Computer Fundamentals

Miscellaneous

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1) Network Topologies
• Network Topology represents a network arrangement consisting of
several nodes, i.e. sender and receiver nodes, and the lines
connecting them.
• Let us look at the type of Network Topologies available.
Bus Topology
• Bus topology is the kind of network topology where every node, i.e.
every device on the network, is connected to a solo main cable line.
Data is transmitted in a single route, from one point to the other.
Ring Topology
• Ring Topology is a topology type in which every computer is
connected to another computer on each side. The last computer is
connected to the first, thus forming a ring shape. This topology allows
for each computer to have exactly two neighboring computers.
Star Topology
• Star Topology is the kind of network topology in which all the nodes
are connected via cables to a single node called a hub, which is the
central node
Mesh Topology
• Mesh topology is the kind of topology in which all the nodes are
connected with all the other nodes via a network channel. Mesh
topology is a point-to-point connection. It has n(n-1)/2 network
channels to connect n nodes.
Tree Topology
• Tree topology is the topology in which the nodes are connected
hierarchically, with all the nodes connected to the topmost node or
root node. Hence, it is also known as hierarchical topology. Tree
topology has at least three levels of hierarchy.
Hybrid Topology
• Hybrid Topology is basically a network topology comprising of two or
more different types of topologies. It is a reliable and scalable
topology, but simultaneously, it is a costly one. It receives the merits
and demerits of the topologies used to build it.
Website
• A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is
identified by a common domain name and published on at least one
web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and
amazon.com. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute
the World Wide Web.
• First page of website is often called Home page, Index page, Main
page, starting page.
URL
• A Uniform Resource Locator, colloquially termed a web address, is a
reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer
network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of
Uniform Resource Identifier, although many people use the two terms
interchangeably.
• URLs consist of multiple parts: a protocol and domain name that tell
a web browser how and where to retrieve a resource.
Cookies
• Cookies are text files with small pieces of data — like a username and
password — that are used to identify your computer as you use a
computer network. Specific cookies known as HTTP cookies are used
to identify specific users and improve your web browsing experience.
• These are stored on the user’s computer(Client PC) by the websites
they visit to ensure an attractive browsing experience.
• A web cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored
in user’s web browser while a user is browsing a website
CD/DVD
• CD stands fro Compact Disk. Laser technology is used to store data on
a compact disk.
• A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD can actually hold about 703 MB of
data with error correction (or 847 MB total)
• A DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk. 4.7 GB (single-sided, single-
layer – common) 8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer) 9.4 GB (double-
sided, single-layer) 17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer) Up to four
layers are possible in a standard form DVD.
• The data side of a DVD manufactured by Sony DADC(Sony Digital
Audio Disc Corporation).
Virus
• A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when executed,
replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting
its own code. If this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then
said to be "infected" with a computer virus, a metaphor derived from
biological viruses.
• Morris Worm.
• Nimda.
• ILOVEYOU.(Widely spread)
Antivirus
• Antivirus software, also known as anti-malware, is a computer
program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. Antivirus
software was originally developed to detect and remove computer
viruses, hence the name.
• Comodo Antivirus Kasper Sky
• AVAST Antivirus Norton Antivirus
• AVG Antivirus McAfee Antivirus
• Avira Antivirus
• Bitdefender Antivirus
Media Player
• Media player software is a type of application software for playing
multimedia computer files like audio and video files. Media players
commonly display standard media control icons known from physical
devices such as tape recorders and CD players, such as play, pause,
fast-forward, back-forward, and stop buttons.
• VLC media player
• Windows Media Player
• Itunes
• Winamp
Important Terminologies
• Encryption: Encryption is a means of securing digital data using one
or more mathematical techniques, along with a password or "key"
used to decrypt the information. The encryption process translates
information using an algorithm that makes the original information
unreadable. In other words, encryption is the process of encoding
information into an unreadable form. (The scrambling of code)
• Buffer: A reserved segment of memory within a program that is
used to hold the data being processed. Buffers are set up in every
program to hold data coming in and going out. In a video streaming
application, the program uses buffers to store an advance supply of
video data to compensate for momentary delays.
Important Terminologies(contd.):
• HTML: The HyperText Markup Language, or HTML is the standard
markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web
browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style
Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
• HTTP/HTTPS: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application layer
protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTPS is just HTTP
with a security Layer added to it.
Important Terminologies(contd.):
• UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) devices keep computer
systems and IT equipment safe and operational. An Uninterruptible
Power Supply (UPS) provides battery backup power when the flow of
electricity drops to an inadequate voltage, or if it stops.
• Floppy Disk: The first 8-inch floppy disk had a storage capacity of
about 80 kilobytes. By 1986, IBM introduced the 3-1/2 inch floppy
disk with 1.44 megabytes of storage space.
Storage Units
S. No. Unit & Description

Bit (Binary Digit)

1 A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a component in an
electric circuit.
Nibble
2
A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
Byte
3 A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item or
a character.
Word
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit, which
varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
4
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small as 8 bits
or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer
words.
Storage Units(contd.)
S.No. Unit & Description
Kilobyte (KB)
1 1 KB = 1024 Bytes

Megabyte (MB)
2 1 MB = 1024 KB

GigaByte (GB)
3 1 GB = 1024 MB

TeraByte (TB)
4 1 TB = 1024 GB

PetaByte (PB)
5 1 PB = 1024 TB