PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO

COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF BADJAO PEOPLE IN ACCORDANCE TO

THEIR HYGIENIC AND SANITATION PRACTICES RESIDING IN ILOILO CITY

A Research Paper Presented to

Sarah Jane Mendoza

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

Nursing Research 1

Of UI-FB1-BSN2-2

By

Maryknoll Shayne Mariano

Novelle Joyce G. Acupan

Hannah Faye A. Oracion

Ma. Angelica S. Apura

 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

Joy Fe Rivas

Chapter 1

Introduction of the Study

Chapter one consist of six parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the

Problem, (3) Objectives of the Study, (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Definition of Terms,

and (6) Scope & Limitations of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study, presents the rationale that supports this research

endeavour. It provides a strong foundation for the conduct of this study.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem, states the general and specific research questions

that this study sought to answer.

Part Three, Objectives of the Study, it describes what this research is trying to achieve.

Part Four, Significance of the Study, the contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a

research field

Part Five, Definition of Terms, includes the meanings of terms that are essential in the

development and understanding of this study.

Part Six, Scope & Limitations of the Study, it define the broader parameters and

boundaries of this research

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COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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I. Background of the Study

Philippines are known to be a sanctuary of indigenous people whose population has

approximately gone, composed of 110 ethno linguistic groups. They slowly occupy Northern

Luzon and Mindanao, with some groups in the Visayas area (Abelgas et al, 2019).One of these

indigenous group is the badjao community, here in Iloilo City, especially in Ledesma street you

can see them on the side of the road selling some pearls, fancy accessories, begging for

money and most of them lived there without a proper housing. They are basically from

Mindanao but due to lack of livelihood opportunities and a conflict between rebellious groups

and the government troops they moved from one place to another. This study looks into the

practices that can affect the nutritional status of badjao. According to International Journal of

Science and Research, the levels of sanitation and water services coverage as well as health

attainment are low among indigenous peoples (Jimenez, 2014). Internationally, Indigenous

people tend to have relatively poor living conditions and health status compared to the general

population (McDonald, et al., 2009). Indigenous children are particularly vulnerable to

experiencing malnutrition and infection that not only affects their growth and development,

but also their cognitive development, educational outcomes and health and wellbeing

throughout life (McDonald, et al., 2009). The Badjao houses lack proper sanitation. Much of
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

their domestic waste, including excreta and rubbish, are thrown into the water and swept in

different directions by the tide. Diseases such as fever, cholera, ulcers, tuberculosis, malaria

and malnutrition are recurrent among in the community (International Labor Organization,

1995, as cited in Daug, 2013).

Moreover, it is important to find out their nutritional status; therefore the research

findings may bring knowledge and realization to them and also for other people to offer their

help and not judged them. The main purpose of this research is to bring health awareness for

the indigenous Badjao Tribe. To teach them the importance of getting the adequate amount of

nutrients needed for everyday survival with proper hygiene and sanitation practice. This study

also aims to justify their own reason for behaving that way and give acknowledgement to their

own cultural practices, and how they opt to survive up until now.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This quantitative research is conducted to assess the nutritional status of badjao in

accordance to their hygienic and sanitation practices residing in Iloilo city. Specifically, it will

seek to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the practices that affect the nutritional status of the selected Indigenous

Badjao Tribe living along the side of the road in Iloilo City?
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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2. How do they maintain their lifestyle even though they don’t have a proper place to

stay?

3. Where do they get the resources they need to survive in everyday life?

III. Objectives

1.1. General Objective

The main objective of the researchers is to assess the nutritional status of badjao

people residing in Iloilo city in accordance to their hygienic and sanitation practices

1.2. Specific Objective

-To determine their health awareness.

-To assess their perceptions regarding their hygienic and sanitation practices.

-To evaluate their everyday living.

VI. Significance of the Study

- The findings of this study will benefit to these following specific people differently:
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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Badjao People. This study will help them to develop their hygienic and sanitation practices.

This could be an aid to them to be more conscious of their nutritional status and to improve

their practices.

Community. The result of this study will guide them to easily identify and maintain proper

cleanliness and sanitation. This will help prevent the spread of illness and disease in the

community.

Future Researcher. The result of this study will be one of the bases for researchers who

intend to do a related study, making it easier for them to find a source and understand the

topic better.

Government. The result of this study is beneficial to the government for the reason that it

will help them identify on which aspect they could help Badjao people.

V. Definition of Terms

For clarity of understanding of the readers the following terms are being defined

conceptually:
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

Badjao

According to Bangsamoro Badjao or Bajau means man of the seas, this tribal group is

known as the Sea Gypsies because they move with the wind and the tide on their small

houseboats called vintas, they can be found in many coastal settlements and inhabit the

waters and shores of the Sulu archipelago.

Nutritional status

As defined by National Library of Medicine, nutritional status is an individual's health

condition as it is influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients

Hygiene

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hygiene refers to behaviors

that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health, such as frequent hand washing, facial

cleanliness, and bathing with soap and water.

Sanitation

According to McGill, sanitation refers to the safe collection, transportation, treatment

and disposal of human wastes.

Indigenous people
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

As defined by the World bank Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups

that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy

or from which they have been displaced.

Ethno linguistic groups

According to IGIGlobal, Ethno linguistic Group is a group of people that share a

language, common ethnicity, and cultural heritage.

Diseases

As defined by Merriam-Webster, disease is an illness that affects a person, animal, or

plant: a condition that prevents the body or mind from working normally.

Malnutrition

According to World Health Organization, malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses

in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization.

VI. Scope & Limitations of the Study

This study focuses on the nutritional status and sanitation practices in Badjao

community. The data collection will be conducted to Badjao people only that residing around
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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Iloilo city. This particular group will compose of 2-3 family or 5-10 individuals. This study will

not cover or go beyond the limitation of the nutritional status and sanitation practices. The

other indigenous people or groups which do not belong to the Badjao community are not

within the scope of this research. The study would be done by utilizing a questionnaire to a

specific individual or a group as survey and reference. By this strategy, the researchers will be

able to know the nutritional status and sanitation practices of Badjao community.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies both from local and foreign

studies that will help in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present

study.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Sonia Marrone (2007) in her literature review "Understanding barriers to healthcare:

A review of disparities in healthcare services among indigenous populations" discussed that

 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

most studies found that healthcare access and utilization rates were found to be significantly

lower among indigenous populations. Factors such as rural location, communication and socio-

economic status were found to be barriers to healthcare services that disproportionately

affected indigenous communities compared with the general population.

This literature is closely related to the current study for it directly mentions the

disparities of healthcare services towards the indigenous people specifically the important role

in understanding why disparities in the healthcare status of indigenous population continue to

exist despite public health intervention. The study presented of the literature review aim to

assess the nutritional status of Badjao people in accordance to their hygiene and sanitation

practices.

FOREIGN STUDIES

According to Thilde et al. (2012) " Hygiene and sanitation promotion strategies among

ethnic minority communities in Northern Vietnam: a stakeholder analysis" effective rural

hygiene and sanitation promotion (RHSP) is a major challenge for many low-income countries.

This paper investigates strategies and stake- holders’ roles and responsibilities in RHSP

implementation in a multi-ethnic area of northern Vietnam, in order to identify lessons learned

for future RHSP. A stakeholder analysis was performed, based on 49 semi-structured individual

interviews and one group interview with stakeholders in RHSP in a northern province of

Vietnam. Participants came from three sectors (agriculture, health and education), unions
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COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
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supported by the Vietnamese government and from four administrative levels (village,

commune, district and province).

The study villages represented four ethnic minority groups including lowland and

highland communities. Stakeholders’ roles, responsibilities and promotion methods were

outlined, and implementation constraints and opportunities were identified and analyzed using

thematic content analysis. Effective RHSP in Vietnam is severely constrained despite

supporting policies and a multi-sectorial and multi-level framework. Four main barriers for

effective implementation of RHSP were identified: (1) weak inter-sectorial collaborations; (2)

constraints faced by frontline promoters; (3) almost exclusive information-based and passive

promotion methods applied; and (4) context unadjusted promotion strategies across ethnic

groups, including a limited focus on socio-economic differences, language barriers and gender

roles in the target groups. Highland communities were identified as least targeted and clearly

in need of more intensive and effective RHSP. It is recommended that the Vietnamese

government gives priority to increasing capacities of and collaboration among stakeholders

implementing RHSP activities. This should focus on frontline promoters to perform effective

behavior change communication. It is also recommended to support more participatory and

community-based initiatives, which can address the complex socio-economic and cultural

determinants of health in multi-ethnic population groups. These lessons learned can improve

future RHSP in Vietnam and are also of relevance for health promotion in other minority

population groups in the region and globally.

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COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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This study is closely related to our current study as it addressed specific relationship of

hygienic and sanitation practices among ethnic group in accordance to the lifestyle there in, it

was also stated that stake-holders is responsible for the betterment of indigenous people and

barriers that were called out in effective implementation of rural hygiene sanitation promotion.

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to Usman and Baconguis (2016) “Persistence of Poverty among the

Badjaos people” stated that poverty is an undesirable human state characterized by

deprivation of essential assets and opportunities like source of income, shelter, health services,

basic education, information, public utilities and sanitation. The Badjaos’ lack of entitlement

and poor condition have led some of them to move to urban areas looking for supplementary

employment and income, most of them ending up as beggars because of their illiteracy,

ignorance, and lack of skills.

Understanding the statement of Usman and Baconguis, the persistence of poverty in

the Badjao community may be one of the reasons why the Badjao people lack on financial

resources related to poor nutritional status such as sanitizing skills and personal hygiene and

until now this is the visible problem in their community on how to apply proper nutrition

practices such as sanitation and hygiene. This study aims to address the knowledge gap on

nutritional status and assessed the level of practices on hygiene and sanitation of Badjao

people.
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COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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LOCAL STUDIES

According to the study from the College of Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines of Charmaine

et al. (2022) entitled "Nutrition and Health Status of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the

Philippines: Results of the 2013 National Nutrition Survey and 2015 Updating Survey" In the

Philippines, there is little documentation about the population size of indigenous peoples (IPs)

and more so on their health and nutrition status. This study aimed to address the gap in

knowledge on the IPs’ nutrition and health status in the Philippines. Analysis of secondary data

collected in the 8th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) 2013 and the 2015 Updating Survey of the

Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups conducted by the

Department of Science and Technology–Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI)

was done. Face-to-face interviews, anthropometric measurements, blood extraction, urine

collection, and blood pressure measurements were utilized as data collection methods.

Findings illustrate that majority of the IPs belonged to the poorest and poor quintile, had low

educational attainment, and were rural residents.

The pervasive problem of undernutrition in the form of stunting and underweight was

the most pronounced problem among children and adolescents. .Overnutrition was prevalent

among adults. Micronutrient deficiencies also exist in the form of anemia and iodine deficiency.

There is also evidence of inadequate dietary consumption among the IPs. As evidenced by the

results – compared with the non-IP individuals and households the IP population was poorer,

had a significantly higher prevalence of undernutrition and iodine deficiency, and had lower
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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adequacy of energy and other nutrient intakes. On the other hand, the selected risk factors for

non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, abdominal, obesity, smoking, and alcohol

consumption were more pronounced among non-IPs compared to the IPs. IPs remains a

marginalized sector of society, making them highly vulnerable to the same persistent

nutritional and health problems non-IPs experience. Therefore, culturally sensitive and

appropriate interventions should be formulated to improve IPs’ nutrition and health status in

the country.

I find the relevance of this study to our current research as it identified the factors that

affect the nutritional status of badjao that is belong to the group of Indigenous People (IP), as

mentioned above nutritional and health status of indigenous people in the Philippines are

affected by the level of education they attained, and mostly are living in a very poor condition.

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodologies employed in assessment of

nutritional status of badjao people in accordance to their hygienic and sanitation practices. It

covers the research design, respondents of the study, research instrument, validity and
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
RIZAL STREET, ILOILO CITY

reliability of Research Instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical Tool, references, and

use questionnaire/respondents.

RESEARCH DESIGN

In this study we will be using quantitative approach, because as defined quantitative

approach measure different types of variables and describe frequencies, averages, and

correlations, it also test hypotheses about relationships between variables. To provide overall

framework for our research will be using descriptive and correlational designs to allow us to

measure the nutritional status of badjao in accordance to their hygienic and sanitation

practices and describe relationship between them.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study are composing of 2-3 families of badjao. These

respondents are the ones who are knowledgeable to answer the problems posed in the

present study. They need to answer the questionnaire that the researchers gave them which

the information of researchers need.

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COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this study, the researchers will be using the questionnaire. The questionnaire is a set

of orderly arranged questions carefully prepared to answer by a selected group of people as

survey and reference. The first part of the questionnaire is about assessment checklist,

prepared according to common sanitation practices of the group. Second part, is the questions

answerable by close-ended form that is more 5 question per group according to their health

status. The last part of the study is by observing a specific group according to their daily living

for reliability and validity of the survey.

VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. The

validity of the instruments for data collection in this study will be done through criterion

validity, as defined a criterion is any other instrument that measures the same variable.

Correlation can be conducted to determine the extent to which the different instruments

measure the same variable. Which is also measured through convergent validity that shows an

instrument is highly correlated with instruments measuring similar variables.

RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INTRUMENTS

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Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. The researcher will

measure the reliability of the questionnaire to determine its consistency in testing what they

are intended to measure. The Internal consistency will be used to measures a specific concept.

This concept is through questions or indicators and each question must correlate highly with

the total for this dimension.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers will provide questionnaires to volunteered respondent who witness the

hand hygiene and sanitation of badjao people involved in this study.

The handling of questionnaires will be done personally by the researchers and facilitated

by retrieval of responses. The procedure also enables the researchers to conduct interview at

the same time consecutively. The researcher collected the answer questionnaires.

STATISTICAL TOOL

The following statistical treatments will be utilized in managing the data that were

gathered during the study:

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Mean. The calculation of the mean determines the level of hygiene and sanitation of

indigenous people specifically, the badjao community as a whole and when classified

according to wellness, daily living and cost of living. The obtained mean score derived from

the family of badjao answered questionnaires will be interpreted basing on the result of the

checklist and questionnaires gathered wherein 5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest score.

The likert scale that follows depicts the range of score for sanitation and hygiene assessment.

Numbering Description

5 Strongly Agree(SA)

4 Agree(A)

3 Neutral (N)

2 Disagree (D)

1 Strongly Disagree(SD)

Likert scale. The likert scale sum up responses according to the items that are ask or

displayed, whether they are agree or disagree to the assessment that are classified by family

that belong to the target population.

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The interpretations will be based on the criteria that follow:

a.) Accept the hypothesis if the scale is more than 4.00 level of agreement.

b.) Reject the hypothesis if the scale is less than 4.00 level of disagreement.

Analysis of variance( ANOVA). This answers the objective that determines whether there

is a significant difference in their daily living towards their hygiene and sanitation classified by

family. ANOVA is a statistical Tool that determines the impact of independent variables has on

the dependent variables(Investo,2016)

The interpretations will be based on the criteria that follows:

a.) Accept the hypothesis if the p-value is greater than 4.00 level of significance.

b.) Reject the hypothesis if the p-value is less than or equal to 4.00 level of significance.

REFERENCES
 PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
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Abelgas, L., Pilapil, E., Etcuban, J. O., Tenerife, J. J., Pinili, L., & Sitoy, R. (2019).

Determinants of Sea Gypsies School Leavers in the Philippines. Asian Review of Social

Sciences, 8(3), 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.3.1603

Villanueva, A. G., & Edano, D. C. (2019). Hygiene and Sanitation Practices of the Badjaos in

Iba, Zambales. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(3), 485-491.

https://doi.org/10.21275/art20195718

Marrone, S. (2007). Understanding barriers to Healthcare: a review of disparities in health care

services among indigenous populations. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 66(3),

188-198. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254

Rheinlander, T., Xuan, L.T.T., Hoat, L.N., Dalgaard, A., & Konradsen, F. (2012). Hygiene and

Sanitation promotion strategies among ethnic minority communities in Northern Vietnam: a

stakeholder analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 27(7), 600-612.

https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr082
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Usman, K., & Baconguis, R. D. T. (2016). Persistence of poverty among the Badjao, Tawi-

Tawi, ARMM, Philippines. The Journal of Public Affairs and Development, 3(1&2), 151-185.

Retrieved from https://jpad.cpaf.uplb.edu.ph/articles/persistence-of-poverty-among-the-

badjaos-of-bongao-tawi-tawi-armm-philippines/

Duante, C., Austria, R. E., Ducay, A.J., Acuin, C. C. , & Capanzana, M. (2022). Nutrition and

Health Status of Indigenous Peoples (ips) in the Philippines: Results of the 2013 National

Nutrition Survey and 2015 Updating Survey. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(1), 513-531.

http://dx.doi.org/10.56899/151.01.39
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USE QUESTIONNAIRE/RESPONDENTS

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF BADJAO PEOPLE IN ACCORDANCE TO

THEIR HYGIENIC AND SANITATION PRACTICES RESIDING IN ILOILO CITY

Name (Optional):___________________________________ Age: _______

Sex: ________

Part I. Common Sanitation

Instructions: For each statement, please check whether you Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral,

Disagree, or Strongly Disagree.

Statements SA A N D SD

(Strongly (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly

Agree) Disagree)

I do hand washing before and

after eating

I do change clothes everyday

I do have a complete personal

sanitation kit

I do brush my teeth two or three

times a day
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I do clean the house everyday

I use my bare hands when eating

I use shampoo to wash my hair

I take a bath everyday

I drink distilled water

My earnings is enough for my

everyday living

Part II. Health Status

Instructions: For each question, please put a check in your corresponding answer.

Questions YES NO

Do you go directly to a hospital when you feel sick?

Do you use slippers/shoes when walking?

Do you cover your mouth when coughing?

Do you personally cook the food you eat?

Do you take vitamins every day?