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Phpt211 Solids Fluids

This document provides an overview of week 2 topics in PHPT211 which include solids and fluids. It discusses the different states of matter, density, pressure, buoyancy, fluid flow, surface tension, and pumps. Key concepts covered are the definitions of solid, liquid, and gas; density and specific gravity; Pascal's principle; Archimedes' principle; laminar and turbulent flow; Bernoulli's principle; viscosity; and an overview of vacuum, force, and circulating pumps as they relate to the heart.

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Jed Palo
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22 views52 pages

Phpt211 Solids Fluids

This document provides an overview of week 2 topics in PHPT211 which include solids and fluids. It discusses the different states of matter, density, pressure, buoyancy, fluid flow, surface tension, and pumps. Key concepts covered are the definitions of solid, liquid, and gas; density and specific gravity; Pascal's principle; Archimedes' principle; laminar and turbulent flow; Bernoulli's principle; viscosity; and an overview of vacuum, force, and circulating pumps as they relate to the heart.

Uploaded by

Jed Palo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHPT211

WEEK 2: SOLIDS & FLUIDS


Jennelle Princess R. Bie, PTRP
OBJECTIVES:
1. Differentiate the states of matter.
2. Apply the principle of buoyancy, density and pressure with the
physical therapy practice.
3. Correlate the effect of surface tension, capillary action, and viscous
flow to human movement and therapeutic interventions.
CONTENTS:
A. States of Matter
B. Density
C. Pressure
D. Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle
E. Fluids in Motion
F. Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Flow
G. Pumps and The Heart
A. STATES OF MATTER
A. STATES OF MATTER

SOLID: Has definite size and shape


LIQUID: Does not maintain a fixed size and shape
GAS: Has neither a fixed shape and fixed size
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.
A. STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
Definite shape No definite shape No definite shape
Definite volume Definite volume No definite volume
High density Mid to high density Low density
Slightly compressible Slightly compressible Highly compressible
A. STATES OF MATTER
PHASE CHANGES:
A. STATES OF MATTER

GAS

LIQUID
A. STATES OF MATTER
PHASE CHANGES:
ENDOTHERMIC:
• Melting Phase
• Vaporation Phase
• Sublimation Phase
EXOTHERMIC:
• Freezing Phase
• Condensation
• Deposition Phase
B. DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY
B.1.DENSITY
The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume:

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


B.1. DENSITY

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


B.1. DENSITY
APPLIED: IN BONE MASS DENSITY
B.1. DENSITY
APPLIED: IN BONE MASS DENSITY

Faulkner, Kenneth G. “Bone Densitometry.” Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol. 1, no. 3, Sept. 1998, pp. 279–85.
DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1385/JCD:1:3:279.
B.2.SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
The specific gravity of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density
of that substance to the density of water at 4.0°C.

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


B.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)

SG= <1 → Float SG= >1 → Sink


B.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
APPLIED: URINE SG
The specific gravity of urine can be used to determine the
concentration of particles in the urine, indicating the possible presence
of several medical conditions.
C. PRESSURE
C. PRESSURE
Pressure is the force per unit area:

1 PA (Pascals) = 1 N/m2

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


C. PRESSURE
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH:
The fluid pressure is directly proportional to the
density of the liquid and to the depth within the
liquid.

The pressure at equal depths within a uniform liquid


is the same.

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


C. PRESSURE
C. PRESSURE
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH:

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


C. PRESSURE

*small area, large pressure


C. PRESSURE
C. PRESSURE
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Pascal’s principle states that if an
external pressure is applied to a
confined fluid, the pressure at every
point within the fluid increases by that
amount.
C. PRESSURE
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
DRILL:
D. BUOYANCY &
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
D.1. BUOYANT FORCE
Buoyancy is the tendency of an object to float in a
fluid. Buoyancy results from the differences in pressure
acting on opposite sides of an object immersed in a
static fluid.

*Objects submerged in a fluid appear to weigh less


than they do when outside the fluid.
D.1. BUOYANT FORCE
The buoyant force is the upward force
exerted on an object wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid. This upward force is also
called Upthrust.

Due to the buoyant force, a body submerged


partially or fully in a fluid appears to lose its
weight, i.e. appears to be lighter.
D.1. BUOYANT FORCES
APPLIED: BUOYANCY IN HYDROTHERAPY
• Buoyancy Assisted (BA)
• Buoyancy Supported (BS)
• Buoyancy Resisted (BR)
• Buoyancy Superresisted (BSR)
D.1. BUOYANT FORCE

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


D.1. BUOYANT FORCE
The following factors affect buoyant force:
• the density of the fluid
• the volume of the fluid displaced
• the local acceleration due to gravity
D.2. ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
The buoyant force on an object
immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by that
object.

Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications (Seventh edition). Pearson.


D.2. ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
CONCEPT:
Two pails of water. Consider two identical pails of water filled to the
brim. One pail contains only water, the other has a piece of wood
floating in it. Which pail has the greater weight?
E. FLUIDS IN MOTION
E. FLUIDS IN MOTION
TWO TYPES OF FLUID FLOW:
1. Laminar Flow/Streamline
2. Turbulent Flow
E.1. LAMINAR/STREAMLINE FLOW
The flow is smooth, and the
neighboring layers of the fluid
slide by each other smoothly.
E.2. TURBULENT FLOW
Characterized by erratic, small,
whirlpool-like circles called eddy
currents or eddies
LAMINAR FLOW VS TURBULENT FLOW
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE:
States that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low, and
where the velocity is low, the pressure is high.
APPLIED: TIA
VISCOSITY
Amount of internal friction of real fluids.

Viscosity exists in both liquids and gases,


and is essentially a frictional force
between adjacent layers of fluid as the
layers move past one another.
The viscosity of different fluids can be
expressed quantitatively by a coefficient
of viscosity, η (the Greek lowercase
letter eta)
POISEUILLE LAW:
It states that the flow (Q) of fluid is related to a number of factors:
1. the viscosity (n) of the fluid,
2. the pressure gradient across the tubing (P),
3. and the length (L) and diameter(r) of the tubing.
POISEUILLE’S EQUATION:
F. SURFACE TENSION
F.1. SURFACE TENSION
The surface of a liquid acts like it is under
tension, and this tension, acting along the
surface, arises from the attractive forces
between the molecules. This effect is called
surface tension.
G. PUMPS AND THE HEART
G. PUMPS & THE HEART
Vacuum Pump is designed to reduce the
pressure (usually of air) in a given vessel

Force Pump is intended to increase the


pressure

Circulating Pump to circulate a fluid


around a closed path

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