LAB MANUAL

"RESEARCH METHODOLOGY"

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Batch 2020-23

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. Eisha Khan Manish Kumar
(Assistant Professor) (05850601720)

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Research methodology- Lab” submitted by
Manish Kumar to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the
Bachelor of Business Administration degree is an original piece of work carried out
under my guidance and may be submitted for evaluation.

The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged. No part of
this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: New Delhi Faculty Guide:

Date: April 05, 2022 Dr. Eisha Khan

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not
different. Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who may
have contributed to this work, even though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Research Methodology-Lab faculty Dr.

Eisha Khan, under their guidance I was able to complete my Practical successfully. I
have been fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement and guidance
from her needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to myself who was always encouraged to persevere through
this entire process.

Manish Kumar

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S.NO. INDEX Page. No.

01. Introduction- SPSS 01

1.2 Types of SPSS 05

1.3 Applications of SPSS 08

02. Research Hypothesis & Questionnaire construction 09

03. Excel (Data Manipulation) 12

04. Data in SPSS 13

05. Descriptive statistics 15

5.1 Frequency tables & Histograms 15

5.2 Crosstab & chi square Test 24

5.3 Independent sample T-test 39

5.4 One-way ANOVA 42

5.5 Correlation 45

4
Introduction

SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”. It is an IBM tool. This tool first
launched in 1968. This is one software package. This package is mainly used for statistical
analysis of the data.
SPSS is mainly used in the following areas like healthcare, marketing, and educational research,
market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, education researchers,
government, marketing organizations, data miners, and many others.

It provides data analysis for descriptive statistics, numeral outcome predictions, and identifying
groups. This software also gives data transformation, graphing and direct marketing features to
manage data smoothly.

Features of SPSS

 The data from any survey collected via Survey Gizmo gets easily exported to SPSS for
detailed and good analysis.
 In SPSS, data gets stored in. SAV format. These data mostly comes from surveys. This
makes the process of manipulating, analyzing and pulling data very simple.
 After getting data in the magic of SPSS starts. There is no end to what we can do with
this data.
 SPSS has a unique way to get data from critical data also. Trend analysis, assumptions,
and predictive models are some of the characteristics of SPSS.
 SPSS offers you in-depth statistical capabilities for analyzing the exact outcome.
 SPSS helps us to design, plotting, reporting and presentation features for more clarity.

Types of SPSS
It has two types of views those are Variable View and Data View:

Variable View
Name: This is a column field, which accepts the unique ID. This helps in sorting the data. For
example, the different demographic parameters such as name, gender, age, educational
qualification are the parameters for sorting data.
The only restriction is special characters which are not allowed in this type.

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Label: The name itself suggests it gives the label. Which also gives the ability to add special
characters.

Type: This is very useful when different kind of data’s are getting inserted.
Width: We can measure the length of characters.
Decimal: While entering the percentage value, this type helps us to decide how much one
needs to define the digits required after the decimal.
Value: This helps the user to enter the value.
Missing: This helps the user to skip unnecessary data which is not required during analysis.
Align: Alignment, as the name suggests, helps to align left or right. But in this case, for ex. Left
align.
Measure: This helps to measure the data being entered in the tools like ordinal, cardinal,
nominal.
The data has to enter in the sheet named “variable view”. It allows us to customize the data
type as required for analyzing it.

To analyze the data, one needs to populate the different column headings like Name, Label,
Type, Width, Decimals, Values, Missing, Columns, Align, and Measures.
These headings are the different attributes which, help to characterize the data accordingly.

Data View
The data view is structured as rows and columns. By importing a file or adding data manually,
we can work with SPSS.

Opening Data Files

SPSS has its own data file format. Other file formats it easily deals with include MS Excel, plain
text files, SQL, Stata and SAS.
Web analytics data -often downloaded as Excel files- can easily be opened and further analysed
in SPSS.

Editing Data
In real world research, raw data usually need some editing before they can be properly
analysed. Typical examples are creating means or sums as new variables, restructuring data or
detecting and removing unlikely observations. SPSS performs such tasks -and more complex

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ones with amazing efficiency. For getting things done fast, SPSS contains many numeric
functions, string functions, date functions and other handy routines.

Tables and Charts

All basic tables and charts can be created easily and fast in SPSS. Typical examples are
demonstrated under Data Analysis. A real weakness of SPSS is that its charts tend to be ugly
and often have a clumsy layout. A great way to overcome this problem is developing and
applying SPSS chart templates. Doing so, however, requires a fair amount of effort and
expertise

Inferential Statistics
SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses such as
 Crosstab Test
 Chi-square test
 ANOVA Test
 Correlations and other association measures;
 Regression
 Non-parametric tests
 Factor analysis
 Cluster analysis

Some analyses are available only after purchasing additional SPSS options on top of the main
program. An overview of all commands and the options to which they belong is presented in
Overview All SPSS Commands

Saving Data and Output !

SPSS data can be saved as a variety of file formats, including;
MS Excel, Plain text (.txt or .csv), Stata, OSAS

The options for output are even more elaborate: charts are often copy-pasted as images in png
format. For tables, rich text format is often used because it retains the tables' layout, fonts and
borders Besides copy-pasting individual output items, all output items can be exported in one
go pdf, HTML, MS Word and many other file formats.

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APPLICATIONS OF SPSS
SPSS is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. It is also used by health researchers,
market researchers, survey companies, education researchers, government, etc. Various
windows can be opened when using SPSS such as data editor, output navigator, pivot table
editor, chart editor, text output editor, and syntax editor. The data editor is a spreadsheet in
which variables can be defined and entered into the data. Each row corresponds to a case
while each column represents a variable. This window opens automatically when SPSS is
started. The output navigator window displays the statistical results, tables, and charts from
the analysis. Output displayed in pivot tables can be modified in many ways with the pivot
table editor.

It is possible to modify and save high-resolution charts and plots by the editor for a certain
chart in an output navigator window. Text output not displayed in pivot tables can be modified
with the text

output editor. SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses such as t-tests,
chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlations and regressions, non-parametric tests, cluster analysis,
etc.

The typical workflow of SPSS software is as follows:-

• Opening data files in SPSS file format or others
• Editing data such as computing sums and means over columns or rows of data
• Creating tables and charts containing frequency counts or summary statistics over cases
and variables
• Running inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, regression,
correlation, factor analysis, etc.
• Saving data and output in different file formats

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02). (i) Research Hypothesis
Step I: Firstly, you are required to give a relevant & suitable topic to your research
that determines It’s purpose.

Step II: Point out some specific objectives of your research.

9
Step III: Create a hypothesis either H0 (Null) OR H1 (Alternate) based upon the
Objectives & selective choice of your assumption.

02) (ii) Questionnaire construction (using Google form)

Step I: Firstly, login to the Gmail & Click on Google form

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Step II: Customize the form accordingly, as per your research purpose

Step III: Create link and share the form to respective Participant.

 Final Output (URL link of research form -

https://forms.gle/NGpTpxDt2foFZP6D6)

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03. Excel (Data manipulation with IF condition)

Step I: Open Google form and click on the green Excel Icon

Step II: After transferring the Respective responses/Data, use IF condition to Manipulate it in
terms of Numbers.
(Only relevant variable should be considered while Data manipulation)*

Step III: Save the file into the system in Excel format. This file will be used in SPSS
for analysis later.

12
04.SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences)
A. Steps to Install SPSS for windows-
 Go to the official website of IBM (www.ibm.com) & download IBM SPSS from
any browser.
 After downloading the file, Install it in your system
 Open the SPSS software

(IBM SPSS interface)

B. Analyzing obtained data/responses in SPSS

(Descriptive statistics)-
After downloading SPSS in computer, the EXCEL data is being transferred to SPSS so,
it can be analyzed & express in Info-graphics terms.

Techniques/Tests to be used for analysis;

i. Frequency tables & Histograms
ii. Crosstabs & chi square
iii. Independent sample T-test
iv. One-way ANOVA
v. Correlation

13
Step I: Open SPSS and go to the file explorer, select the saved EXCEL file which
consists manipulated research responses of Google form.

Step II: Once after transferring the data, the data will be classified into two types-
Data view & Variable view by the SPSS.

Data view

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 Variable view

i. Frequency tables & Histograms :-

Step I: Go to analyze option at the top of Interface and select Descriptive statistics, then click on
Frequencies option.

15
Step II: Afterwards a new pop-up will get open, Drop down all the variables of left side to Variable
column at right side.

Step III: For special formatting, select STATISTICS option (1), and apply required outputs i.e, Mean,
Median, Mode, std. deviation and so on.
Then got to the CHARTS section (2) underneath STATISTICS option, and select the suitable chart
type as per research.

(1)

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(2)

{Frequencies & Histograms (Output)} –

(1)

Age

Freque Percen Valid Cumulativ

ncy t Percent e Percent
Valid 10- 14 63.6 63.6 63.6
20
21- 6 27.3 27.3 90.9
30
31- 2 9.1 9.1 100.0
40
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Age frequency of this research.
Hence, the highest participants belongs to (10-20) age group having 63.6% participation, 27.3%
People from the (21-30) age group and 9.1% people from the (31-40) age group.]

(Mean= 1.45, Std. deviation=.671, and N=22 respectively)

17
(2)
Gender

Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ

ency nt Percent e Percent
Fem 10 45.5 45.5 45.5
ale
Male 12 54.5 54.5 100.0

Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Gender frequency of this research.
The highest participants are male with 54.5% participation rate, and afterwards female with
45.5% participation rate.]
(Mean= 1.55, Std. deviation=.51, and N=22 respectively

(3)
Weight (in kg)

Freque Perce Valid Cumulativ

ncy nt Percent e Percent
Vali Less 4 18.2 18.2 18.2
d than 50
50-60 10 45.5 45.5 63.6

60-70 3 13.6 13.6 77.3

More 5 22.7 22.7 100.0

than 70
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Weight frequency of this research.
The maximum numbers of participants belongs to (50-60) Kg category with 45.5% on mark, and
afterwards 22.7% participants from (more than 70) Kg category, 18.2% participants from (less
than 50) Kg category, 13.6% participants from (60-70)Kg category]
(Mean= 2.41, Std. deviation=1.054, and N=22 respectively.
18
(4)
In a day, how many times you include
Salad in your Meals?

Freque Perce Valid Cumulativ

ncy nt Percent e Percent
Vali 0 6 27.3 27.3 27.3
d
1 10 45.5 45.5 72.7

2 6 27.3 27.3 100.0

Tota 22 100.0 100.0

l

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “In a day, how many times
people add Salad to their meals”.
There are 45.5% participants who prefer Salad 2 times a day, afterwards 27.3% participants
include salad in their meal 3 times a day, and repeatedly 27.3% participants include salad
atleast 1 time in their meal].
(Mean= 2.41, Std. deviation=1.054, and N=22 respectively)

(5)
How many times a week do you eat
following meals away from Home?
[Breakfast ]
Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ
ency nt Percent e Percent
Vali Never 10 45.5 45.5 45.5
d 1-2 7 31.8 31.8 77.3
4-6 1 4.5 4.5 81.8
Whole 4 18.2 18.2 100.0
week
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many times a week,
people have breakfast away from their home”.
19
There are 45.5% participants that do not have breakfast away from their home, afterwards
31.8% participants who have breakfast for (1-2) times a week away from home, 18.2% people
prefer for (whole week) and 4.5% participants prefer for (4-6) times a week as per the table]

(Mean= 2.18, Std. deviation=1.532, and N=22 respectively)

(6)

How many times a week do you eat

following meals away from Home ?
[Lunch ]
Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ
ency nt Percent e Percent
Vali Never 2 9.1 9.1 9.1
d 1-2 10 45.5 45.5 54.5
2-4 3 13.6 13.6 68.2
4-6 1 4.5 4.5 72.7
Whole 6 27.3 27.3 100.0
week
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many times a week,
people have Lunch away from their home”.
There are 45.5% participants that prefer lunch (1-2) times a week away from their home,
afterwards 27.3% participants like to have lunch for (Whole week) away from home, 13.6%
people prefer for (2-4) times and 4.5% participants prefer for (4-6) times a week as per the
table]

(Mean= 2.95, Std. deviation=1.43, and N=22 respectively.

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(7)

How many times a week do you eat

following meals away from Home ?
[Dinner ]
Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ
ency nt Percent e Percent
Vali Never 3 13.6 13.6 13.6
d 1-2 11 50.0 50.0 63.6
4-6 1 4.5 4.5 68.2
Whole 7 31.8 31.8 100.0
week
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many times a week,
people have Dinner away from their home”.
50% participants have Dinner (1-2) times a week away from their home, afterwards 31.8%
participants like to have Dinner for (Whole week) away from home, 4.5% participants prefer
for (4-6) times a week and 13.6% do not prefer to have lunch away from home as per the
table].
(Mean= 2.91, Std. deviation=1.571, and N=22 respectively)

(8)

What type of eating places do you often

visit ?
Cumulati
Frequ Perce Valid ve
ency nt Percent Percent
Vali Fast-food 4 18.2 18.2 18.2
d Corner
Restaura 4 18.2 18.2 36.4
nt
Cafeteria 2 9.1 9.1 45.5
All 11 50.0 50.0 95.5
None 1 4.5 4.5 100.0
Total 22 100.0 100.0

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Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Type of eating places
people often visit”
There are 50% participants who prefer all eating places, afterwards 18.2% participants like to
go to Restaurant, 9.1% participants prefer Cafeteria and 4.5% do not visit any eating place as
per the table].

(Mean= 3.06, Std. deviation=1.29, and N=22 respectively)

(9)
Do you eat Non-veg ?

Freque Perce Valid Cumulativ

ncy nt Percent e Percent
Vali Yes 12 54.5 54.5 54.5
d
No 8 36.4 36.4 90.9

Rare 2 9.1 9.1 100.0

ly
Tota 22 100.0 100.0
l

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Do participants add Non-
veg in their diet”.
Overall 54.5% participants are purely Non-vegetarian, afterwards 36.4% participants are not
non-vegetarian, and 9.1% participants prefer non-veg rarely as per the table]

(Mean= 1.55, Std. deviation=.671, and N=22 respectively)

22
(10)

How many Glasses of water, do you

intake in a day ?

Frequ Perce Valid Cumulativ

ency nt Percent e Percent
Vali 1-2 3 13.6 13.6 13.6
d
2-4 10 45.5 45.5 59.1

4-8 5 22.7 22.7 81.8

More 4 18.2 18.2 100.0

than 8
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Number of glasses of water
intake by participants in a day”
Overall 54.5% participants are purely Non-vegetarian, afterwards 36.4% participants are not
non-vegetarian, and 9.1% participants prefer non-veg rarely as per the table]
(Mean= 1.55, Std. deviation=.671, and N=22 respectively)

(11)

How long, do you Operate your Phone

in a day ?
Valid Cumulati
Frequ Perc Percen ve
ency ent t Percent
Vali 1-2 Hours 3 13.6 13.6 13.6
d
2-4 Hours 12 54.5 54.5 68.2

More than 7 31.8 31.8 100.0

4 Hours

Total 22 100.0 100.0

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Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How long participants
operate phone in a day”
According to the obtained data, there are 54.5% participants that operate their phone for (2-4)
hours, afterwards 31.8% participants who operates for (more than 4) hours, and 13.6%
participants are those who operates their phone only for (1-2) hours.]

(Mean= 3.18, Std. deviation= .664, and N=22 respectively)

(12)

A healthy lifestyle depends upon

Multiple factors rather than diet?
Cumulati
Frequ Perce Valid ve
ency nt Percent Percent
Vali Strongly 11 50.0 50.0 50.0
d agree
Agree 8 36.4 36.4 86.4
Neutral 1 4.5 4.5 90.9
Disagree 2 9.1 9.1 100.0
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many participants
believe, healthy lifestyle depends upon multiple factors rather than diet”
50 % participants are strongly agree that Healthy lifestyle depends upon multiple factors rather
than diet, 36.4% participants are agree, 4.5% participants responded with Neutral which means
nor agree or disagree and 9.1% are Disagree with the statement]

(Mean= 1.73, Std. deviation= .935, and N=22 respectively)

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(13)
Do you intake Alcohol?

Freque Perce Valid Cumulativ

ncy nt Percent e Percent
Vali No 21 95.5 95.5 95.5
d
Rar 1 4.5 4.5 100.0
ely

Tota 22 100.0 100.0

l

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many participants
intake alcohol’
There are 95.5 % participants who do not intake alcohol, and only 4.5% participants are those
who intake alcohol rarely]
(Mean= 2.05, Std. deviation= .213, and N=22 respectively)

(14)

Do you often feel tired, fatigued or

sleepy during the day?

Freque Percen Valid Cumulativ

ncy t Percent e Percent
Vali Yes 13 59.1 59.1 59.1
d
No 9 40.9 40.9 100.0

Tota 22 100.0 100.0

l

Interpretation;

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How many participants feel
tired, sleepy during the day”

25
There are 59.1 % participants who agreed for the statement, and 40.9 % participants denied
that they do not feel tired or sleepy during the day.

(Mean= 1.41, Std. deviation= .503, and N=22 respectively)

ii. Crosstab & chi square Test :-

Step I: Go to Analyze Option in SPSS (1), select Descriptive statistics (2) and click on crosstabs
(3).
A new pop will open, Put factor of Research in Row section & other variables in Column
section.

1
4

2 5

Step II: Once after doing Step I, Click on Statistics & select chi square (4). Then click on Cells
button beneath Statistics, and select row & columns (5).

Step III: Press OK to proceed.

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{Crosstab & chi square Analysis (Output)} -

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Age * Gender 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%
Age * Weight (in kg) 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%
Age * How many times a week 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%
do you eat following meals
away from Home ? [Breakfast ]

Age * How many times a week 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

do you eat following meals
away from Home ? [Lunch ]

Age * How many times a week 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

do you eat following meals
away from Home ? [Dinner ]

Age * What type of eating 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

places do you often visit ?

Age * Do you eat Non-veg ? 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

Age * How many Glasses of 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

water, do you intake in a day ?

Age * How long, do you 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

Operate your Phone in a day ?

Age * Do you intake Alcohol ? 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

Age * Do you often feel tired, 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

fatigued or sleepy during the
day?

27
 Age *Gender

Crosstab
Gender
Female Male Total
Age 10-20 Count 8 6 14
% within Age 57.1% 42.9% 100.0%
% within Gender 80.0% 50.0% 63.6%

21-30 Count 1 5 6
% within Age 16.7% 83.3% 100.0%
% within Gender 10.0% 41.7% 27.3%

31-40 Count 1 1 2
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%
% within Gender 10.0% 8.3% 9.1%

Total Count 10 12 22
% within Age 45.5% 54.5% 100.0%
% within Gender 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 45.5% Male & 54.5% Female.

In male category- 80% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 10% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 10 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group
accordingly,
In Female category- 50% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 41.7%
participants belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 8.3 % participants belongs to (31-40) age
group.]

28
 Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 2.794a 2 .247
Likelihood Ratio 3.016 2 .221
Linear-by-Linear Association .973 1 .324

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .91.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .247 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .247 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

Age * Weight (in kg)

Crosstab
Weight (in kg)

Less than 50 50-60 60-70 More than 70 Total

Age 10-20 Count 4 7 2 1 14
% within Age 28.6% 50.0% 14.3% 7.1% 100.0%
% within Weight (in kg) 100.0% 70.0% 66.7% 20.0% 63.6%

21-30 Count 0 2 1 3 6
% within Age 0.0% 33.3% 16.7% 50.0% 100.0%
% within Weight (in kg) 0.0% 20.0% 33.3% 60.0% 27.3%

31-40 Count 0 1 0 1 2
% within Age 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%
% within Weight (in kg) 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 20.0% 9.1%

Total Count 4 10 3 5 22
% within Age 18.2% 45.5% 13.6% 22.7% 100.0%
% within Weight (in kg) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

29
Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 18.2 % participants in (Less than 50Kg) category, 45.5% Participants in (50-
60Kg) category, 18.2 % participants in (Less than 50Kg) category, 13.6 % participants in (60-70Kg) category
and 22.7% participants in (more than 70 Kg) category.

In less than 50 Kg category- 100% participants belongs to (10-20) age group only
In 50-60 Kg category- 70% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 20% participants belongs to
(21-30) age group and rest 10 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group
In 60-70 Kg category- 66.7% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 33.3% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group
In more than 70 Kg category- 20% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 60% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 20% participants belongs to (31-40) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.984a 6 .322
Likelihood Ratio 8.480 6 .205
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.547 1 .033

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .27.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .322 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .322 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

Age * How many times a week do you eat following meals away from Home ? [Breakfast ]

30
 Crosstab
How many times a week do you eat following meals away
from Home ? [Breakfast ]
Never 1-2 4-6 Whole week Total
Age 10-20 Count 9 2 0 3 14
% within Age 64.3% 14.3% 0.0% 21.4% 100.0%
% within How many 90.0% 28.6% 0.0% 75.0% 63.6%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Breakfast ]
21-30 Count 0 4 1 1 6
% within Age 0.0% 66.7% 16.7% 16.7% 100.0%
% within How many 0.0% 57.1% 100.0% 25.0% 27.3%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home? [Breakfast ]
31-40 Count 1 1 0 0 2
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within How many 10.0% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home? [Breakfast ]
Total Count 10 7 1 4 22
% within Age 45.5% 31.8% 4.5% 18.2% 100.0%
% within How many 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Breakfast ]

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 45.5 % participants in (Never) category, 31.8% Participants in
(1-2) category, 4.5 % participants in (4-6) category, 18.2% participants in (whole week)
category.

In (Never) category- 90 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group only, and the other 10%
belongs to (31-40) age group.

31
In (1-2) category- 28.6 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 57.1 %
participants belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 14.3% participants belongs to (31-40) age
group

In (4-6) category- 0 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 16.7% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and there’s 0 % in (31-40) age group.

In (whole week) category- 63.6% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 27.3 %
participants belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 9.1% participants belongs to (31-40) age
group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.798a 6 .095
Likelihood Ratio 13.458 6 .036
Linear-by-Linear Association .063 1 .802

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .095 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .095 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

32
Age * How many times a week do you eat following meals away from Home ? [Lunch ]

Crosstab
How many times a week do you eat following meals away from
Home ? [Lunch ]
Whole
Never 1-2 2-4 4-6 week Total
Age 10-20 Count 2 6 2 0 4 14
% within Age 14.3% 42.9% 14.3% 0.0% 28.6% 100.0%
% within How many 100.0% 60.0% 66.7% 0.0% 66.7% 63.6%
times a week do you
eat following meals
away from Home ?
[Lunch ]
21-30 Count 0 2 1 1 2 6
% within Age 0.0% 33.3% 16.7% 16.7% 33.3% 100.0%
% within How many 0.0% 20.0% 33.3% 100.0% 33.3% 27.3%
times a week do you
eat following meals
away from Home ?
[Lunch ]
31-40 Count 0 2 0 0 0 2
% within Age 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within How many 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1%
times a week do you
eat following meals
away from Home ?
[Lunch ]
Total Count 2 10 3 1 6 22
% within Age 9.1% 45.5% 13.6% 4.5% 27.3% 100.0%
% within How many 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
times a week do you
eat following meals
away from Home ?
[Lunch ]

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 9.1 % participants in (Never) category, 45.5 % Participants in
(1-2) category, 13.6 % participants in (4-6) category, 4.5 % participants in (whole week)
category.

33
In (Never) category- 100% participants belongs to (10-20) age group only,

In (1-2) category- 60% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 20 % participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 20 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group

In (4-6) category- 66.7 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 33.3 %
participants belongs to (21-30) age group.

In (whole week) category- 66.7% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 33.3
% participants belongs to (21-30) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.286a 8 .615
Likelihood Ratio 7.376 8 .497
Linear-by-Linear Association .015 1 .901

N of Valid Cases 22
A. 14 cells (93.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .615 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .615 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

34
Age * How many times a week do you eat following meals away from Home ? [Dinner ]

Crosstab
How many times a week do you eat following meals away
from Home ? [Dinner ]
Never 1-2 4-6 Whole week Total
Age 10-20 Count 2 7 0 5 14
% within Age 14.3% 50.0% 0.0% 35.7% 100.0%
% within How many 66.7% 63.6% 0.0% 71.4% 63.6%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Dinner ]
21-30 Count 0 3 1 2 6
% within Age 0.0% 50.0% 16.7% 33.3% 100.0%
% within How many 0.0% 27.3% 100.0% 28.6% 27.3%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Dinner ]
31-40 Count 1 1 0 0 2
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within How many 33.3% 9.1% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Dinner ]
Total Count 3 11 1 7 22
% within Age 13.6% 50.0% 4.5% 31.8% 100.0%
% within How many 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
times a week do you eat
following meals away
from Home ? [Dinner ]

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 13.6 % participants in (Never) category, 50% Participants in (1-
2) category, 4.5 % participants in (4-6) category, 31.8% participants in (whole week) category.

In (Never) category- 66.7 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group, and rest 33.3 %
participants belongs to (31-40) age group.

35
In (1-2) category- 63.6% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 27.3 % participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 9.1% participants belongs to (31-40) age group

In (4-6) category- 100% participants belongs to (21-30) age group only

In (whole week) category- 71.4% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest
28.6% participants belongs to (21-30) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.136a 6 .408

Likelihood Ratio 6.724 6 .347

Linear-by-Linear Association .410 1 .522

N of Valid Cases 22

a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .408 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .408 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

36
Age * What type of eating places do you often visit ?

Crosstab
What type of eating places do you often visit ?
Fast-food Restauran
Corner t Cafeteria All None Total
Age 10-20 Count 1 3 2 7 1 14
% within Age 7.1% 21.4% 14.3% 50.0% 7.1% 100.0%
% within What type of 25.0% 75.0% 100.0% 63.6% 100.0% 63.6%
eating places do you
often visit?
21-30 Count 3 0 0 3 0 6
% within Age 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within What type of 75.0% 0.0% 0.0% 27.3% 0.0% 27.3%
eating places do you
often visit ?
31-40 Count 0 1 0 1 0 2
% within Age 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within What type of 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 9.1% 0.0% 9.1%
eating places do you
often visit?
Total Count 4 4 2 11 1 22
% within Age 18.2% 18.2% 9.1% 50.0% 4.5% 100.0%
% within What type of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
eating places do you
often visit?

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 18.2 % participants in (Fast-food corner) category, 18.2%
Participants in (Restaurant) category, 9.1% participants in (Cafeteria) category, 50 %
participants in (All) category and 4.5 % from (none) category]

In (Fast-food corner) category- 25 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest
75% participants belongs to (21-30)

In (Restaurant) category- 75% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, and rest 25 %
participants belongs to (31-40) age group.
37
In (Cafeteria) category- all 100 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group

In (All) category- 63.6% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 27.3% belongs to
(21-30) age group and rest 9.1% belongs to (31-40) age group

In (none) category- all 100% participants belongs to (10-20) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 8.643a 8 .373
Likelihood Ratio 9.922 8 .271
Linear-by-Linear Association .758 1 .384

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 14 cells (93.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .373 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .373 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

Age * Do you eat Non-veg ?

Crosstab
Do you eat Non-veg ?
Yes No Rarely Total
Age 10-20 Count 7 5 2 14
% within Age 50.0% 35.7% 14.3% 100.0%
% within Do you eat Non-veg ? 58.3% 62.5% 100.0% 63.6%

21-30 Count 3 3 0 6
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Do you eat Non-veg ? 25.0% 37.5% 0.0% 27.3%

31-40 Count 2 0 0 2
% within Age 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Do you eat Non-veg ? 16.7% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1%

38
Total Count 12 8 2 22
% within Age 54.5% 36.4% 9.1% 100.0%
% within Do you eat Non-veg ? 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 54.5% participants in (Yes) category, 36.4% Participants in
(No) category, 9.1% participants in (Rarely) category]

In (Yes) category- 58.3% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 25% participants
belongs to (21-30) and rest 16.7% belongs to (31-40) age group

In (No) category- 62.5% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 37.5%
participants belongs to (21-30) age group

In (Rarely) category- all 100 % participants belongs to (10-20) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.012a 4 .556

Likelihood Ratio 4.223 4 .377

Linear-by-Linear Association 1.415 1 .234

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 7 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .18.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .556 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .556 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

39
Age * How many Glasses of water, do you intake in a day ?

Crosstab
How many Glasses of water, do you intake in a
day?

1-2 2-4 4-8 More than 8 Total

Age 10-20 Count 2 8 1 3 14
% within Age 14.3% 57.1% 7.1% 21.4% 100.0%
% within How many Glasses 66.7% 80.0% 20.0% 75.0% 63.6%
of water, do you intake in a
day ?
21-30 Count 1 1 3 1 6
% within Age 16.7% 16.7% 50.0% 16.7% 100.0%
% within How many Glasses 33.3% 10.0% 60.0% 25.0% 27.3%
of water, do you intake in a
day ?
31-40 Count 0 1 1 0 2
% within Age 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within How many Glasses 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 0.0% 9.1%
of water, do you intake in a
day ?
Total Count 3 10 5 4 22
% within Age 13.6% 45.5% 22.7% 18.2% 100.0%
% within How many Glasses 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
of water, do you intake in a
day ?

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 13.6% participants in (1-2) category, 45.5% Participants in (2-
4) category, 22.7% participants in (4-8) category, 18.2% participants in (more than 8) category.

In (1-2) category- 66.7% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 33.3%
participants belongs to (21-30) age groups

In (2-4) category- 80% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, and 10% participants belongs
to (21-30) age group and rest 10% participants belongs to (31-40) age group

40
In (4-8) category- 20% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 60% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 20% belongs to (31-40)

In (More than 8) category- 75% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 25%
belongs to (21-30) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.408a 6 .379

Likelihood Ratio 7.237 6 .299

Linear-by-Linear Association .242 1 .623

N of Valid Cases 22

a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .27.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .379 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .379 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

41
Age * How long, do you Operate your Phone in a day ?

Crosstab

How long, do you Operate your Phone in a day ?

More than 4
1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours Hours Total
Age 10-20 Count 2 9 3 14
% within Age 14.3% 64.3% 21.4% 100.0%
% within How long, do you 66.7% 75.0% 42.9% 63.6%
Operate your Phone in a day
?
21-30 Count 0 2 4 6
% within Age 0.0% 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%
% within How long, do you 0.0% 16.7% 57.1% 27.3%
Operate your Phone in a day
?
31-40 Count 1 1 0 2
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within How long, do you 33.3% 8.3% 0.0% 9.1%
Operate your Phone in a day
?
Total Count 3 12 7 22
% within Age 13.6% 54.5% 31.8% 100.0%
% within How long, do you 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Operate your Phone in a day
?

Interpretation;

[In this Research, there are total 13.6% participants in (1-2 hours) category, 54.5% Participants
in (2-4 hours) category, 31.8% participants in (more than 4 hours) category.

In (1-2 hours) category- 66.7% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 33.3%
participants belongs to (31-40) age group

42
In (2-4 hours) category- 75% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, and 16.7% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 8.3% participants belongs to (31-40) age group

In (more than 4 hours) category- 42.9% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas
57.1% participants belongs to (21-30) age group respectively

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.909a 4 .141
Likelihood Ratio 7.144 4 .128
Linear-by-Linear Association .008 1 .929

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 8 cells (88.9%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .27.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .141 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .141 > 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be accepted.

Age * Do you intake Alcohol ?

Crosstab

Do you intake Alcohol ?

No Rarely Total
Age 10-20 Count 14 0 14
% within Age 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Do you intake Alcohol ? 66.7% 0.0% 63.6%

21-30 Count 6 0 6
% within Age 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Do you intake Alcohol ? 28.6% 0.0% 27.3%

43
 31-40 Count 1 1 2
% within Age 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%
% within Do you intake Alcohol ? 4.8% 100.0% 9.1%

Total Count 21 1 22
% within Age 95.5% 4.5% 100.0%
% within Do you intake Alcohol ? 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

[In this Research, there are total 95.5% participants in (No) category and 4.5% Participants in
(Rarely) category.

In (No) category- 66.7% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 28.6%
participants belongs to (21-30) age group and rest 4.8% belongs to (31-40) age group

In (Rarely) category- 100% participants belongs to (31-40) age group respectively

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.476a 2 .005
Likelihood Ratio 5.363 2 .068
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.558 1 .018

N of Valid Cases 22
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .09.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .005 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .005 < 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be rejected.

44
Age * Do you often feel tired, fatigued or sleepy during the day?

Crosstab
Do you often feel tired, fatigued or sleepy
during the day?
Yes No Total
Age 10-20 Count 11 3 14
% within Age 78.6% 21.4% 100.0%
% within Do you often feel tired, 84.6% 33.3% 63.6%
fatigued or sleepy during the day?
21-30 Count 2 4 6
% within Age 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%
% within Do you often feel tired, 15.4% 44.4% 27.3%
fatigued or sleepy during the day?
31-40 Count 0 2 2
% within Age 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% within Do you often feel tired, 0.0% 22.2% 9.1%
fatigued or sleepy during the day?
Total Count 13 9 22
% within Age 59.1% 40.9% 100.0%
% within Do you often feel tired, 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
fatigued or sleepy during the day?

[In this Research, there are total 59.1% participants in (Yes) category and 40.9% Participants in
(No) category.

In (Yes) category- 84.6% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas rest 15.4%
participants belongs to (21-30) age group
In (No) category- 33.3% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 44.4% participants
belongs to (21-30) age group and the rest 22.2% belongs to (31-40) age group respectively.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.733a 2 .035
Likelihood Ratio 7.581 2 .023
Linear-by-Linear Association 6.382 1 .012

N of Valid Cases 22

45
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .82.

Interpretation;

Since, Pearson chi square is .035 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .035 < 0.05) which
shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis
will be rejected.

iii. Independent Sample T-test :-

Step I: Choose the “Analyze” section at the top of SPSS interface, go to “compare means” option
and select Independent Sample T-test.

Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Test Variable” section, and drag the
nominal factor of research in “grouping variable” which consist of two groups only.

Step III: press OK to proceed

46
{Independent Sample T-test (Output)} -

Group Statistics

Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

In a day, how many times you Female 10 1.80 .632 .200
include Salad in your Meals?
Male 12 2.17 .835 .241

A healthy lifestyle depends upon Female 10 1.9000 .99443 .31447

the Multiple factors rather than
Male 12 1.5833 .90034 .25990
diet?

Independent Samples Test

Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Significance Difference
One- Mean
Sided Two- Differenc Std. Error
F Sig. t df p Sided p e Difference Lower Upper
In a day, Equal .234 .635 - 18 .277 .554 -.238 .394 -1.067 .591
how many variances .604
times you assumed
include Equal - 10.458 .272 .543 -.238 .379 -1.077 .601
Salad in variances not .629
your assumed
Meals?
A healthy Equal .532 .475 .246 18 .404 .808 .11905 .48374 -.89725 1.1353
lifestyle variances 4
depends assumed

47
upon Equal .217 7.444 .417 .834 .11905 .54896 - 1.4015
Multiple variances not 1.16350 9
factors assumed
rather than
diet?

Interpretation;

01- The Sig.(Significant) value of scale variable one is .635 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
= .635> 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and
therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be accepted.

02- The Sig.(Significant) value of second scale variable in 2nd column is .475 which is higher
than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.= .475> 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the
groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be accepted.

Independent Samples Effect Sizes

95% Confidence Interval
Standardizera Point Estimate Lower Upper
In a day, how many times you Cohen's d .751 -.489 -1.335 .370
include Salad in your Meals ? Hedges' correction .780 -.470 -1.284 .356
Glass's delta .835 -.439 -1.288 .429
A healthy lifestyle depends Cohen's d .94384 .336 -.514 1.177
upon Multiple factors rather Hedges' correction .98118 .323 -.495 1.132
than diet ?
Glass's delta .90034 .352 -.508 1.196
a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes.
Cohen's d uses the pooled standard deviation.
Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor.
Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group.

iv. One-way ANOVA-

Step I: Go to Analyze section in SPSS, open Compare means and select One-way ANOVA.

Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Dependent List” section, and drag the
nominal factor of research in “Factor” section on the basis of which research is to be concluded.

48
Step III: press OK to proceed

{One-way ANOVA (Output)} -

Descriptives

95% Confidence Interval

for Mean
Std. Lower Mini Maxi
N Mean Deviation Std. Error Bound Upper Bound mum mum
In a day, how 10-20 14 1.93 .829 .221 1.45 2.41 1 3
many times you
include Salad in 21-30 6 2.17 .753 .307 1.38 2.96 1 3
your Meals? 31-40 2 2.00 .000 .000 2.00 2.00 2 2

Total 22 2.00 .756 .161 1.66 2.34 1 3

A healthy lifestyle 10-20 14 1.7857 .89258 .23855 1.2704 2.3011 1.00 4.00
depends upon
Multiple factors 21-30 6 1.6667 1.21106 .49441 .3957 2.9376 1.00 4.00
rather than diet?
31-40 2 1.5000 .70711 .50000 -4.8531 7.8531 1.00 2.00

Total 22 1.7273 .93513 .19937 1.3127 2.1419 1.00 4.00

49
 ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

In a day, how many times Between Groups .238 2 .119 .192 .827
you include Salad in your
Meals ? Within Groups 11.762 19 .619
Total 12.000 21
Ahealthylifestyledependsup Between Groups .173 2 .087 .090 .914
onMultiplefactorsratherthan
diet ? Within Groups 18.190 19 .957
Total 18.364 21

ANOVA Effect Sizesa,b

95% Confidence Interval

Point Estimate Lower Upper
In a day, how many times you Eta-squared .020 .000 .163
include Salad in your Meals ?
Epsilon-squared -.083 -.105 .075

Omega-squared Fixed-effect -.079 -.100 .072

Omega-squared Random-effect -.038 -.048 .037

AhealthylifestyledependsuponMu Eta-squared .009 .000 .106

ltiplefactorsratherthandiet ?
Epsilon-squared -.095 -.105 .011

Omega-squared Fixed-effect -.090 -.100 .011

Omega-squared Random-effect -.043 -.048 .006

a. Eta-squared and Epsilon-squared are estimated based on the fixed-effect model.

b. Negative but less biased estimates are retained, not rounded to zero.

50
Interpretation;

 One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect sizes of two variables on different
Age group
 Since, Sig,(significant) value of Variable one is .827 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
value = .827 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and
therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be rejected..

 Since, Sig,(significant) value of Variable one is .914 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (Sig.
value = .914 < 0.05) which shows there’s no significant difference among the groups and
therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be rejected.

5. Correlation
Step I: Choose the “Analyze” section at the top of SPSS interface (1) , go to “Correlate” option (2)
and select “Bivariate”(3)

Step II: Put all the scale variables or Dependent value in “Variables” section (4), and select
“Pearson” as Correlation coefficient (5), also “Two-tailed” as Test of significance (6). Then select
“Flag significant correlations” at the bottom (7).

Step III: press OK to proceed

51
 4

{Correlation Analysis (Output)} -

Correlations

A healthy lifestyle
In a day, how many depends upon
times you include Multiple factors rather
Salad in your Meals? than diet?
In a day, how many times you include Pearson Correlation 1 .000
Salad in your Meals ?
Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000
N 22 22
A healthy lifestyle depends upon Pearson Correlation .000 1
Multiple factors rather than diet ?
Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000
N 22 22

52
Interpretation;

 A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship

between Variable 1 and variable 2.
 The Pearson correlation of 1st variable is (1) which is higher than 0.7 i.e., (= 1>0.7).
However, it is to be considered as high correlation.
 The Pearson correlation of 2nd variable is (.000) which is not lower than 0.7 i.e.,
(=.000<0.7). However, it is to be considered as low correlation.

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