Holiday homework -Science

India has a tropical wet and dry climate that varies across different regions. The north of India
is cooler, the center is hot and dry, and the south has a tropical climate. India has three
distinct seasons: winter, summer, and the monsoon. 

Rajasthan
Rajasthan is situated in the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range,
which runs through the state from southwest to northeast.
1. Climatic Features
Rajasthan's climate is tropical desert. From October to February,
it is frigid, while the hot heat torments the region from March to
September. To the south of Rajasthan, the rivers Luni and
Chambal, as well as their tributaries, provide water to the
inhabitants and form an alluvial basin in Kota.
a. Temperature
Rajasthan has a warm-dry continental climate with
noticeable diurnal and seasonal temperature changes.
Summer begins in March and lasts till April, May, and
June. The highest daily temperature in Rajasthan on the
eastern side of the Aravalli Range ranges between 40°C
and 45°C. Summer nights saw a temperature drop, with a
low temperature ranging from 20°C to 29°C.
b. Rainfall
The Aravallis climate is distinguished by minimal rainfall,
harsh temperatures, low humidity, and high-velocity
winds. The climate in the east ranges from semi-arid to
sub-humid, with lower wind velocity, higher humidity, and
more rainfall. The average annual rainfall in the Jaisalmer
region ranges from less than 10 cm in the north-west to 55
cm in Ajmer.
 2. Flora and Fauna
Flora: The Thar Desert is dominated by thorny shrubs and trees, such
as the khejri ,ber and thor The Aravalli Hills are home to a more
diverse range of vegetation, including bamboo, teak, and sal trees.
The fauna of Rajasthan has various species. The common animals
here are antelopes and gazelles that include Blackbuck and Chinkara.
Nilgai is commonly found in open plains. Besides these one can also
see sambar, five-striped palm squirrel, desert gerbil, Indian porcupine,
desert fox, wild boar and a host of other wild animals.

3. Forest and tribes in them

Aravalli Hills: The Aravalli Hills are a mountain range that runs
through the western part of Rajasthan. They are home to a variety of
forests, including dry deciduous forests, Sal forests, and bamboo
forests. The tribes that live in or around the Aravalli Hills include the
Bhil, Garasia, and Mina tribes.
Dungarpur Wildlife Sanctuary: The Dungarpur Wildlife Sanctuary is a
forest reserve located in the southern part of Rajasthan. It is home to a
variety of animals, including tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and wild
boars. The tribes that live in or around the Dungarpur Wildlife
Sanctuary include the Bhil, Garasia, and Mina tribes.

4. Biodiversity
Rajasthan is a state in northwestern India with a rich biodiversity. The
state is home to over 2000 plant species, 87 mammal species, 114 fish
species, 500 bird species, and 81 reptile species. The Keoladeo
National Park is a bird sanctuary located in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. The
park is home to over 350 species of birds, including the greater
flamingo, the pelicans, and the cormorants.

5. Endangered Species
The leopard is another large cat that is endangered in Rajasthan. There
are an estimated 1,200 leopards left in the state, but their numbers are
declining due to habitat loss and poaching.
The tiger is the most endangered large mammal in India, and there are
only an estimated 2,226 tigers left in the wild. The tiger population in
Rajasthan has declined by over 50% in the past 20 years.

6. Sanctuaries, National parks, Biosphere

reserves.
Keoladeo National Park: This park is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and is famous for its birdlife. It is home to over
350 species of birds, including the sarus crane, flamingo, and
pelicans.
Ranthambore National Park: This park is home to a large
population of tigers. It is also home to other animals such as
leopards, sloth bears, and wild boars.

Sariska Tiger Reserve: This reserve was once home to a large

population of tigers, but the population declined due to
poaching. In recent years, the population has rebounded and
there are now over 50 tigers in the reserve.

Nagaland
Nagaland is a landlocked state in northeastern India. It is bordered by
Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Manipur to the south, Assam to the
west, and Myanmar to the east and has a total area of 16,579 square
kilometers.

1. Climatic Features
Nagaland has a tropical monsoon climate, with a hot, humid summer
and a cool, dry winter. The average temperature in Nagaland ranges
from 21 to 40 degrees Celsius. The hottest months are May and June,
when the temperature can reach up to 40 degrees Celsius.
 a. Temperature
Nagaland has a subtropical climate with cool winters
and warm summers. The temperature ranges from
10 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius. The
coldest months are December and January, when the
temperature can drop to as low as 10 degrees
Celsius. The hottest months are April and May, when
the temperature can soar to as high as 35 degrees
Celsius.
b. Rainfall
Nagaland has a monsoonal climate, with most of the
annual rainfall occurring during the southwest monsoon
season (June-September). The average annual rainfall for
the state is 2,000-2,500 mm The wettest month is July,
when the state receives an average of 380 mm of rainfall.
The driest month is December, when the state receives an
average of 10 mm of rainfall.

2. Flora and Fauna

Mammals: Nagaland is home to a variety of mammals, including
tigers, elephants, bears, deer, monkeys, and birds. Some of the most
common mammals found in Nagaland include the Indian elephant, the
gaur, the sambhar, the barking deer, the rhesus macaqua, and the
hornbill.
Birds: Nagaland is home to a wide variety of birds, with over 500
species recorded in the state. Some of the most common birds found
in Nagaland include the great Indian hornbill the Blyth's tragopan the
minivet and the sunbird

3. Forest and tribes in them

Naga Hills National Park: This park is home to a variety of wildlife,
including elephants, tigers, leopards, and deer. It is also home to a
number of tribal villages, including the Angami, Chakhesang, and
Konyak tribes.
Dzukou Valley: This valley is known for its rhododendrons, which
bloom in April and May. It is also home to a number of tribal villages,
including the Sumi and Lotha tribes.

4. Biodiversity
The flora of Nagaland is represented by over 2,400 species of plants,
belonging to over 900 genera and 180 families. The state's forests are
home to a variety of trees, including oak, bamboo, and pine. The
forests also support a variety of shrubs, herbs, and ferns.
The fauna of Nagaland is represented by over 1,000 species of
animals, belonging to over 200 genera and 60 families. The state's
forests are home to a variety of mammals, including elephants, tigers,
leopards, deer, and wild boars. The forests also support a variety of
birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

5. Endangered Species
Asian Elephant: The Asian elephant is the largest land mammal in
India and is found in the forests of Nagaland. It is an endangered
species due to habitat loss, poaching, and conflict with humans.
Clouded Leopard: The clouded leopard is a small cat that is found in
the forests of Nagaland. It is an endangered species due to habitat
loss, poaching, and the illegal pet trade.

6. Sanctuaries, National parks, Biosphere

reserves
Intanki National Park: It is located in the Peren district of Nagaland. It
was established in 1978 and has an area of 20.20 sq km. The park is
home to a variety of animals, including elephants, tigers, leopards,
deer, and wild boars. It is also home to a variety of birds, reptiles, and
amphibians.
Nagaland Biosphere Reserve: It is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve that
was established in 1988. It covers an area of 1,657.9 sq km and
includes the following protected areas: Intanki National Park, Fakim
Wildlife Sanctuary, Khrokhropfü Wildlife Sanctuary, and Singphan
Wildlife Sanctuary. The biosphere reserve is home to a variety of
animals, including elephants, tigers, leopards, deer, and wild boars. It
is also home to a variety of birds, reptiles, and amphibians.