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Science Notes

Forces can be contact forces, like friction, or non-contact forces, like magnetic and gravitational forces. A force applied to an object can change its motion, speed, or direction. Forces can also change an object's shape or size through the transfer of energy. Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and different sources of energy can be used to do work, including both renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as non-renewable sources like fossil fuels.

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Kenneth Jacob Ong (Bowenss)
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47 views

Science Notes

Forces can be contact forces, like friction, or non-contact forces, like magnetic and gravitational forces. A force applied to an object can change its motion, speed, or direction. Forces can also change an object's shape or size through the transfer of energy. Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and different sources of energy can be used to do work, including both renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as non-renewable sources like fossil fuels.

Uploaded by

Kenneth Jacob Ong (Bowenss)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 9 (Application of forces and transfer of energy)

What is a force?
- Push or pull force
- SI unit for force is newton (N)
- Forces includes actions like lifting, bending, stretching, twisting, or squeezing

Contact forces vs Non-contact forces


Contact forces
- When an object is touched, contact forces act on it
- E.g. friction, that opposes motion, only existing between the surfaces of two
objects in contact

Friction force
1. Friction produces heat, but also wears away materials and gives grip, slowing down
objects, opposing motion
2. Reducing friction includes
a. Using smooth surfaces, lubricants, streamlined shapes etc.

Tension force
1. Tension force is a pulling force applied by an object when it’s stretched e.g. rubber band
2. Contact force occurs when an object is stretched

Elastic force
1. Elastic force is a push force which causes an object to return to its original shape.
2. Elastic force opposes tension force
Normal force
1. Normal force is a force that a surface exerts on an object e.g. a book on the table.

Non-contact forces
Gravitational force
1. Gravitational force attracts two objects towards each other. (E.g. a planet exerts a
gravitational force on an object and pulls it towards its centre, thus the object has weight)

Magnetic force
1. The push or pull force between magnets only or magnets on magnetic materials
2. Push force -> Repulsion (like poles)
3. Pull force -> Attraction (unlike poles, or magnetic materials)

How do we measure weight?


Formula for weight
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
W = mg
*Note that g is a constant known as the acceleration due to gravity, and is taken to be ≈ 10
m/s^2

Weight vs Mass
Mass stays the same no matter where you are. (Kg, g…)
Weight changes depending on the acceleration due to gravity. (N)

PPT2:
Effects of a force on the motion of an object
Applying a force can cause an object to change its state of rest/motion

Examples:
A force applied on a stationary object can cause it to:
- Start moving
A force applied on a moving object can cause it to:
- Increase its speed
- Decrease its speed
- Change its direction

Resultant Force
- The overall force after considering all forces acting on a body.
- The resultant force is also known as the ‘net force’.
- There is a resultant force when the forces are unbalanced
E.g. there is 5N of force acting on the object from the right, but 3N of force acting on the object
from the left. Therefore, the net force/resultant force is 2N

When forces are balanced, resultant force = 0


The object can either be
- At rest
- Moving at a constant (uniform) speed in the same direction.

Effects of a force on size and/or shape of an object


The transfer of energy between objects may cause changes in the size and/or shape of an
object.
Example: A force applied on a object can cause a turning effect about a fixed point called a
pivot. (Levers)
- When a force is applied at a greater distance away from the pivot, lesser applied force is
required to move the object.

Pressure = Force / Area


Factors affecting pressure:
- force
- Area

What is work done?


Work is done when energy is transferred through the application of a force.
The work done by a force = force ultiplyed by distance moved in the direction of force.
W=Fxd
Where:
W = work done (in J / kJ) [1kJ = 1000J]
F = constant force (in N)
D = distance moved in the direction of force (in m)

For work to be done, there must be:


- a force acting on the object
- The object moves
- The movement is in the direction of the force

Energy vs work done


Work done = energy transferred
The unit of work (joule/J) is also the unit for energy. When one joule of work is done, one joule of
energy is transferred.

When work is done on an object, energy is converted from one form to another.
E.g. gravitational potential energy -> kinetic energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted from one form to
another, but cannot be created nor destroyed.

Sources of energy we can use


Non-renewable sources of energy
- Limited supply and will run out
- E.g. fossil fuels
- Includes crude oil, coal and natural gas
- Nuclear energy
- Thermal energy and radiation released from reactor’s core as uranium nucleus is
split
Renewable sources of energy
- Sustainable or renewable, unlimited supply
- E.g. biofuels
- Organic materials, including wood, methane-rich biogas etc.
- Ethanol can be turned into biodiesel fuel for motor vehicles
- Biomass
- Can be used to produce solid, liquid or gaseous biofuels

How does oil affect the environment?


Gives off carbon dioxide and a gtreenhouse gas that is linked with global warming

Different type of energies:


- Geothermal energy
- Heat escapes through volcanoes, hot springs, geysers
- Hydroelectric energy
- Uses gravitational potential energy loss of water to turn water turbines to operate
electricity generators
- Solar energy
- Photovoltaic cells convert energy in sunlight to electrical energy
- Wind energy
- Converts moving air with the help of windmills into electrical energy
- Tidal energy
- Uses difference in height of water at high tide and low tide to generate electricity.

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