A polyhedron is a geometric shape made up of polygon faces which meet at straight-line edges that come together at vertices. Like polygons, polyhedra are named with prefixes to indicate the number of faces, for example, an octahedron has 8 faces and a hexahedron has 6 faces, One excep tion is the tetrahedvon, which has four faces. A regular polyhedron has congruent regular polygon feces. There are five convex regular polyhedra called Bodeeahedron leoschedron There is a relationship between the number of faces, verti- ces, and edges on any polyhedron, See if you can discover this relationship by looking at the table below which lists the faces, vertices, and edges for each of the Platonic solids: Polyhedtoy Faces Vertices Edge; Teahedon 4 4 6 Cube 6 8 12 Ociahedron 8 6 12 Dodecahadron = 122030, Teosahedson 0 2 30‘aces, Vertices, and Edges: fhe number of edges on a polygon is always two less than, the sum of its faces and vertices: frveet2 or fty-e=2 fou do not need to remember the formula above if you can remember that there is a relationship, and that a formula exists, If | am concerned that I have the formula mixed up, I consider a simple polyhedron like a cube. I know there are 6 faces, & vertices, and 12 edges on a cube and I can use this information to figure out the formula aboye if I have forgotten. "This is a strategy T often use and recommend instead of E trying to commit dozens of formulas to memory. E | Aside from the Platonie solids, one particular polyhedron ‘comes up frequently enough that it should be men- tioned: the truncated icosahedron, more commonly recognized as a soccer ball. Example: A soccer ball is made by stitching together 20 regular hexagons and 12 regular pentagons, each with a side length of one inch. What is the combined length of the seams required to stitch together a soccer ball? Reasoning: We are looking for the number of edges There are 20 hexagons for a total of 120 edges, and 12 pentagons with 60 edges, but each edge is shared. by two faces: (120 + 60)/2 = 90 edges, or 90 inches of seams, ‘The reasoning above elso allows us to find the number of vertices using f+v-e=2. This gives us: 32+v—90=2, 80 there area total of 60 vertices.Prisms and Cylinders: A prism is a polynedron with two congruent polygons (called the bases) connected by parallelograms (called the lateral faces). We will deal primarily with right prisms, in which the lateral faces are rectangles (ia) an oblique prism, the lateral faces_are non-rectangu- Jar parallelograms), Prisms are named based on their bases, for example: al Trianguler Prism Pentagonel Prism Heptagonal Prism A cylinder is similar to a prism with a circular base. The line which connects the center of the circular bases is called the axis. If the axis is perpendicular to the bases, the cylinder is called a right cylinder (other- wise, it is called oblique). Right Cylinder The volume of a prism or cylinder (right or oblique) can be found by multiplying the area of its base times its height. The surface area of a prism is the sum of the areas of its faces, The surface area of a cylinder is the sum of the area of its bases and its lateral surface, In a right cylinder the lateral surface is a rectangle, The width of this rectangle is equal to the circumference of the circle. The height is the same as that of the cylinder, Try to write the formula for the surface area of a cylinder before reading ahead.| The formula for the surface area of a cylinder: A= 2m’ 42h. Once again, do not memorize the formula above. If you understand its derivation it is much more useful | Pyramids and Cones: | A pyramid is « polyhedton with a polygonal base whose other faces are all triangles which meet at a point called the apex. Like a prism, a pyramid is named ‘by the shape of its base A cone is similar to a pyramid whose base is a circle. BAA Triangular Prism Pentagonal Prism cone The volume of a pyramid or cone is one-third the area of its base times its height The surface area of a pyramid is the sum of the area of its faces. The surface area of a cone is the sum of its circular base and the lateral surface area. The lateral surface area (when unrolled) is a sector of a circle of radius s (the slant height of the cone). The sector is a fraction Qn of the whole circle: (2arV(2as)= ris. The : area of the whole circle *, so the lateral 1 “ x 1 is surface area (sector) is - (a@s')=ms Se 5Spheres: A sphere is the set of all points in three-dimensionel space that ere equidistant from a given center You will need to remember the formulas for volume and surface area uf a sphere (I engourage you to Jook up the derivations of these formulas). Volume: vale Surface Area: 4=4m* Example: A hemisphere has a surface area (including its base) of 367m, What is its volume? Reasoning: First, we must recognize that the surface area of a hemisphere is equal to half the surface of a sphere of equal radius plus the area of the circular base: 2a” + 27° =37r', which equals 362cm?. Solving for r we get: Bar = 362 r=2y8 Substituting » = 23 into the formula for the volume of a hemisphere (half the volume of a sphere): Ve Fa(2v3y =l6rv3em", Example: Find the height of a cylinder whose volume and radius are equal to that of a sphere of radius 6em. ’ 7 Reasoning: We could find the volume of the sphere and solve an equation to find the height of the cylinder, but it is easier to use both equations at once, cancel- ling out common factors: a(6)h= On soractice: Three-Dimensional Geometry. 4001 A semicircle with diameter AD = 120m is rolled to form a cone by connecting A to D. What is the volume of the cone? 8.101 A cannonball with a 4-inch radius sinks to the bottom of a barrel full of water, raising the ‘water level by 1/3 of an inch. What is the radius of the cylindrical barrel? 5201 The number of square centimeters in the surface area of a hemisphere (including the base) is equal to the number of cubic centimeters in its volume. What is its radius? 101 Two cylinders are partially filled with water, cach to a depth of 24feet. The smaller oylinder has a radius of 3feet and the larger has a radius of 4feet. Water is ‘emptied from the larger cylinder into the smaller cylinder until each holds an equal volume of water, What is the difference between the depths of the two cylinders in feet and inches? 5401 A cone and a hemisphere of equal surface area each have a 3-inch radius. What is the height of the cone? 5501 A cube is inscribed within a hemi- sphere, The cube has 2-inch edges. What is the surface area of the hemisphere? | Seu A snub cube hes 6 squares faces and 32 triangular faces, What is the total number of vertices and edges on a snub cube?Practice: Three-Dimensional Geometry. Son A cylinder witha 6-inch radius is laid on its side and filled toa depth of 9 inches. The cylinder is 24 inches Jong. What is the volume of water contained in the cylinder? 5.111 The radius of a cylinder is increased by 40%, but the height is cut in half, What is the percent change in the volume of the cylinder? 3311 A cylinder is inscribed within a sphere, The cylinder has a 6-inch diameter and is 8 inches tall. What is the volume of the sphere? s4i1_ A cube has a sphere inscribed within and a sphere circumscribed about it, What is the ratio of the surface area of the inscribed sphere to the surface area of the circumscribed sphere? S511 A wooden cube with 18cm edges has each of the eight comers sliced off so that the resulting faces are equilateral triangles whose edges are 60m long. What volume has been removed from the cube? Express your answer in simplest radical ‘orm, £611 How many cubic inches of water are in the rectangular prism, which is tilted at a 30- degree angle?