**1 livestock unit = 1adult bovine ,2 Pigs ,3 Calves

5 Sheep & Goat*

*Thumb rule - 20 litre water /kg live weight *

I remembered thru
*BPCSG* trick

Daily water requirement 10000litres /tonne dressed carcass weight

Again based on Size

Buffalo is big that is *one* Livestock unit

1 Pig that is half the size of Buffalo -0.5 IU
Callf is still small than Pig I.e -0.33IU
1 Goat /Sheep that is till very small -0.2 LU

So remember like this livestock units

The meat of Sheep is called Mutton

In this again two types based on age

Yearling Mutton -12-20 months aged sheep

Mature mutton -20& more aged Sheep

Means matured

Dresssing Percebtage is highest in

*Feathered animals that is usually birds *

Among birds it is -Quial -60%

Where as

Very less in
Cattle ,Buffalo ,Sheep & Goat -45- 50 % because of Size & have uniform covering of Skin over
body

*Bull*
An uncastrated male bovine

*Heifer*
Female bovine up to its first calf
*Cow*
Female bovine which has one or more calves

*Steer*
Male bovine castrated early in life
(6-12 weeks) and reared for beef

*Bullock*
Male bovine castrated early in life

*Stag*
(6-12 weeks) and reared for work.
Male bovine castrated late in life.
(where the masculine
conformation is noticeable as the castration is done late in life).

Now ll go for Based on age

*Vealers*
Young milk fed bovine, usually not over 3 months of age

*Calf*
Young bovine less than 12 months of age, reared more on feed than milk

*Bobby calf -Young bovine* 1 - 7 days of age, milk fed young ones

Slaughter of cows is banned in most of the states except Kerala,West Bengal & Tripura

*Gimmer -Female which has not yet born a lamb *

Barrow -Male pig castrated early in life

Porker -Barow gilt whose carcass weight is 53-63 kg

Baconer -Barrow gilt whose live weight is between 84-93 kg & Carcass weight 61-70 kg

It has been adopted in many abattoirs, where in the animals after being rendered unconscious
is discharged on to a conveyor belt and is stuck while lying in prone position in the tonic phase,
the blood draining into the trough running parallel to the conveyor .

Ante mortem decisions In

Anthrax -Unfit
Actionomyces -Conditionally fit
BQ-Unfit
Rabies -Unfit
Salmonella -Unfit

First used Pre slaughter anaesthesia in animals

*CO2*

*Missed Shock*-Electric current shock to animal ,animal will be paralysed but it conscious

Halal method is the muslim method of slaughter of animals.Halal method is overseen by local
Islamic authority known as *Muftis*.

*Shariah* is the Islamic law that govern halal method of slaughter.

*Dhabihais* the method used to slaughter an animal in Islamic (halal) tradition.

Slaughterer in halal method is *Kitabhi/Mullah.*

In jewish method of slaughter, animals must be slaughtered and dressed according to ritual
methods specified in Talmud, the body of the Jewish law.

Act of killing animals for food in jewish method is known as *Schechita.*

*Schechita* is performed by Shochet.

Shochet is assisted by *Shomer*.

*Knife* used for schechita is known as *Chalef*.

The method of disposal of the carcasses has to be decided on the basis of disease responsible
for death.

The most common method for the disposal of carcass is *Burial method.*

In burial method, the burial pit is dug 2m deep.

In burial method, highest part of the carcass is at least 1.5 meter below the level of surrounding
terrain.

In burial method, once the carcass is in grave, the skin is slashed and drenched with crude
phenol.
In burial method, the carcass is covered on all sides with quick lime.

*In case of anthrax, before removing the carcass for disposal, all its orifices are plugged with
cotton soaked in 5% creosol *

Skin & Hides

The skin of fully grown large animal is *hide*

The integral body covering of sheep, goat, pig & also a very young calf is known as *skin*.

The slunk is term as skin of the *unborn calf.*

The skin of the older calf which is not reached to maturity is *kip*.

Term "*OXEN*" is the hides of cow ,ox etc

Term "*BUFFS*" is the hides of buffaloes.

*Dermis or Corium* is the main layer of hides constitutes 98% thickness.

High current during stunning may cause *Splash*.

Splash refers to the appearance of petechial hemorrhages throughout the s/c tissue in pigs.

*Sticking* is the process of severing neck to bleed the animal to death.

Contamination of lungs due to improper sticking is termed as *Back bleeding or Over-sticking*.

*Prone Sticking*-Its a method blood removing in abattoirs

The technique of bleeding most commonly used these days for poultry is "Modified Kosher
Method".

*In Jatka/Sikh method, the head of the animal is chopped off with one big stroke of a sword.*

Process of removal of skin is called as *Flaying/Skining.*

Fisting is a method of Flaying generally done for Sheep & Goats. (sps.)

Process of Removal of hide is Dehiding.

*Evisceration* is the process of removal of internal organs.

Removal of shanks from slaughtered animals is termed as *Shanking/Legging/Hessing.*

*About *Scalding*

The temperature of scalding *water for pigs is 60-64°C.*

Scalding refers to immersion of poultry/pigs in hot water for loosening of feathers or hairs on
skin,

Scalding temperature for Broilers & Young Birds is 55°C for 15 mins.

The process of burning of smail hairs on the body surface of poultry or pigs left after
defeathering/dehairing respectively is known as Singeing.

Lungs + Heart: Aorta (Thoracic entrails) = Pluck (pigs).

The inspection of carcasses after evisceration is called rail inspection.

Now see what to examine in different diseases

In PM examination, organ examined for actinobaciliosis and *FMD is tongue.*

In PM examination, organ examined for actinomycosis is *palatine*.

Incision of masticatory muscle is done for xanthosis and *Cysticercusbovis*.

In PM examination, head is specially examined in sheep and goat for *Orf* ,

In PM examination, enlargement of bronchial (inspectors lymph node) and mediastenal lymph

nodes indication for *anthracosis.*

In PM examination, inner surface of intestine examined for *Johne's disease.*

A defect of percussive stunning & use of free bullet is *Noise*.

The cash captive bolt pistol uses *blank catridges.*

The recommended concentration of *CO2 should be at least 70 %.*

**Nitrous oxide (NO2) **may be an alternative anaesthetic gas for stunning pigs.

*Currently, CO2 is the only gas that is widely used for stunning animals commercially,*
The period of exposure to the stunning gas should be *45 seconds.*

The oval tunnel (combi) system of gas stunning is used for killing rates upto 600 pigs per hour,

The dip lift system of gas stunning is suitable for any size of pig as well as calves & sheep.

The capacity of the compact CO, immobilizer is upto 300 pigs per hour.
The concentration of CO2 for effective stunning of turkey is 73 - 77 %.

The concentration of CO2 for effective stunning of poultry is *70 %.*

The modified fiber or hair that grow from skin of sheep is *wool*.

The skin of sheep with wool still attached to it is *pelt*.

The specality wool fiber obtained from angora goat is *mohair*.

The individual woolfiber grows from a small depression on skin *known as follicle.*

The main part of wool fiber is *cortex*.

The presence of medulla contributes to thermal insulation by *wool fibers.*

The wool fiber is chiefly composed of protein called as *Keratin*.

Sebaceous glands secrete a water-soluble waxy substance to keep the fibre in good condition is
called *suint.*

**Caul fat (omental fat): Fat surrounding the rumen and/or the stomach &intestines.

Leaf fat: Peritoneal fat.

Suet: Kidney fat

• Cutting fat: Back fat.**

Recommend current
Broiler -105 mA
Goose -130 mA
Turkey -150 mA

Longest lactation period among *Desi breed *- Gir

Best Indian Milch breed
Loose skin is characteristic*Lola*Refers to loose skin Is characterstic of
*Sahiwal*

Heaviest Indian Cattle breed,

*Sawai Chal* is another name Because of its typical gait
*Konkraje*/ Kankrej

Best draught puropse breed In India

Our Karnataka pride -*Amrithmahal*

In Drought again, state wise differs for best breeds like

*Negori -Rajasthan *
Khilari -Maharashtra

Smallest breed of cattle in *World*

Vechur
Kerala breeed

Highest Fat in Buffaloes, Wedge shaped body & Copper colour coat
Two white lines "*Chevron*" locally called as Kanthy are present on the lower side of the neck.
Specific characteristics of
*Bhadwari*

*Lowest fat -Nili Ravi *

Heaviest Buffalo breed

Sleepy eye appearance
Drooping horn is Characterstic of
*Jaffrabadi*

*Jet black color

Curled horns *
*Are charactertics of breed Murrah*
Mixture of Murrah and Surti blood,
*Only buffalo with black switch of tail,
*Longest Lactation period in buffalo*
*Mehasana*

Sword Shaped Horn -*Panadarapuri*

Sickle shaped horn -*Surthi*

Most Voilent breed of Buffalo 🦬,

Grey Skin
*Toda*

👆Highest diseases resistance

Color changing property
*Tharparakar*

The milk has a **golden*color*

exceptionally high content of beta carotene which may help to reduce the risks of certain
cancers.
*Guernsey* breed
This breed looks beautiful 🤩
It is the most beautiful cattle breed *Ayrshire*

**Short Horn Bull × Native Cow

=Taylor (Patna ) **
(*First Crossbred cattle developed in India)*

Dutch breed , Most heaviest breed : **Red Dane*

Cattle with pure white colour

*Ongole*
*Half Moon appearance is characteristic of*
*Gir*

**Rathi* cattle are thought to have evolved from intermixing of Sahiwal, Red Sindhi *
*Native of Bikaner *

*pulikulam* cattle population is famous for a local game *Jallikattu*.

Native of Tamilanadu