COURSE MATERAIL

ON
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B.TECH. IT – III YEAR. II SEM.

(JNTUH R-18)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MALLA REDDY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEING & TECHNOLOGY

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 UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION OF IOT
IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet. By 2020 there will
be a total of 50 billion devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just connecting
things to the internet but also allow things to communicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities,
physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user‘s context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols ans can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier
(IPaddress).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange
data with other devices and systems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & LifeStyle

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Physical Design Of IoT
1) Things inIoT:

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The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected
devices applications. It collects data from other devices and process data either locally or
remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired
and wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/videointerfaces.
2) IoTProtocols:
a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the
same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer
determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
which the host isattached.

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Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer.
Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses
fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz
band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz
band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destinationaddress.

Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128
addresses.

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  6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operatesin
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP
Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in
order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestioncollapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive
applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless
protocol. Does not provide guaranteeddelivery.
D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to
send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication usingports.
Protocols:
 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request-
response model Statelessprotocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications
with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client-
server architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socketconnection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based
on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and
streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device
or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for
business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level
specifies of implementation.
1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT Comm. APIs

1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication andmanagement.

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  Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and controlfunctions.
 Communication: handles the communicationfor IoTsystem.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
services for devicediscovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoTsystem.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,authorization,
message and context integrity and datasecurity.
 Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of IoTsystem.

2) IoT CommunicationModels:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscibe 3)Push-Pull 4) ExclusivePair

1) Request-ResponseModel:

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 In which the client sends request to the server and the server replies to requests. Is a
stateless communication model and each request-response pair is independent of others.

2) Publish-SubscibeModel:

Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data
to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives
data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribedconsumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull
data from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers andconsumers.

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 4) Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it remains
open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful communication
model and server is aware of all the open connections.

3) IoT CommunicationAPIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response BasedModel)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBasedModel)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that focus on a
system‘s resources and have resource states are addressed andtransferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between client server with
REST APIs.

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Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.
Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand
the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly
or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a client
cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalentrequests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a
server must be uniform.
Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

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RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web
API has a base URI(e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs
using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A
RESTful web service can support various internet media types.
b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full
duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair communicationmodel.

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, Big Data Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet and semantic search engines.

1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which

are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one of the most
popular wireless technologies used byWSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
 Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other
data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality and
concentration of various gases.
 Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at variouslocations.
 Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motiondata
detection).
 Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at variouspoints.

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  Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed
at various points in thestructure.

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in differentforms.

 Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the ability to provision computing
and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as a virtual
machine instances and virtualstorage.
 Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy
application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud serviceprovider.
 Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software application or
the user interface to the applicationitself.

3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoTare

 Sensor data generated by IoTsystems.
 Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.
 Health and fitness data generated IoTdevices.
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and trackingvehicles.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoringsystems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling toapplications.
 Allow devices to exchange data overnetwork.
 Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device and
routing of packets from source todestination.
 It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lostpackets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and software
embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized
devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals,
vending machines, appliancesetc.,

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

1) IoT Level1: System has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and host the application as shown in fig. Suitable for modeling low
cost and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and analysis
requirement are not computationally intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home
automation.

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 2) IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuating and local analysis
as shown in fig. Data is stored in cloud and application is usually cloud based. Level2 IoT
systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself. An
e,g., of Level2 IoT system for SmartIrrigation.

3) IoT Level3: system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud
application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where the data involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
An example of IoT level3 system for tracking packagehandling.

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 4) IoT Level4: System has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud and application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level4 contains local and cloud
based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the
cloud from IoT devices. An example of a Level4 IoT system for NoiseMonitoring.

5) IoT Level5: System has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node as shown in fig.
The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from
theendnodesandsendstothecloud.Dataisstoredandanalyzedinthecloudand

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 application is cloud based. Level5 IoT systems are suitable for solution based on wireless
sensor network, in which data involved is big and analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. An example of Level5 system for Forest Fire Detection.

6) IoT Level6: System has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or
actuation and sensed data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig. The analytics component analyses the data and stores the result in
the cloud data base. The results are visualized with cloud based application. The
centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to nodes. An example of a Level6 IoT system for Weather Monitoring
System.

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DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
conditions and switching on/off or diming the light whenneeded.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status information
to the usersremotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors)
to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to
theuser.
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to
detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors
can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the
presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPGetc.,

2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots
and send information over internet to smart application backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in savingenergy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition,
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition
andaccidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud
based scalable storagesolution.

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 f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage
detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructures.

3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends. The data collected in
cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud basedapplications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
controlapproaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in
cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based
noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are
deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is
collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate
noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property
and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizingdamage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the
water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a no. of
sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow ratesensors.

4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids
that collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information
and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health
of equipment and integrity of the grid can beevaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at
the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is
fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to
regulate the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs
and provides powersupport.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the
substations. The information received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for
estimating the state of the system and for predictingfailures.

5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using
data collected by RFIDreaders.

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 b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies
such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its
operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictivemaintenance.

6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large
transportationnetwork.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as
temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be
analyzed to detect foodspoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data
on Vehicle operaions(speed, RPMetc.,) and status of various vehicle subsystems.

7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine moisture amount insoil.
b) Green House Control: to improveproductivity.

8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis andprognosis
b) Indoor Air QualityMonitoring

9) Health and LifeStyle:

a) Health & FitnessMonitoring
b) WearableElectronics

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 UNIT-II
IoT and M2M
M2M:
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines(or devices) for the purpose
of remote monitoring and control and dataexchange.
 Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-Machine (M2M).
 IoT and M2M are often usedinterchangeably.
Fig. Shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of M2M area networks,
communication networks and application fomain.

 An M2M area network comprises of machines( or M2M nodes) whiach have embedded
network modules for sensing, actuation and communicating various communiction
protocols can be used for M2M LAN such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus
etc., These protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M area
network.
 The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area networks. The
communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area network. The
communication networkcan use either wired or wireless network(IP based). While the
M2M are networks use either properietorary or non-IP baed communication protocols,
the communication network uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based protocols are
used within M2M area network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an externalnetwork.
 To enable the communication between remote M2M are network, M2M gateways are
used.

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Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway. The communication between M2M nodes and
the M2M gateway is based on the communication protocols which are naive to the M2M are
network. M2M gateway performs protocol translations to enable Ip-connectivity for M2M are
networks. M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols to/from
Internet Protocol(IP). With an M2M gateway, each mode in an M2M area network appears as a
virtualized node for external M2M area networks.

Differences between IoT and M2M

1) Communication Protocols:
□ Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee, Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus,
WirelessM-Bustec.,
□ In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT,XMPP,DDS,AMQPetc.,
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things inIoT:
□ Machines in M2M will be homogenous whereas Things in IoT will be
heterogeneous.
3) Hardware Vs SoftwareEmphasis:
□ the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis
of IoT is more onsoftware.
4) Data Collection &Analysis
□ M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises storage
infrastructure.
□ The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private or
hybrid cloud).

5) Applications

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 □ M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on-premises
applications such as diagnosis applications, service management applications, and
on- premisis enterpriseapplications.
□ IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud applications such
as analytics applications, enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and
management applications,etc.

SDN and NVF for IoT

Software Defined Networking(SDN):
• Software-DefinedNetworking (SDN) isanetworking architecture that separates the
control plane from the data plane and centralizes the networkcontroller.
• Software-based SDN controllers maintain a unified view of thenetwork
• Theunderlying infrastructure in SDN uses simple packet forwarding hardware as
opposed to specialized hardware in conventionalnetworks.

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SDN Architecture
Key elements of SDN:

1) Centralized NetworkController

With decoupled control and data planes and centralized network controller, the
network administrators can rapidly configure the network.

2) Programmable OpenAPIs

SDN architecture supports programmable open APIs for interface between the
SDN application and control layers (Northbound interface).

3) Standard Communication Interface(OpenFlow)

SDN architecture uses a standard communication interface between the control

and infrastructure layers (Southbound interface). OpenFlow, which is defined by
the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is the broadly accepted SDN protocol
for the Southboundinterface.

Network Function Virtualization(NFV)

• Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a technology that leverages virtualization to

consolidate the heterogeneous network devices onto industry standard high volume
servers, switches andstorage.
• NFV is complementary to SDN as NFV can provide the infrastructure on which SDN
canrun.

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 NFV Architecture
Key elements of NFV:
1) Virtualized Network Function(VNF):

VNF is a software implementation of a network function which is capable of

running over the NFV Infrastructure (NFVI).

2) NFV Infrastructure(NFVI):

NFVI includes compute, network and storage resources that are virtualized.

3) NFV Management andOrchestration:

NFV Management and Orchestration focuses on all virtualization-specific

management tasks and covers the orchestration and life-cycle management of
physical and/or software resources that support the infrastructure virtualization,
and the life-cycle management of VNFs.

Need for IoT Systems Management

Managing multiple devices within a single system requires advanced management capabilities.

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 1) Automating Configuration : IoT system management capabilities can helpin
automating the systemconfiguration.
2) Monitoring Operational & Statistical Data : Management systems can help in
monitoring opeartional and statistical data of a system. This data can be used for fault
diagnosis orprognosis.
3) Improved Reliability: A management system that allows validating the system
configurations before they are put into effect can help in improving the systemreliability.
4) System Wide Configurations : For IoT systems that consists of multiple devices or
nodes, ensuring system wide configuration can be critical for the correct functioning of
thesystem.
5) Multiple System Configurations : For some systems it may be desirable to have
multiple valid configurations which are applied at different times or in certainconditions.
6) Retrieving & Reusing Configurations : Management systems which have the capability
of retrieving configurations from devices can help in reusing the configurations for other
devices of the sametype.

IoT Systems Management with NETCONF-YANG

YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manupulated
by the NETCONF protocol.
The generic approach of IoT device management weith NETCONF-YANG. Roles of
various componentsare:
1) ManagementSystem
2) ManagementAPI
3) TransactionManager
4) RollbackManager
5) Data ModelManager
6) ConfigurationValidator
7) ConfigurationDatabase
8) ConfigurationAPI
9) Data ProviderAPI

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 1) Management System : The operator uses a management system to send NETCONF
messages to configure the IoT device and receives state information and notifications
from the device as NETCONFmessages.
2) Management API : allows management application to start NETCONFsessions.
3) Transaction Manager: executes all the NETCONF transactions and ensures that ACID
properties hold true for thetrasactions.
4) Rollback Manager : is responsible for generating all the transactions necessary to
rollback a current configuration to its original state.
5) Data Model Manager : Keeps track of all the YANG data models and the corresponding
managed objects. Also keeps track of the applications which provide data for each part of
a datam,odel.
6) Configuration Validator : checks if the resulting configuration after applying a
transaction would be a validconfiguration.
7) Configuration Database : contains both configuration and operastionaldata.

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 8) Configuration API : Using the configuration API the application on the IoT device can
be read configuration data from the configuration datastore and write opeartional data to
the opearationaldatastore.
9) Data Provider API: Applications on the IoT device can register for callbacks for various
events using the Data Provider API. Through the Data Provider API, the applications can
report statistics and opeartionaldata.

Steps for IoT device Management with NETCONF-YANG

1) Create a YANG model of the system that defines the configuration and state data of the
system.
2) Complete the YANG model with the ‗Inctool‘ which comes withLibnetconf.
3) Fill in the IoT device mangement code in the TransAPImodule.
4) Build the callbacks C file to generate the libraryfile.
5) Load the YANG module and the TransAPImodule into the Netopeer server using
Netopeer managertool.
6) The operator can now connect from the management system to the Netopeer server using
the NetopeerCLI.
7) Operator can issue NETCONF commands from the Netopeer CLI. Command can be
issued to changew the configuration dsta, get operational dat or execute an RPC on the
IoTdevice.

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Unit – III

• Introduction to Python
• Installing Python
• Python Data Types & Data Structures
• Control Flow
• Functions
• Modules
• Packages
• File Input/Output
• Date/Time Operations
• Classes
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 Python

• Python is a general-purpose high level programming language and suitable for providing a solid
foundation to the reader in the area of cloud computing.

• The main characteristics of Python are:

• Multi-paradigm programming language
• Python supports more than one programming paradigms including object-oriented programming and structured
programming
• Interpreted Language
• Python is an interpreted language and does not require an explicit compilation step. The Python interpreter
executes the program source code directly, statement by statement, as a processor or scripting engine does.
• Interactive Language
• Python provides an interactive mode in which the user can submit commands at the Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly.

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 Python - Benefits
• Easy-to-learn, read and maintain
• Python is a minimalistic language with relatively few keywords, uses English keywords and has fewer syntactical constructions
as compared to other languages. Reading Python programs feels like English with pseudo-code like constructs. Python is easy
to learn yet an extremely powerful language for a wide range of applications.
• Object and Procedure Oriented
• Python supports both procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Procedure oriented paradigm
allows programs to be written around procedures or functions that allow reuse of code. Procedure oriented paradigm allows
programs to be written around objects that include both data and functionality.
• Extendable
• Python is an extendable language and allows integration of low-level modules written in languages such as C/C++. This is
useful when you want to speed up a critical portion of a program.
• Scalable
• Due to the minimalistic nature of Python, it provides a manageable structure for large programs.
• Portable
• Since Python is an interpreted language, programmers do not have to worry about compilation, linking and loading of
programs. Python programs can be directly executed from source
• Broad Library Support

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 • Python has a broad library support and works on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, Mac, etc.

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 Python - Setup

• Windows
• Python binaries for Windows can be downloaded from http://www.python.org/getit .
• For the examples and exercise in this book, you would require Python 2.7 which can be directly downloaded from:
http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.5/python-2.7.5.msi
• Once the python binary is installed you can run the python shell at the command prompt using
> python

• Linux
#Install Dependencies
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev

#Download Python
wget http://python.org/ftp/python/2.7.5/Python-2.7.5.tgz
tar -xvf Python-2.7.5.tgz
cd Python-2.7.5

#Install Python
./configure
make
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sudo make install
 Numbers
• Numbers
• Number data type is used to store numeric values. Numbers are immutable data types, therefore changing the value of a number data
type results in a newly allocated object.
#Integer #Addition #Division
>>>a=5 >>>c=a+b >>>f=b/a
>>>type(a) >>>c >>>f
<type ’int’> 7.5 0.5
>>>type(c) >>>type(f)
#Floating Point <type ’float’> <type float’>
>>>b=2.5
>>>type(b) #Subtraction #Power
<type ’float’> >>>d=a-b >>>g=a**2
>>>d >>>g
#Long 2.5 25
>>>x=9898878787676L >>>type(d)
>>>type(x) <type ’float’>
<type ’long’>
#Multiplication
#Complex >>>e=a*b
>>>y=2+5j >>>e
>>>y 12.5
(2+5j) >>>type(e)
>>>type(y) <type ’float’>
<type ’complex’>
>>>y.real

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 2
>>>y.imag
5

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 Strings

• Strings
• A string is simply a list of characters in order. There are no limits to the number of characters you can have in a string.

#Create string #Print string #strip: Returns a copy of the string with the
>>>s="Hello World!" >>>print s #leading and trailing characters removed.
>>>type(s) Hello World!
<type ’str’> >>>s.strip("!")
#Formatting output ’Hello World’
#String concatenation >>>print "The string (The string (Hello World!)
>>>t="This is sample program." has 12 characters
>>>r = s+t
>>>r #Convert to upper/lower case
’Hello World!This is sample program.’ >>>s.upper()
’HELLO WORLD!’
#Get length of string >>>s.lower()
>>>len(s) ’hello world!’
12
#Accessing sub-strings
#Convert string to integer >>>s[0]
>>>x="100" ’H’
>>>type(s) >>>s[6:]
<type ’str’> ’World!’
>>>y=int(x) >>>s[6:-1]
>>>y ’World’
100

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 Lists
• Lists
• List a compound data type used to group together other values. List items need not all have the same type. A list contains items
separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets.
#Mixed data types in a list
#Create List #Removing an item from a list >>>mixed=[’data’,5,100.1,8287398L]
>>>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’] >>>fruits.remove(’mango’) >>>type(mixed)
>>>type(fruits) >>>fruits <type ’list’>
<type ’list’> [’apple’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’] >>>type(mixed[0])
<type ’str’>
#Get Length of List #Inserting an item to a list >>>type(mixed[1])
>>>len(fruits) >>>fruits.insert(1,’mango’) <type ’int’>
4 >>>fruits >>>type(mixed[2])
[’apple’, ’mango’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’] <type ’float’>
#Access List Elements >>>type(mixed[3])
>>>fruits[1] #Combining lists <type ’long’>
’orange’ >>>vegetables=[’potato’,’carrot’,’onion’,’beans’,’r
>>>fruits[1:3] adish’] #Change individual elements of a list
[’orange’, ’banana’] >>>vegetables >>>mixed[0]=mixed[0]+" items"
>>>fruits[1:] [’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’] >>>mixed[1]=mixed[1]+1
[’orange’, ’banana’, ’mango’] >>>mixed[2]=mixed[2]+0.05
>>>eatables=fruits+vegetables >>>mixed
#Appending an item to a list >>>eatables [’data items’, 6, 100.14999999999999, 8287398L]
>>>fruits.append(’pear’) [’appl
>>>fruits e’, #Lists can be nested
[’apple’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’mango’, ’pear’] ’mang >>>nested=[fruits,vegetables]
o’, >>>nested
[[’apple’, ’mango’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’],
INTERNET OF THINGS [’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’]]
Page 36
 ’orang
e’,
’banan
a’,
’pear’, ’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’]

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 Tuples

• Tuples
• A tuple is a sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas and enclosed
within parentheses. Unlike lists, the elements of tuples cannot be changed, so tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.

#Create a Tuple #Get an element from a tuple

>>>fruits=("apple","mango","banana","pineapple") >>>fruits[0]
>>>fruits ’apple’
(’apple’, ’mango’, ’banana’, ’pineapple’) >>>fruits[:2]
(’apple’, ’mango’)
>>>type(fruits)
<type ’tuple’> #Combining tuples
>>>vegetables=(’potato’,’carrot’,’onion’,’radish’)
#Get length of tuple >>>eatables=fruits+vegetables
>>>len(fruits) >>>eatables
4 (’apple’, ’mango’, ’banana’, ’pineapple’, ’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’radish’)

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 Dictionaries

• Dictionaries
• Dictionary is a mapping data type or a kind of hash table that maps keys to values. Keys in a dictionary can be of any data type, though
numbers and strings are commonly used for keys. Values in a dictionary can be any data type or object.

#Create a dictionary #Get all keys in a dictionary #Check if dictionary has a key
>>>student={’name’:’Mary’,’id’:’8776’,’major’:’CS’} >>>student.keys() >>>student.has_key(’name’)
>>>student [’gender’, ’major’, ’name’, ’id’] True
{’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’} >>>student.has_key(’grade’)
>>>type(student) #Get all values in a dictionary False
<type ’dict’> >>>student.values()
[’female’, ’CS’, ’Mary’, ’8776’]
#Get length of a dictionary
>>>len(student) #Add new key-value pair
3 >>>student[’gender’]=’female’
>>>student
#Get the value of a key in dictionary {’gende
>>>student[’name’] r’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}
’Mary’
#A value in a dictionary can be another dictionary
#Get all items in a dictionary >>>student1={’name’:’David’,’id’:’9876’,’major’:’ECE’}
>>>student.items() >>>students={’1’: student,’2’:student1}
[(’gender’, ’female’), (’major’, ’CS’), (’name’, ’Mary’), >>>students
(’id’, ’8776’)] {’1’:
{’gende
r’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}, ’2’:
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 {’
major’: ’ECE’, ’name’: ’David’, ’id’: ’9876’}}

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 Type Conversions

• Type conversion examples

#Convert to string #Convert to long

>>>a=10000 >>>long(b)
>>>str(a) 2013L
’10000’
#Convert to list
#Convert to int >>>s="aeiou"
>>>b="2013" >>>list(s)
>>>int(b) [’a’, ’e’, ’i’, ’o’, ’u’]
2013
#Convert to set
#Convert to float >>>x=[’mango’,’apple’,’banana’,’mango’,’banana’]
>>>float(b) >>>set(x)
2013.0 set([’mango’, ’apple’, ’banana’])

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 Control Flow – if statement

• The if statement in Python is similar to the if statement in other languages.

>>>a = 25**5 >>>if a>10000: >>>s="Hello World" >>>student={’name’:’Mary’,’id’:’8776’}

>>>if a>10000: if a<1000000: >>>if "World" in s: >>>if not student.has_key(’major’):
print "More" print "Between 10k and 100k" s=s+"!" student[’major’]=’CS’
else: else: print s
print "Less" print "More than 100k" >>>student
elif a==10000: Hello World! {’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}
More print "Equal to 10k"
else:
print "Less than 10k"

More than 100k

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 Control Flow – for statement

• The for statement in Python iterates over items of any sequence (list, string, etc.) in the order in which they
appear in the sequence.
• This behavior is different from the for statement in other languages such as C in which an initialization,
incrementing and stopping criteria are provided.

#Looping over characters in a string #Looping over items in a list #Looping over keys in a dictionary

helloString = "Hello World" fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’] student

=
for c in helloString: i=0 ’nam
print c for item in fruits: e’:
print "Fruit-%d: %s" % (i,item) ’Mar
i=i+1 y’, ’id’: ’8776’,’gender’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’

for key in student:

print "%s: %s" % (key,student[key]

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 Control Flow – while statement

• The while statement in Python executes the statements within the while loop as long as the while condition is
true.

#Prints even numbers upto 100

>>> i = 0

>>> while i<=100:

if i%2 == 0:
print i
i = i+1

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 Control Flow – range statement

• The range statement in Python generates a list of numbers in arithmetic progression.

#Generate a list of numbers from 0 – 9 #Generate a list of numbers from 10 - 100 with increments
of 10
>>>range (10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>>range(10,110,10)
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100]

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 Control Flow – break/continue statements

• The break and continue statements in Python are similar to the statements in C.
• Break #Break statement example
• Break statement breaks out of the for/while loop >>>y=1
>>>for x in range(4,256,4):
y=y*x
if y > 512:
break
print y
4
32
384

• Continue #Continue statement example

• Continue statement continues with the next iteration. >>>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’]
>>>for item in fruits:
if item == "banana":
continue
else:
print item

apple
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mango
 Control Flow – pass statement

• The pass statement in Python is a null operation.

• The pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or
code to execute.

>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’]
>for item in fruits:
if item == "banana":
pass
else:
print item

apple
orange
mango

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 Functions

• A function is a block of code that takes information in (in the form of students = { '1': {'name': 'Bob', 'grade': 2.5},
parameters), does some computation, and returns a new piece of '2': {'name': 'Mary', 'grade': 3.5},
'3': {'name': 'David', 'grade': 4.2},
information based on the parameter information. '4': {'name': 'John', 'grade': 4.1},
'5': {'name': 'Alex', 'grade': 3.8}}

• A function in Python is a block of code that begins with the keyword

def averageGrade(students):
def followed by the function name and parentheses. The function “This function computes the average grade”
parameters are enclosed within the parenthesis. sum = 0.0
for key in students:
sum = sum + students[key]['grade']
average = sum/len(students)
• The code block within a function begins after a colon that comes after return average
the parenthesis enclosing the parameters.

avg = averageGrade(students)
print "The average garde is: %0.2f" % (avg)
• The first statement of the function body can optionally be a
documentation string or docstring.

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 Functions - Default Arguments

• Functions can have default values of the parameters.

• If a function with default values is called with fewer parameters or without any parameter, the default values of the
parameters are used

>>>def displayFruits(fruits=[’apple’,’orange’]):
print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits))
for item in fruits:
print item

#Using default arguments

>>>displayFruits()
apple
orange

>>>fruits = [’banana’, ’pear’, ’mango’]

>>>displayFruits(fruits)
banana
pear
mango
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 Functions - Passing by Reference

• All parameters in the Python functions are passed by reference.

• If a parameter is changed within a function the change also reflected back in the calling function.

>>>def displayFruits(fruits):
print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits))
for item in fruits:
print item
print "Adding one more fruit"
fruits.append('mango')

>>>fruits = ['banana', 'pear', 'apple']

>>>displayFruits(fruits)
There are 3 fruits in the list
banana
pear
apple

#Adding one more fruit

>>>print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits))
There are 4 fruits in the list
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 Functions - Keyword Arguments

• Functions can also be called using keyword arguments that identifies the arguments by the parameter name when the
function is called.

>>>def #Correct use #name is a formal argument.

printStudentRecords(name,age=20,major=’CS’): >>>printStudentRecords(name=’Alex’) #**kwargs is a keyword argument that receives all
print "Name: " + name Name: Alex arguments except the formal argument as a
print "Age: " + str(age) Age: 20 dictionary.
print "Major: " + major Major: CS
>>>def student(name, **kwargs):
#This will give error as name is required argument >>>printStudentRecords(name=’Bob’,age=22,major=’EC print "Student Name: " + name
>>>printStudentRecords() E’) for key in kwargs:
Traceback (most recent call last): Name: Bob print key + ’: ’ + kwargs[key]
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> Age: 22
TypeError: printStudentRecords() takes at least 1 Major: ECE >>>student(name=’Bob’, age=’20’, major = ’CS’)
argument (0 given) Student Name: Bob
>>>printStudentRecords(name=’Alan’,major=’ECE’) age: 20
Name: Alan major: CS
Age: 20
Major: ECE

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 Functions - Variable Length Arguments

• Python functions can have variable length arguments. The variable length arguments are passed to as a tuple to the
function with an argument prefixed with asterix (*)

>>>def student(name, *varargs):

print "Student Name: " + name
for item in varargs:
print item

>>>student(’Nav’)
Student Name: Nav

>>>student(’Amy’, ’Age: 24’)

Student Name: Amy
Age: 24

>>>student(’Bob’, ’Age: 20’, ’Major: CS’)

Student Name: Bob
Age: 20
Major: CS

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 Modules

• Python allows organizing the program #student module - saved as student.py #Using student module
>>>import student
def averageGrade(students):
code into different modules which sum = 0.0 >>>students = '1': 'name': 'Bob', 'grade': 2.5,
improves the code readability and for key in students: '2': 'name': 'Mary', 'grade': 3.5,
management. sum = sum + students[key]['grade'] '3': 'name': 'David', 'grade': 4.2,
average = sum/len(students) '4': 'name': 'John', 'grade': 4.1,
• A module is a Python file that defines return average '5': 'name': 'Alex', 'grade': 3.8

some functionality in the form of functions def printRecords(students): >>>student.printRecords(students)

or classes. print "There are %d students" %(len(students)) There are 5 students
i=1 Student-1:
• Modules can be imported using the import for key in students: Name: Bob
print "Student-%d: " % (i) Grade: 2.5
keyword. Student-2:
print "Name: " + students[key]['name']
Name: David
• Modules to be imported must be present print "Grade: " + str(students[key]['grade'])
i = i+1 Grade: 4.2
in the search path. Student-3:
Name: Mary
# Importing a specific function from a module Grade: 3.5
>>>from student import averageGrade Student-4:
Name: Alex
# Listing all names defines in a module Grade: 3.8
>>>dir(student) Student-5:
Name: John
Grade: 4.1
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>>>avg = student. averageGrade(students)
>>>print "The average garde is: %0.2f" % (avg)
 3.62

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 Packages

• Python package is hierarchical file structure that consists of # skimage package listing
modules and subpackages. skimage/ Top level package
init .py Treat directory as a package
• Packages allow better organization of modules related to a single
application environment. color/ color color subpackage
init .py
colorconv.py
colorlabel.py
rgb_colors.py

draw/ draw draw subpackage

init .py
draw.py
setup.py

exposure/ exposure subpackage

init .py
_adapthist.py
exposure.py

feature/ feature subpackage

init .py
_brief.py
_daisy.py
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 File Handling

• Python allows reading and writing to files using the file # Example of reading an entire file
object. >>>fp = open('file.txt','r')
>>>content = fp.read()
>>>print content
This is a test file.
• The open(filename, mode) function is used to get a file >>>fp.close()
object.
# Example of reading line by line

>>>fp = open('file1.txt','r')
• The mode can be read (r), write (w), append (a), read and >>>print "Line-1: " + fp.readline()
write (r+ or w+), read-binary (rb), write-binary (wb), etc. Line-1: Python supports more than one programming paradigms.
>>>print "Line-2: " + fp.readline()
Line-2: Python is an interpreted language.
>>>fp.close()
• After the file contents have been read the close function is
called which closes the file object. # Example of reading lines in a loop

>>>fp = open(’file1.txt’,’r’)
>>>lines = fp.readlines()
>>>for line in lines:
print line

Python supports more than one programming paradigms.

INTERNET OF THINGS Python is an interpreted language. Page 56
 File Handling

# Example of reading a certain number of bytes # Example of seeking to a certain position

>>>fp = open('file.txt','r') >>>fp = open('file.txt','r')

>>>fp.read(10) >>>fp.seek(10,0)
'Python sup' >>>content = fp.read(10)
>>>fp.close() >>>print content
ports more
>>>fp.close()

# Example of getting the current position of read # Example of writing to a file

>>>fp = open('file.txt','r') >>>fo = open('file1.txt','w')

>>>fp.read(10) >>>content='This is an example of writing to a file in
'Python sup' Python.'
>>>currentpos = fp.tell >>>fo.write(content)
>>>print currentpos >>>fo.close()
<built-in method tell of file object at 0x0000000002391390>
>>>fp.close()

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 Date/Time Operations

• Python provides several functions for date and time access and conversions.
• The datetime module allows manipulating date and time in several ways.
• The time module in Python provides various time-related functions.

# Examples of manipulating with date # Examples of manipulating with time

>>>from datetime import date >>>import time

>>>nowtime = time.time()
>>>now = date.today() >>>time.localtime(nowtime)
>>>print "Date: " + now.strftime("%m-%d-%y") time.struct_time(tm_year=2013, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=24, tm_ec=51, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=205,
Date: 07-24-13 tm_isdst=0)

>>>print "Day of Week: " + now.strftime("%A") >>>time.asctime(time.localtime(nowtime))

Day of Week: Wednesday 'Wed Jul 24 16:14:51 2013'

>>>print "Month: " + now.strftime("%B") >>>time.strftime("The date is %d-%m-%y. Today is a %A. It is %H hours, %M minutes and %S seconds now.")
Month: July 'The date is 24-07-13. Today is a Wednesday. It is 16 hours, 15 minutes and 14 seconds now.'

>>>then = date(2013, 6, 7)
>>>timediff = now - then
>>>timediff.days
47
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 Classes
• Python is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. Python provides all the standard features of Object
Oriented Programming such as classes, class variables, class methods, inheritance, function overloading, and
operator overloading.
• Class
• A class is simply a representation of a type of object and user-defined prototype for an object that is composed of three things: a name,
attributes, and operations/methods.
• Instance/Object
• Object is an instance of the data structure defined by a class.
• Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class or base class.
• Function overloading
• Function overloading is a form of polymorphism that allows a function to have different meanings, depending on its context.
• Operator overloading
• Operator overloading is a form of polymorphism that allows assignment of more than one function to a particular operator.
• Function overriding
• Function overriding allows a child class to provide a specific implementation of a function that is already provided by the base class. Child class
implementation of the overridden function has the same name, parameters and return type as the function in the base class.

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 Class Example

• The variable studentCount is a # Examples of a class >>>s = Student(’Steve’,’98928’)

class Student: Constructor called
class variable that is shared by studentCount = 0
all instances of the class >>>s.addGrade(’Math’,’90’)
Student and is accessed by def init (self, name, id): >>>s.addGrade(’Physics’,’85’)
print "Constructor called" >>>s.printGrades()
Student.studentCount. self.name = name Physics: 85
self.id = id Math: 90
• The variables name, id and Student.studentCount = Student.studentCount + 1
grades are instance variables self.grades={} >>>mathgrade = s.getGrade(’Math’)
which are specific to each >>>print mathgrade
def del (self): 90
instance of the class. print "Destructor called"
>>>count = s.getStudentCount()
• There is a special method by def getStudentCount(self): >>>print count
the name init () which is return Student.studentCount 1
the class constructor.
def addGrade(self,key,value): >>>del s
• The class constructor self.grades[key]=value Destructor called
def getGrade(self,key):
initializes a new instance return self.grades[key]
when it is created. The
function del () is the class def printGrades(self):
destructor for key in self.grades:
print key + ": " + self.grades[key]
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 Class Inheritance
• In this example Shape is the base class and Circle is the derived class. The class Circle inherits the attributes of the Shape class.
• The child class Circle overrides the methods and attributes of the base class (eg. draw() function defined in the base class Shape is overridden in child
class Circle).

# Examples of class inheritance class Circle(Shape): class Point: >>>p = Point(2,4)

class Shape: def init (self, c,r): def init (self, x, y): >>>circ = Circle(p,7)
def init (self): print "Child class constructor" self.xCoordinate = x Child class constructor
print "Base class constructor" self.center = c self.yCoordinate = y >>>circ.getColor()
self.color = ’Green’ self.radius = r ’Green’
self.lineWeight = 10.0 self.color = ’Green’ def setXCoordinate(self,x): >>>circ.setColor(’Red’)
self.lineWeight = 10.0 self.xCoordinate = x >>>circ.getColor()
def draw(self): self. label = ’Hidden circle label’ ’Red’
print "Draw - to be implemented" def getXCoordinate(self): >>>circ.getLineWeight()
def setColor(self, c): def setCenter(self,c): return self.xCoordinate 10.0
self.color = c self.center = c >>>circ.getCenter().getXCoordinate()
def getColor(self): def getCenter(self): def setYCoordinate(self,y): 2
return self.color return self.center self.yCoordinate = y >>>circ.getCenter().getYCoordinate()
4
def setLineWeight(self,lwt): def setRadius(self,r): def getYCoordinate(self): >>>circ.draw()
self.lineWeight = lwt self.radius = r return self.yCoordinate Draw Circle (overridden function)
>>>circ.radius
def getLineWeight(self): def getRadius(self): 7
return self.lineWeight return self.radius

def draw(self):
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print "Draw Circle (overridden function)"
 Further Reading

• Code Academy Python Tutorial, http://www.codecademy.com/tracks/python

• Google's Python Class, https://developers.google.com/edu/python/
• Python Quick Reference Cheat Sheet, http://www.addedbytes.com/cheat-sheets/python-cheat-sheet/
• PyCharm Python IDE, http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

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 UNIT IV
IoT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND ENDPOINTS

IoT Device
A "Thing" in Internet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier and which
can send/receive data (including user data) over a network (e.g., smart phone, smartTV,
computer, refrigerator, car, etc.).

• IoT devices are connected to the Internet and send information about themselves or about their
surroundings (e.g. information sensed by the connected sensors) over a network (to other devices
or servers/storage) or allow actuation upon the physical entities/environment around them
remotely.

IoT Device Examples

A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances and
controlling the appliances. • An industrial machine which sends information abouts its operation
and health monitoring data to a server. • A car which sends information about its location to a

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cloud-based service. • A wireless-enabled wearable device that measures data about a person
such as the number of steps walked and sends the data to a cloud-basedservice.

Basic building blocks of an IoT Device

1. Sensing: Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to thedevice.
2. Actuation: IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking
actions upon the physical entities in the vicinity of thedevice.
3. Communication: Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to
other devices or cloud-based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and
commands from remote applications.
4. Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making
sense of the collecteddata.

Block diagram of an IoT Device

Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi
runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer
can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose

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I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of the box".
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi
runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer
can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose
I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of the box".

Raspberry Pi

Linux on Raspberry Pi

1. Raspbian: Raspbian Linux is a Debian Wheezy port optimized for RaspberryPi.

2. Arch: Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMDdevices.
3. Pidora: Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for RaspberryPi.
4. RaspBMC: RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for RaspberryPi.
5. OpenELEC: OpenELEC is a fast and user-friendly XBMC media-centerdistribution.
6. RISC OS: RISC OS is a very fast and compact operatingsystem.

Raspberry Pi GPIO

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Raspberry Pi Interfaces
1. Serial: The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for
communication with serialperipherals.
2. SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for
communicating with one or more peripheraldevices.
3. I2C: The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware modules.
I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just two pins - SDA (data line) and
SCL (clockline).

Raspberry Pi Example: Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi

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from time import sleeP

import RPi.GPIO asGPIO

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

#Switch Pin GPIO.setup(25,GPIO.IN)

#LEDPin

GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT)

state=false

deftoggleLED(pin):

state = not state

GPIO.output(pin,state)

whileTrue:

try:

if (GPIO.input(25) ==True):

toggleLED(pin)

sleep(.01)

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 exceptKeyboardInterrupt:

exit()

Other Devices
1. pcDuino
2. BeagleBoneBlack
3. Cubieboard

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 UNIT V
IoT PHYSICAL SERVERS AND CLOUD
OFFERINGS

Introduction to Cloud Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the internet-connected devices we use to perform
the processes and services that support our way of life. Another component set to help IoT
succeed is cloud computing, which acts as a sort of front end. Cloud computing is an
increasingly popular service that offers several advantages to IOT, and is based on the concept of
allowing users to perform normal computing tasks using services delivered entirely over the
internet. A worker may need to finish a major project that must be submitted to a manager, but
perhaps they encounter problems with memory or space constraints on their computing device.
Memory and space constraints can be minimized if an application is instead hosted on the
internet. The worker can use a cloud computing service to finish their work because the data is
managed remotely by a server. Another example: you have a problem with your mobile device
and you need to reformat it or reinstall the operating system. You can use Google Photos to
upload your photos to internet-based storage. After the reformat or reinstall, you can then either
move the photos back to you device or you can view the photos on your device from the internet
when you want.

Concept

In truth, cloud computing and IoT are tightly coupled. The growth of IoT and the rapid
development of associated technologies create a widespread connection of ―things. This has lead to
the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be stored, processed and accessed. Cloud
computing as a paradigm for big data storage and analytics. While IoT is exciting on its own, the
real innovation will come from combining it with cloud computing. The combination of cloud
computing and IoT will enable new monitoring services and powerful processing of sensory data
streams. For example, sensory data can be uploaded and stored with cloud computing, later to be
used intelligently for smart monitoring and actuation with other smart devices. Ultimately, the
goal is to be able to transform data to insight and drive productive, cost-effective action from
those insights. The cloud effectively serves as the brain to improved decision-making and
optimized internet-based interactions. However, when IoT meets cloud, new challenges arise.
There is an urgent need for novel network architectures that seamlessly integrate them. The
critical concerns during integration are quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE),
as well as data security, privacy and reliability. The virtual infrastructure for practical mobile
computing and interfacing includes integrating applications, storage devices, monitoring devices,
visualization platforms, analytics tools and client delivery. Cloud computing offers a practical
utility-based model that will enable businesses and users to access applications on demand
anytime and from anywhere.

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Characteristics

First, the cloud computing of IoT is an on-demand self service, meaning it‘s there when you need
it. Cloud computing is a web-based service that can be accessed without any special assistance or
permission from other people; however, you need at minimum some sort of internet access.
Second, the cloud computing of IoT involves broad network access, meaning it offers several
connectivity options. Cloud computing resources can be accessed through a wide variety of
internet-connected devices such as tablets, mobile devices and laptops. This level of convenience
means users can access those resources in a wide variety of manners, even from older devices.
Again, though, this emphasizes the need for network access points.
Third, cloud computing allows for resource pooling, meaning information can be shared with
those who know where and how (have permission) to access the resource, anytime and
anywhere. This lends to broader collaboration or closer connections with other users. From an
IoT perspective, just as we can easily assign an IP address to every "thing" on the planet, we can

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share the "address" of the cloud-based protected and stored information with others and pool
resources.
Fourth, cloud computing features rapid elasticity, meaning users can readily scale the service to
their needs. You can easily and quickly edit your software setup, add or remove users, increase
storage space, etc. This characteristic will further empower IoT by providing elastic computing
power, storage and networking.
Finally, the cloud computing of IoT is a measured service, meaning you get what you pay for.
Providers can easily measure usage statistics such as storage, processing, bandwidth and active
user accounts inside your cloud instance. This pay per use (PPU) model means your costs scale
with your usage. In IoT terms, it's comparable to the ever-growing network of physical objects
that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and other internet-enabled devices and systems; just like your cloud service, the
service rates for that IoT infrastructure may also scale with use.

Service and Deployment

Service models

Service delivery in cloud computing comprises three different service models: software as a
service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS).

Software as a service (SaaS) provides applications to the cloud‘s end user that are mainly
accessed via a web portal or service-oriented architecture-based web service technology. These
services can be seen as ASP (application service provider) on the application layer. Usually, a
specific company that uses the service would run, maintain and give support so that it can be
reliably used over a long period of time.

Platform as a service (PaaS) consists of the actual environment for developing and provisioning
cloud applications. The main users of this layer are developers that want to develop and run a
cloud application for a particular purpose. A proprietary language was supported and provided
by the platform (a set of important basic services) to ease communication, monitoring, billing
and other aspects such as startup as well as to ensure an application‘s scalability and flexibility.
Limitations regarding the programming languages supported, the programming model, the ability
to access resources, and the long-term persistence are possibledisadvantages.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides the necessary hardware and software upon which a
customer can build a customized computing environment. Computing resources, data storage
resources and the communications channel are linked together with these essential IT resources
to ensure the stability of applications being used on the cloud. Those stack models can be
referred to as the medium for IoT, being used and conveyed by the users in different methods for
the greatest chance of interoperability. This includes connecting cars, wearables, TVs,
smartphones, fitness equipment, robots, ATMs, and vending machines as well as the vertical
applications, security and professional services, and analytics platforms that come withthem.

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Deployment models
Deployment in cloud computing comprises four deployment models: private cloud, public cloud,
community cloud and hybrid cloud.

A private cloud has infrastructure that‘s provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization
comprising multiple consumers such as business units. It may be owned, managed and operated
by the organization, a third party or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off
premises.

A public cloud is created for open use by the general public. Public cloud sells services to
anyone on the internet. (Amazon Web Services is an example of a large public cloud provider.)
This model is suitable for business requirements that require management of load spikes and the
applications used by the business, activities that would otherwise require greater investment in
infrastructure for the business. As such, public cloud also helps reduce capital expenditure and
bring down operational ITcosts.

A community cloud is managed and used by a particular group or organizations that have shared
interests, such as specific security requirements or a common mission.
Finally, a hybrid cloud combines two or more distinct private, community or public cloud
infrastructures such that they remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or
proprietary technology that enables data and application portability. Normally, information that‘s
not critical is outsourced to the public cloud, while business-critical services and data are kept
within the control of the organization.

CLOUD STORAGE API

A cloud storage API is an application program interface that connects a locally-based application
to a cloud-based storage system, so that a user can send data to it and access and work with data
stored in it. To the application, the cloud storage system is just another target device, like tape or
disk-based storage. An application program interface (API) is code that allows two software
programs to communicate with each other. The API defines the correct way for a developer to
write a program that requests services from an operating system (OS) or other application. APIs
are implemented by function calls composed of verbs and nouns. The required syntax is
described in the documentation of the application beingcalled.

How APIs work

APIs are made up of two related elements. The first is a specification that describes how
information is exchanged between programs, done in the form of a request for processing and a
return of the necessary data. The second is a software interface written to that specification and
published in some way for use.The software that wants to access the features and capabilities of
the API is said to call it, and the software that creates the API is said to publish it.

Why APIs are important for business

The web, software designed exchange information via the internet and cloud computinghave all
combined to increase the interest in APIs in general and services in particular.Software that was

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once custom-developed for a specific purpose is now often written referencing APIs that provide
broadly useful features, reducing development time and cost and mitigating the risk of
errors.APIs have steadily improved software quality over the last decade, and the growing
number of web services exposed through APIs by cloud providers is also encouraging the
creation of cloud-specific applications, internet of things (IoT) efforts and apps to support mobile
devices and users.

Three basic types of APIs

APIs take three basic forms: local, web-like and program-like.

1. Local APIs are the original form, from which the name came. They offer OS
or middleware services to application programs. Microsoft's .NET APIs, the TAPI
(Telephony API) for voice applications, and database access APIs are examples of the
local APIform.

2. Web APIs are designed to represent widely used resources like HTML pages and are
accessed using a simple HTTP protocol. Any web URL activates a web API. Web APIs
are often called REST (representational state transfer) or RESTful because the publisher
of REST interfaces doesn't save any data internally between requests. As such, requests
from many users can be intermingled as they would be on theinternet.

3. Program APIs are based on remote procedure call (RPC) technology that makes a
remote program component appear to be local to the rest of the software. Service oriented
architecture (SOA) APIs, such as Microsoft's WS-series of APIs, are programAPIs.

IoT / Cloud Convergence

Internet-of-Things can benefit from the scalability, performance and pay-as-you-go nature of
cloud computing infrastructures. Indeed, as IoT applications produce large volumes of data and
comprise multiple computational components (e.g., data processing and analytics algorithms),
their integration with cloud computing infrastructures could provide them with opportunities for
cost-effective on-demand scaling. As prominent examples consider the following settings:

A Small Medium Enterprise (SME) developing an energy management IoT product, targeting
smart homes and smart buildings. By streaming the data of the product (e.g., sensors and WSN
data) into the cloud it can accommodate its growth needs in a scalable and cost effective fashion.
As the SMEs acquires more customers and performs more deployments of its product, it is able
tocollectandmanagegrowingvolumesofdatainascalableway,thustakingadvantageofa
―pay-as-you-grow‖model. Moreover, cloud integration allows the SME to store and
processmassive datasets collected from multiple (rather than a single)deployments.

A smart city can benefit from the cloud-based deployment of its IoT systems and applications. A
city is likely to deploy many IoT applications, such as applications for smart energy
management, smart water management, smart transport management, urban mobility of the
citizensandmore.Theseapplicationscomprisemultiplesensorsanddevices,alongwith

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computational components. Furthermore, they are likely to produce very large data volumes.
Cloud integration enables the city to host these data and applications in a cost-effective way.
Furthermore, the elasticity of the cloud can directly support expansions to these applications, but
also the rapid deployment of new ones without major concerns about the provisioning of the
required cloud computing resources.

A cloud computing provider offering pubic cloud services can extend them to the IoT area,
through enabling third-parties to access its infrastructure in order to integrate IoT data and/or
computational components operating over IoT devices. The provider can offer IoT data access
and services in a pay-as-you-fashion, through enabling third-parties to access resources of its
infrastructure and accordingly to charge them in a utility-based fashion.

These motivating examples illustrate the merit and need for converging IoT and cloud computing
infrastructure. Despite these merits, this convergence has always been challenging mainly due to
the conflicting properties of IoT and cloud infrastructures, in particular, IoT devices tend to be
location specific, resource constrained, expensive (in terms of development/ deployment cost)
and generally inflexible (in terms of resource access and availability). On the other hand, cloud
computing resources are typically location independent and inexpensive, while at the same time
providing rapid and flexibly elasticity. In order to alleviate these incompatibilities, sensors and
devices are virtualized prior to integrating their data and services in the cloud, in order to enable
their distribution across any cloud resources. Furthermore, service and sensor discovery
functionalities are implementing on the cloud in order to enable the discovery of services and
sensors that reside in different locations.

Based on these principles the IoT/cloud convergence efforts have started since over a decade i.e.
since they very early days of IoT and cloud computing. Early efforts in the research community
(i.e. during 2005-2009) have focused on streaming sensor and WSN data in a cloud
infrastructure. Since 2007 we have also witnessed the emergence of public IoT clouds, including
commercial efforts. One of the earliest efforts has been the famous Pachube.com infrastructure
(used extensively for radiation detection and production of radiation maps during earthquakes in
Japan). Pachube.com has evolved (following several evolutions and acquisitions of this
infrastructure) to Xively.com, which is nowadays one of the most prominent public IoT clouds.
Nevertheless, there are tens of other public IoT clouds as well, such
as ThingsWorx, ThingsSpeak,Sensor-Cloud,Realtime.io and more. The list is certainly non-
exhaustive. These public IoT clouds offer commercial pay-as-you-go access to end-users wishing
to deploying IoT applications on the cloud. Most of them come with developer friendly tools,
which enable the development of cloud applications, thus acting like a PaaS for IoT in the cloud.
Similarly to cloud computing infrastructures, IoT/cloud infrastructures and related services can
be classified to the followingmodels:

1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) IoT/Clouds: These services provide the means for

accessing sensors and actuator in the cloud. The associated business model involves the
IoT/Cloud provide to act either as data or sensor provider. IaaS services for IoT provide
access control to resources as a prerequisite for the offering of related pay-as-you-go
services.

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 2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) IoT/Clouds: This is the most widespread model for
IoT/cloud services, given that it is the model provided by all public IoT/cloud
infrastructures outlined above. As already illustrate most public IoT clouds come with a
range of tools and related environments for applications development and deployment in
a cloud environment. A main characteristic of PaaS IoT services is that they provide
access to data, not to hardware. This is a clear differentiator comparing toIaaS.

3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) IoT/Clouds: SaaS IoT services are the ones enabling their
uses to access complete IoT-based software applications through the cloud, on-demand
and in a pay-as-you-go fashion. As soon as sensors and IoT devices are not visible, SaaS
IoT applications resemble very much conventional cloud-based SaaS applications. There
are however cases where the IoT dimension is strong and evident, such as applications
involving selection of sensors and combination of data from the selected sensors in an
integrated applications. Several of these applications are commonly called Sensing-as-a-
Service, given that they provide on-demand access to the services of multiple sensors.
Note that SaaS IoT applications are typically built over a PaaS infrastructure and enable
utility based business models involving IoT software andservices.

These definitions and examples provide an overview of IoT and cloud convergence and why it is
important and useful. More and more IoT applications are nowadays integrated with the cloud in
order to benefit from its performance, business agility and pay-as-you-go characteristics. In
following chapters of the tutorial, we will present how to maximize the benefits of the cloud for
IoT, through ensuring semantic interoperability of IoT data and services in the cloud, thus
enabling advanced data analytics applications, but also integration of a wide range of vertical
(silo) IoT applications that are nowadays available in areas such as smart energy, smart transport
and smart cities. We will also illustrate the benefits of IoT/cloud integration for specific areas
and segments of IoT, such as IoT-based wearablecomputing.

WAMP for IoT

Web Application Messaging Protocol (WAMP) is a sub-protocol of Websocket which provides
publish-subscribe and remote procedure call (RPC) messaging patterns.

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WAMP

1. Transport: Transport is channel that connects two peers.

2. Session: Session is a conversation between two peers that runs over atransport.
3. Client: Clients are peers that can have one or more roles. In publish-subscribe model client
can have followingroles:
a) Publisher: Publisher publishes events (including payload) to the topic maintained by
thebroker.
b) Subscriber: Subscriber subscribes to the topics and receives the events including the
payload.

In RPC model client can have following roles: –

1. Caller: Caller issues calls to the remote procedures along with call arguments. – Callee:
Callee executes the procedures to which the calls are issued by the caller and returns the
results back to the caller. • Router: Routers are peers that perform generic call and event
routing. In publish-subscribe model Router has the role of a Broker: – Broker: Broker acts as
a router and routes messages published to a topic to all subscribers subscribed to thetopic.

In RPC model Router has the role of a Broker: –

1. Dealer: Dealer acts a router and routes RPC calls from the Caller to the Callee and routes
results from Callee toCaller.
2. Application Code: Application code runs on the Clients (Publisher, Subscriber, Callee or
Caller).

Amazon EC2 – Python Example

Boto is a Python package that provides interfaces to Amazon Web Services (AWS). In this
example, a connection to EC2 service is fi rst established by calling boto.ec2.connect_to_region.
The EC2 region, AWS access key and AWS secret key are passed to this function. After
connecting to EC2 , a new instance is launched using the conn.run_instances function. The AMI-
ID, instance type, EC2 key handle and security group are passed to this function.

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 Amazon AutoScaling – Python Example

1. AutoScaling Service: A connection to AutoScaling service is first established by calling

boto.ec2.autoscale.connect_to_regionfunction.
2. Launch Configuration: After connecting to AutoScaling service, a new launch
configuration is created by calling conn.create_launch_con f iguration. Launch
configuration contains instructions on how to launch new instances including the AMI-
ID, instance type, security groups,etc.
3. AutoScaling Group : After creating a launch configuration, it is then associated with a
new AutoScaling group. AutoScaling group is created by calling
conn.create_auto_scaling_group. The settings for AutoScaling group such as the
maximum and minimum number of instances in the group, the launch configuration,
availability zones, optional load balancer to use with the group,etc.

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Amazon AutoScaling – Python Example

#Creating auto-scaling policies

scale_up_policy = ScalingPolicy(name='scale_up',

adjustment_type='ChangeInCapacity',

as_name='My-Group',

scaling_adjustment=1,

cooldown=180)

scale_down_policy =ScalingPolicy(name='scale_down',

adjustment_type='ChangeInCapacity',

as_name='My-Group', scaling_adjustment=-1,

cooldown=180)

conn.create_scaling_policy(scale_up_policy)

conn.create_scaling_policy(scale_down_policy)

AutoScaling Policies:

1. After creating an AutoScaling group, the policies for scaling up and scaling down are
defined.
2. In this example, a scale up policy with adjustment type ChangeInCapacity and scaling_ad
justment = 1 isdefined.
3. Similarly a scale down policy with adjustment type ChangeInCapacity and scaling_ad
justment = -1 isdefined.

CloudWatch Alarms

#Connecting to CloudWatch

cloudwatch = boto.ec2.cloudwatch.connect_to_region(REGION,

aws_access_key_id=ACCESS_KEY,

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 aws_secret_access_key=SECRET_KEY)

alarm_dimensions = {"AutoScalingGroupName": 'My-Group'}

#Creating scale-up alarm

scale_up_alarm = MetricAlarm(

name='scale_up_on_cpu', namespace='AWS/EC2',

metric='CPUUtilization', statistic='Average',

comparison='>', threshold='70',

period='60', evaluation_periods=2,

alarm_actions=[scale_up_policy.policy_arn],

dimensions=alarm_dimensions)

cloudwatch.create_alarm(scale_up_alarm)

#Creating scale-down alarm

scale_down_alarm =MetricAlarm(

name='scale_down_on_cpu',namespace='AWS/EC2',

metric='CPUUtilization', statistic='Average',

comparison='<',threshold='40',

period='60', evaluation_periods=2,

alarm_actions=[scale_down_policy.policy_arn],

dimensions=alarm_dimensions) cloudwatch.create_alarm(scale_down_alarm)

1. With the scaling policies defined, the next step is to create Amazon CloudWatch alarms
that trigger thesepolicies.
2. The scale up alarm is defined using the CPUUtilization metric with the Average statistic
and threshold greater 70% for a period of 60 sec. The scale up policy created previously
is associated with this alarm. This alarm is triggered when the average CPU utilization of
the instances in the group becomes greater than 70% for more than 60seconds.
3. The scale down alarm is defined in a similar manner with a threshold less than50%.

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Python for MapReduce

#Inverted Index Mapper in Python

#!/usr/bin/env python import sys for line in sys.stdin: doc_id, content =

line.split(‘‘) words = content.split() for word in words: print ‘%s%s‘ % (word,
doc_id)

The example shows inverted index mapper program. The map function reads the
data from the standard input (stdin) and splits the tab-limited data into document-
ID and contents of the document. The map function emits key-value pairs where
key is each word in the document and value is the document-ID.

Python for MapReduce

#Inverted Index Reducer in Python

#!/usr/bin/env python import sys current_word = None current_docids = [] word =

None

for line in sys.stdin: # remove leading and trailing whitespace line = line.strip() #
parse the input we got from mapper.py word, doc_id = line.split(‘‘) if current_word
== word: current_docids.append(doc_id) else: if current_word: print ‘%s%s‘ %
(current_word, current_docids) current_docids = [] current_docids.append(doc_id)
current_word = word

The example shows inverted index reducer program. The key-value pairs emitted
by the map phase are shuffled to the reducers and grouped by the key. The reducer
reads the key-value pairs grouped by the same key from the standard input (stdin)
and creates a list of document-IDs in which the word occurs. The output of reducer
contains key value pairs where key is a unique word and value is the list of
document-IDs in which the word occurs.

Python Packages of Interest

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 1. JSON: JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is an easy to read and write data-
interchange format. JSON is used as an alternative to XML and is easy for
machines to parse and generate. JSON is built on two structures - a
collection of name-value pairs (e.g. a Python dictionary) and ordered lists of
values (e.g.. a Pythonlist).
2. XML: XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a data format for structured
document interchange. The Python minidom library provides a minimal
implementation of the Document Object Model interface and has an API
similar to that in other languages.
3. HTTPLib & URLLib: HTTPLib2 and URLLib2 are Python libraries used
in network/internet programming
4. SMTPLib: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol which
handles sending email and routing e-mail between mail servers. The Python
smtplib module provides an SMTP client session object that can be used to
send email.
5. NumPy:NumPy is a package for scientific computing in Python. NumPy
provides support for large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices
6. Scikit-learn: Scikit-learn is an open source machine learning library for
Python that provides implementations of various machine learning
algorithms for classification, clustering, regression and dimension reduction
problems.

Python Web Application Framework - Django

Django is an open source web application framework for developing web
applications in Python. A web application framework in general is a collection of
solutions, packages and best practices that allows development of web applications
and dynamic websites. Django is based on the Model-Template-View architecture
and provides a separation of the data model from the business rules and the user
interface. Django provides a unified API to a database backend. Thus web
applications built with Django can work with different databases without requiring
any code changes. With this flexibility in web application design combined with
the powerful capabilities of the Python language and the Python ecosystem,

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Django is best suited for cloud applications. Django consists of an object-relational
mapper, a web templating system and a regular-expressionbased URL dispatcher.

Django Architecture
Django is Model-Template-View (MTV) framework.

1. Model: The model acts as a definition of some stored data and handles the
interactions with the database. In a web application, the data can be stored in a
relational database, non-relational database, an XML file, etc. A Django
model is a Python class that outlines the variables and methods for a particular
type ofdata.
2. Template: In a typical Django web application, the template is simply an
HTML page with a few extra placeholders. Django‘s template language can
be used to create various forms of text files (XML, email, CSS, Javascript,
CSV,etc.)
3. View :The view ties the model to the template. The view is where you write
the code that actually generates the web pages. View determines what data is
to be displayed, retrieves the data from the database and passes the data to the
template.

Case studies illustrating IoT design

Case Study in IoT: Home Automation

An IoT software-based approach on the field of Home Automation. Common use-cases

include measuring home conditions, controlling home appliances and controlling home access
through RFID cards as an example and windows through servo locks. However, the main focus
of this paper is to maximize the security of homes through IoT. More specifically, monitoring
and controlling servo door locks, door sensors, surveillance cameras, surveillance car and smoke
detectors, which help ensuring and maximizing safety and security ofhomes.

A user has the following features through a mobile application in which he/she:
1. can turn on or o_ LED lights and monitor the state of theLED.
2. can lock and unlock doors through servo motors and monitor if the doors are
locked orunlocked.
3. can monitor if the doors are closed or opened through IR sensors.

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4. is notified through email if the door is left open for toolong.
5. is notified of who entered through the door as the camera captures the faceimage
and send it to him/her viaemail.
6. is notified through email if the _re detector detectssmoke.
7. is able to control the surveillance car from anywhere to monitor his/herhome.

As the field of Home Automation through IoT is a wide application in a very wide and
challenging field due to the reasons mentioned in the previous paragraphs, I chose to work on
that field as part of this thesis, specifically in maintaining and ensuring security and safety inside
home.

IoT aims in creating a network between objects embedded with sensors, that canstore, analyze,
communicate and exchange data together over the internet. This leads to efficient industry,
manufacturing, efficient energy management, resource management, accurate health care,
smarter business decisions based on analyzed data, safer driving through smart cars that are able
to communicate together, smart home automation and countless moreapplications.

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The system designed for the home automation project presented in this paper needs a control
unit, a computer, to be able to control the different electrical devices connected to it. Raspberry
Pi, is a credit-card tiny computer, that can be plugged to a monitor, uses standard keyboard and
mouse, that enables people of different ages learn how toprogram.

Illustrates the publish/subscribe model provided by PubNub

Illustrates the system architecture used in this home automation project.

To simplify the publish/subscribe model along with the system architecture used in this Home
Automation project, here is the explanation of the steps of constructing it: Different sensors,

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cameras and servo motors were connected to the Raspberry Pi. It was programmed to collect
and publish the data, in the form of JSON string, acquired from these devices to PubNub. Data is
published from the Raspberry Pi by providing it with the "publish key" and the "channel name".
The data is sent to the channel provided by PubNub servers, and forwarded by PubNub to the
subscribers of thischannel.

The subscriber in this scenario, of a user acquiring data and readings by the sensors and
monitoring devices, is the web/mobile application. The "subscription key" and "channel name" is
embedded in the web/mobile application's code. Allowing it to receive messages forwarded by
PubNub. On the other hand, in a scenario where the user wants to send a command to home
appliances, controlling the LED lights for example, the web/mobile application is the publisher
provided by the "publish key" and the "channel name".The commend is sent in the form of JSON
string to PubNub servers, while the "subscription key" and "channel name" is embedded in the
Raspberry Pi code. This allows the Raspberry Pi to receive any published strings on the channel
it is subscribed to. Upon receiving the JSON string, the Raspberry Pi take the action specified by
that string. This allows full control and monitoring of all devices connected to the Raspberry Pi
by theuser.

Case Study in IoT: Smart Cities

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the novel cutting-edge technology which proffers to connect
plethora of digital devices endowed with several sensing, actuation and computing capabilities
with the Internet, thus offers manifold new services in the context of a smart city. The appealing
IoT services and big data analytics are enabling smart city initiatives all over the world. These
services are transforming cities by improving infrastructure, transportation systems, reduced
traffic congestion, waste management and the quality of human life. In this paper, we devise a
taxonomy to best bring forth a generic overview of IoT paradigm for smart cities, integrated
information and communication technologies (ICT), network types, possible opportunities and
major requirements. Moreover, an overview of the up-to-date efforts from standard bodies is
presented. Later, we give an overview of existing open source IoT platforms for realizing smart
city applications followed by several exemplary case studies. In addition, we summarize the
latest synergies and initiatives worldwide taken to promote IoT in the context of smart cities.
Finally, we highlight several challenges in order to give future researchdirections.

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IOT BASED SMART CITY TAXONOMY

This section presents a taxonomy of IoT based smart cities which categorizes the literature on the
basis of existing communication protocols, major service providers, network types,
standardization efforts, offered services, and crucial requirements.

Communication Protocols

IoT based smart city realization significantly relies on numerous short and wide range
communication protocols to transport data between devices and backend servers. Most
prominent short range wireless technologies include Zig-Bee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11p which are primarily used in smart
metering, e-healthcare and vehicular communication. Wide range technologies such as Global
System for Mobile communication (GSM) and GPRS, Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-
Advanced are commonly utilized in ITS such as vehicle-to infrastructure (V2I), mobile e-
healthcare, smart grid and infotainment services. Additionally, LTE-M is considered as an
evolution for cellular IoT (C-IoT). In Release 13, 3GPP plans to further improve coverage,
battery lifetime as well as device complexity [7]. Besides well-known existing protocols, LoRa
alliance standardizes the LoRaWAN protocol to support smart city applications to primarily
ensure interoperability between several operators. Moreover, SIGFOX is an ultra narrowband
radio technology with full star-based infrastructure offers a high scalable global network for
realizing smart city applications with extremely low power consumption. A comparative
summary2 of the major communicationprotocols.

Service Providers
Pike Research on smart cities estimated this market will grow to hundreds of billion dollars by
2020, with an annual growth of nearly 16 billion. IoT is recognized as a potential source to
increase revenue of service providers. Thus, well-known worldwide service providers have
already started exploring this novel cutting edge communication paradigm. Major service
providers include Telefonica, SK telecom, Nokia, Ericsson, Vodafone, NTT Docomo, Orange,
Telenor group and AT&T which offer variety of services and platforms for smart city
applications such as ITS and logistics, smart metering, home automation and e-healthcare.

Network Types
IoT based smart city applications rely on numerous network topologies to accomplish a fully
autonomous environment. The capillary IoT networks offer services over a short range.
Examples include wireless local area networks (WLANs), BANs and wireless personal area
networks (WPANs). The application areas include indoor e-healthcare services, home
automation, street lighting. On the other hand, applications such as ITS, mobile e-healthcare and
waste management use wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs),and

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mobile communication networks. The above networks pose distinct features in terms of data,
size, coverage, latency requirements, and capacity.

Case Study in IoT: Smart Environment

The rapid advancements in communication technologies and the explosive growth of Internet of
Things (IoT) have enabled the physical world to invisibly interweave with actuators, sensors, and
other computational elements while maintaining continuous network connectivity. The
continuously connected physical world with computational elements forms a smart environment.
A smart environment aims to support and enhance the abilities of its dwellers in executing their
tasks, such as navigating through unfamiliar space and moving heavy objects for the elderly, to
name a few. Researchers have conducted a number of efforts to use IoT to facilitate our lives and
to investigate the effect of IoTbased smart environments on human life. This paper surveys the
state-of-the-art research efforts to enable the IoT-based smart environments. We categorize and
classify the literature by devising a taxonomy based on communication enablers, network types,
technologies, local area wireless standards, objectives, and characteristics. Moreover, the paper
highlights the unprecedented opportunities brought about by IoT-based smart environments and
their effect on human life. Some reported case studies from different enterprises are also
presented. Finally, we discuss open research challenges for enabling IoT-based smart
environments.

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 Immense developments and increasing miniaturization of computer technology have
enabled tiny sensors and processors to be integrated into everyday objects. This advancement is
further supported by tremendous developments in areas such as portable appliances and devices,
pervasive computing, wireless sensor networking, wireless mobile communications, machine
learning-based decision making, IPv6 support, human computer interfaces, and agent
technologies to make the dream of smart environment a reality. A smart environment is a
connected small world where sensor-enabled connected devices work collaboratively to make
the lives of dwellers comfortable. The term smart refers to the ability to autonomouslyobtain and
applies knowledge; and the term environment refers to the surroundings. Therefore, a smart
environment is one that is capable of obtaining knowledge and applying it to adapt according to
its inhabitants‘ needs to ameliorate their experience of thatenvironment.
The functional capabilities of smart objects are further enhanced by interconnecting them
with other objects using different wireless technologies. In this context, IPv6 plays a vital role
because of several features, including better security mechanisms, scalability in case of billion of
connected devices, and the elimination of NAT barriers1. This concept of connecting smart
objects with the Internet was first coined by Kevin Ashton as ―Internet of Things‖ (IoT).
Nowadays, IoT is receiving attention in a number of fields such as healthcare, transport,
and industry, among others. Several research efforts have been conducted to integrate IoT with
smart environments. The integration of IoT with a smart environment extends the capabilities of
smart objects by enabling the user to monitor the environment from remote sites. IoT can be
integrated with different smart environments based on the application requirements. The work on
IoT-based smart environments can generally be classified into the following areas: a) smart
cities, b) smart homes, c) smart grid, d) smart buildings, e) smart transportation, f) smart health,
and g) smart industry.illustrates the IoT-based smartenvironments.

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The taxonomy of the IoT based smart environment. The devised taxonomy is based on the
following parameters: communication enablers, network types, technologies, wireless standards,
objectives, and characteristics

Communication Enablers
Communication enablers refer to wireless technologies used to communicate across the Internet.
The key wireless Internet technologies are WiFi, 3G, 4G, and satellite. WiFi is mainly used in
smart homes, smart cities, smart transportation, smart industries, and smart building
environments; whereas, 3G and 4G are mainly used in smart cities and smart grid environments.
Satellites are used in smart transportation, smart cities, and smart grid environments. Table
presents the comparative summary of the communication technologies used in IoT based smart
environments.

Network Types
IoT-based smart environments rely on different types of networks to perform the collaborative
tasks for making the lives of inhabitants more comfortable. The main networks are wireless local
area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), wide area networks
(WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wireless regional area networks (WRANs).
These networks have different characteristics in terms of size, data transfer, and supported reach
ability.

Technologies
IoT-based smart environments leverage various technologies to form a comfortable and suitable
ecosystem. These technologies are include sensing, communication, data fusion, emerging
computing, and information security. Sensing technologies are commonly used to acquire data
from various locations and transmit it using communication technologies to a central location.
The emerging computing technologies, such as cloud computing and fog computing, deployed in
the central location, leverage the data fusion technologies for integrating the data coming from
heterogeneous resources. In addition, smart environments also use information security
technologies to ensure data integrity and user privacy.

Local Area Wireless Standards

The commonly used local area wireless standards in IoT-based smart environments are IEEE
802.11, IEEE 802.15.1, and IEEE 802.15.4. These standard technologies are used inside the
smart environment to transfer the collected data among different devices. IEEE 802.11 is used in
smart homes, smart buildings, and smart cities. IEEE 802.15.1 and IEEE 802.15.4 have relatively
shorter coverage than IEEE 802.11 and are used mainly in sensors and other objects deployed in
the smartenvironments.

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