low-cost genetic sequencing has given
options neither of which is acceptable. the public direct access to genome sequencing
and analysis, with little or no guidance from
Ethical/Moral Dilemmas  physicians or genetic counselors on how to
- are situations where persons, who are called process the information.
"moral agents" in ethics, are forced to choose  Hacking into medical devices: Implanted
between two or more conflicting options, medical devices, such as pacemakers, are
neither of which resolves the situation in a susceptible to hackers.
morally acceptable manner.  Driverless Zipcars: In three states -- Nevada,
Florida, and California it is now legal for Google
to operate its driverless cars. Google's goal is to
 create a fully automated vehicle that is safer The historical antecedents in science and technology are
and more effective than a human-operated factors that paved the way for the presence of
vehicle, and the company plans to marry this advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological
idea with the concept of the Zipcar. innovations today.
 3-D printing: Scientists are attempting to use 3-
D printing to create everything from Some Inventions During Ancient Times:
architectural models to human organs  Ancient Wheel- ancient wheel grew out of a
 Adaptation to climate change: The differential mechanical device called the potter's wheel- a
susceptibility of people around the world to heavy flat disk made up of hardened clay that
climate change warrants an ethical discussion. was spun horizontally on an axis. The invention
 Low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceuticals: of the wheel is often credited to the Sumerians
Until recently, detecting low-quality and  Paper- Roughly around 3000 B.C., the ancient
counterfeit pharmaceuticals required access to Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material
complex testing equipment, often unavailable in similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the
developing countries where these problems pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus.
abound.  Shadoof- was an early tool invented and used
 Autonomous systems: Machines (both for by Egyptians to irrigate the land. It is a hand-
peaceful purposes and for warfighting) are operated device used for lifting water.
increasingly evolving from human-controlled to  Antikythera Mechanism- the Greeks had
automated, to autonomous, with the ability to already invented the ancient world's analog
act on their own without human input computer orrery. Discovered in 1902 and
 Human-animal hybrids (chimeras): So far retrieved from the waters of Antikythera,
scientists have kept human-animal hybrids on Greece. Antikythera mechanism is similar to a
the cellular level. mantel clock and it is known as the antecedent
 Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum: of modern clockwork.
Mobile wireless connectivity is having a  Aeolipile- Also known as the Hero's engine, the
profound effect on society in both developed aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient
and developing countries. These technologies precursor of the steam engine.
are completely transforming how we
communicate, conduct business, learn, form
Some Inventions During the Medieval Times:
relationships, navigate, and entertain ourselves.
 Heavy Plow-  This is one of the most important
 Data collection and privacy: How often do we
technological innovations during the middle
consider the massive amounts of data we give
ages. The heavy plow turned European
to commercial entities when we use social
agriculture and economy on its head.  Clay soil,
media, store discount cards, or order goods via
despite its being more fertile than the lighter
the Internet?
types of soil, was not cultivated because of its
 Human enhancements: Pharmaceutical,
heavyweight. However, through the invention
surgical, mechanical, and neurological
of the plow, it became possible to harness clay
enhancements are already available for
soil. Professor Thomas Bernebeck "The  heavy
therapeutic purposes.
plow turned the European agriculture and
economy on its head.”
 Gunpowder- Around 850 A.D., Chinese
MODULE 2
civilization's alchemists accidentally invented
black powder or gunpowder. Exilir of life, which
One of the key interests of STS as an academic field is
is why the Chinese called it huoyao or
the history of science and technology. It explores the
translated as "fire potion."
impacts of scientific and technological innovations on
 Paper Money- Although it was not until the
the prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic
contexts throughout history. 17th century that banknotes began to be used
in Europe, the first known versions of paper
Antecedent - defined as a precursor to the unfolding or money could be traced back to the Chinese in
the 17th century. Before the introduction of
existence of something.
 paper money, precious metals, such as gold and  Gregoria Zara- He invented the
silver were used as currency. first videophone. A native of Lipa, Batangas.
 Mechanical Clock- development of mechanical The two-way televisions or videophones 1955
clocks paved the way for accurately keeping were patented as a "photophone signal
track the time. separator network."
 Spinning Wheel- A machine used for  Agapito Flores- He invented the fluorescent
transforming fiber into thread or yarn and lamp, which is the most widely used source of
eventually woven into cloth on a loom. lighting in the world today. it was the product of
 Printing Press- Johann Guttenberg was able to 79 years of the development of the lighting
invent the printing press, a more reliable way of method that began with the invention of the
printing using a cast type. electric bulb by Thomas Edison.
 Daniel Dingel- He invented the water-powered
Some Inventions During the Modern Age: car. His hydrogen reactor uses electricity from a
 Compound Microscope- A Dutch spectacle 12-volt car battery to transform ordinary tap
maker named Zacharias Jansen is credited for water with salt into deuterium oxide or heavy
the invention of the first compound microscope water.
in 1590. It was capable of magnifying objects  Eduardo San Juan- He invented Lunar Rover.
three times their size when fully closed and up Eduardo San Juan's invention is known as the
to ten times when extended to the maximum. Moon Buggy. The Moon Buggy was the car used
 Telescope- invented by Galileo Galilei. This by Neil Armstrong and other astronauts when
invention could magnify objects 20 times larger they first explored the moon in 1969. He
than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was worked for Lockheed Corporation and
Galileo who first used the telescope skyward conceptualized the design of the Moon
and made important astronomical discoveries, Buggy that the Apollo astronauts used while on
and identified the presence of craters and the moon.
mountains in the moon.  Diosdado Banatao- He invented the GUI
 Jacquard Loom- considered as one of the most (Graphical User Interface). Banatao is known for
critical drivers of the revolution. Built by French introducing the first single-chip graphical user
weaver Joseph Maxie Jacquard, the Jacquard interface accelerator that made computers
loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to work a lot faster and for helping develop
the invention of the Jacquard loom, a drawloom the  Ethernet controller chip that made the
was used which required two individuals to internet possible..
operate- the weaver and a "drawboy"- if figured  Angel Alcala- He invented the artificial coral
on textiles were needed. The Jacquard loom is reefs.  This was used for fisheries in Southeast
also an important antecedent of modern Asia.
computer technology.  Roberto del Rosario- He invented karaoke in
 Engine- Powered Airplane- Orville Wright and 1975. Roberto del Rosario developed a sing-
Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and along system in 1975 and was patented in the
successfully operating the first engine-powered 1980s called his sing-along system "Minus-
aircraft. The Wright brothers approached the One," now holds the patent for the device now
design of powered aircraft and flight commonly known as the" karaoke machine."
scientifically. Air crafts could fly without airfoil-  Juan Salcedo Jr. -He developed the "Enriched
shaped wings. Their pioneering success marked Rice," a variety of rice fortified with vitamins B1,
an age of powered flights. which helps prevent beriberi.  His discovery
 Television- The Scottish engineer John Logie helped in the  prevention and reduction of
Baird is largely credited for the invention of beriberi in the Philippines and in other
modern television. Baird successfully televised countries.
objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human
faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926, and Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity. As
projected colored images in 1928. with all inventions, necessity has always been the
mother of Philippine inventions. Most of the inventions
appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the
Filipino inventions: archipelagic nation
 Copernican revolution - refers to the 16th century
Other Inventions by Filipino Scientists: paradigm shift
1. Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)- The jeepney is  Heliocentric Model of the Universe
perhaps one of the most recognizable national  Commentariolus: 40 paged outline
symbols of the Philipines and the most popular  The Revolution of Celestial Spheres in 1543
mode of transportation in the country. It is also
perhaps one of the most enduring symbols of Repositioned the earth from the center of the Solar
Filipino ingenuity. System
2. Erythromycin- One of the most important Introduced the idea that the earth rotates on its own
medical inventions is Erythromycin. The Ilonggo axis
scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented the
antibiotic out of the strain of bacterium called Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish mathematician and
Streptomyces erythreus, from which this drug astronomer)
derived its name. - Sun is the centerpiece of the universe.
3. Medical Incubator- World-renowned Filipino - 2 two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the
pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of
Mundo, is called for the invention of the the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the
incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the
Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the Sun.
admitted to the prestigious Harvard University - His model met resistance from the church and was
School of Medicine. accused as heretic and faced persecution from the
4. Mole Remover- In 2000, a local invention that church
had the ability to easily remove moles and - His model was accepted by the other scientist
warts on the skin without the need for any especially Galileo Galilei
surgical procedure shot to fame. Rolando Dela
Cruz is credited for the invention. Charles Darwin (English naturalist, geologist, and
5. Banana Ketchup- Filipino food biologist)
technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the  Mid- 19th century
invention of banana ketchup, a variety of  Famous for his theory of evolution
ketchup different from the commonly known  Book: The Origin of Species in 1859.
tomato.  Natural Selection- evolutionary process by
which organisms like humans inherit, develop
MODULE 3 and adapt traits that favored survival and
reproduction
Intellectual revolution - a series of events that led to
the emergence of modern science and the progress of
scientific thinking across critical periods in history.

 It is the period of enlightenment when the

developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.
 The ideas generated during this period enabled
the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine  The Descent of Man: all organic life, including
their beliefs and their way of life human beings, under the realm of evolutionary
 It led to the creation of new research fields in thinking.
science and prompted the establishment of a
strong foundation of modern science Sigmund Freud
 School of thought “Psychoanalysis” It is a
Three of the most important intellectual revolutions: scientific method of understanding inner and
Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
personality, springing from free associations,
dreams and fantasies of an individual
  Human beings are pleasure-seeking individuals  Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern
means of construction
Conscious and Unconscious  Walls, roads, bridges, and other large
Ex. Dreams, fantasies, urges, memories, feelings, infrastructures were built
thoughts are contained on the unconscious mind.  Spanish government developed health and
Concept on ID, Ego and Super ego were criticized by education systems (Principalia class)
many scholars.  American established gov’t agency (Bureau of
Ex. Oedipus and Electra complexes lack empirical data Science)

Conscious – the small amount of mental activity we Post-Colonial Period

know about (thoughts, perceptions)
Subconscious – things we could be aware of if we Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
wanted or tried it (memories, stored knowledge)  Department of Education and Culture (DECS)
Unconscious – things we are not aware of and cannot  National Academy of Science and Technology
be aware of (NAST)
- ID – part of unconscious mind and compromise  Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
two instincts: Eros and Thanatos Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
 Philippines Coconut Research Institute
Psychoanalysis is ideological not scientific one. (PHILCORIN),
 Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI),
Psychodynamic therapies treated many psychological  Philippines Atomic Energy Commission
disorders were influenced by Freud work. (PAEC)/Philippine Nuclear Institute (PNI),
 National Grain Authority(PGA) /National Food
Psychoanalytic concepts of psychosexual development: Authority (NFA),
libido and ego  Philippine Council for Agricultural Research
(PCAR) /Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Three mental structures of the mind: id, ego, and Aquatic, and Natural Resources and
superego Development) (PCAANRD)
 Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC),
Stages of psychosexual development:  Plant Breeding Institute (PBI),
1. Oral stage - satisfaction from the mouth  International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
2. Anal stage - toilet training  Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI),
3. Phallic stage - complexes
 Bureau of Forest Products (BFP), and
- Electra complex - girl is attracted to the father)
 National Committee on Geological Sciences
- Oedipal complex - the young boy is attracted to
(NCGS)
the mother
4. Latency stage - education or learning
Pres. Corazon Aquino
5. Genital stage - sex organs as the source of
 National Science and Technology Authority
satisfaction
(NSTA) was renamed to Department of Science
and Technology (DOST)
MODULE 4
DOST aimed to update the production sector,
Pre-Colonial Period
improve research activities and develop
 Scientific and technological development
infrastructures.
 Filipino settlers were already using certain
plants and herbs as medicines
Pres. Fidel Ramos
 Systems of farming and animal raising were also
implemented  Competent scientists and engineers increased
 Developed different modes of transportation, to approx. 3,000.
whether terrestrial or maritime.  Doctors to barrio program
 Rice Terraces were built  National program for gifted Filipino children in
science and technology.
Colonial Period
  RA 8439 -Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers,
Researchers, and other personnel in DOST Projects:
government.  Providing funds for basic research and patents
 RA 7687 - Science and Technology Scholarship related to science and technology
Act of 1994  Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
 RA7459 - Inventors and Inventions Incentives graduate studies of students in the field of
Act science and technology
 RA 8293 - The Intellectual Property Code of the  Establishing more branches of the Philippine
Philippines. Science High School System
 Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
Pres. Joseph Estrada scientists abroad to come home and work in the
 RA 8749 - The Philippine Clean Air Act of Philippines
1999  Developing science and technology parks on
 RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 academic campuses to encourage academe and
 He implemented cost-effective irrigation industry partnerships
technologies and provided basic health care  The establishment of the National Science
services. Complex and National Engineering Complex
within the University of the Philippines campus
Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo in Diliman.
 Filipinovation - the Philippines as an innovation
hub in Asia The Philippine-American Academy of Science and
 RA 9367 - Biofuel Act Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-
 RA 10601 - Agriculture and Fisheries building programs such as:
Mechanization (AFMECH)  Establishment of national centers of excellence;
 Manpower and institutional development
Pres. Benigno Aquino III programs, such as the Engineering and Science
 Philippine Space Technology Program launched Education Program (ESEP) to produce more
Diwata-1 in 2016 Ph.D. graduates in science and engineering
 Establishment of regional centers to support
New scientists were acknowledged: specific industries;
 Gavino C. Trono  Establishment of science and technology
 Angel C. Alcala business centers to assist, advise, and incubate
 Ramon C. Barba technopreneurship ventures; and
 Edgardo D. Gomez  Strengthen science education at an early stage
through the Philippine Science High School
Pres. Rodrigo Duterte system.
 Budget research and development (R&D)
increased six times over the same period. Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes
 Give importance to agriculture and disaster (PCARI) - new approach to enhance the skills and
preparedness. expertise of faculty and staff of Philippine universities
 Philippine Space Technology Program launched and colleges
Diwata-2 in 2018
 Build, Build, Build Project Virtual Institutes:
 The Institute for Information Infrastructure
The National Research Council of the Philippines Development
(NCRP) clustered these policies into four, namely:  The Institute for Health Innovation and
Translational Medicine
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies and Governance The Concept of Science Education:
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,  Teaching science involves exploring pedagogical
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics theories and models in helping teachers teach
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences scientific concepts and processes effectively.
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
  Learning science includes both pedagogy and - It is well-supported by the local government
the most interesting aspect, which is helping unit and by the Parents and Teachers
students understand and love science. Association (PTA).
 Understanding science implies developing and
applying science-process skills and using science  Manila Science High School
literacy in understanding the natural world and - It is the first science high school in the
activities in everyday life. Philippines.

 Central Visayan Institute Foundation

Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education: -It is the home and pioneer of the prominent
 In basic education, science education helps school-based innovation known as the Dynamic
students learn important concepts and facts Learning Program (DLP).
that are related to everyday life including
important skills such as process skills, critical DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical
thinking skills, and life skills. theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning,
 In tertiary education, science education deals creativity, and productivity.
with developing students’ understanding and
appreciation of science ideas and scientific The school takes pride in its Research Center for
works. It also focuses on the preparation of Theoretical Physics (RCTP).
science teachers, scientists, engineers, and
other professionals in various science-related
fields.

Science Schools in the Philippines:

 Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

-A government program for gifted students in
the Philippines
- A service institute of the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST)
- Offers free scholarship basis for the secondary
courses with special emphasis on subjects
pertaining to the sciences.

 Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)

Project
- This project started in June 2007 with 57 (or
60 since its inception) identified elementary
schools that participated or were identified as
science elementary schools in the country.
- The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino
children equipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values.

 Quezon City Regional Science High School

- The school envisions to serve as a venue for
providing maximum opportunities for science-
gifted students to develop a spirit of inquiry and
creativity.
- The focus of its curriculum is on science and
technology.