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Unit 5 - Classification of Signal

1) The document discusses various types of signals including continuous and discrete time signals, deterministic and random signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, even and odd signals. 2) It explains the process of analog to digital conversion which includes sampling, quantization, and encoding. Sampling converts a continuous time signal to a discrete time signal. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set of values. Encoding represents each discrete value with a binary sequence. 3) The key steps in analog to digital conversion are sampling the analog signal at regular time intervals, quantizing the sampled amplitude values to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized values into binary digits. This allows digital processing of analog

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44 views

Unit 5 - Classification of Signal

1) The document discusses various types of signals including continuous and discrete time signals, deterministic and random signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, even and odd signals. 2) It explains the process of analog to digital conversion which includes sampling, quantization, and encoding. Sampling converts a continuous time signal to a discrete time signal. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set of values. Encoding represents each discrete value with a binary sequence. 3) The key steps in analog to digital conversion are sampling the analog signal at regular time intervals, quantizing the sampled amplitude values to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized values into binary digits. This allows digital processing of analog

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jaysres
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603


(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Department of Computer Engineering


(NBA Accredited)

Subject- Digital Electronics and Data Communications(CO204)


Unit 5- Signals
What is signal?
A signal is defined as a function that represents variation in physical quantity
with respect to any parameter (which may be time, distance etc).
Anything that carries a information is called as signal..
• Ex. Human voice, video etc.
The signal may depend on one or more independent variable.
If a signal depends on only one variable then it is known as one dimensional
signal.
Ex. Audio signal, temperature
If a signal depends on two independent variable then the signal is known as
two dimensional signals.
Ex. image
Multi dimensional signal depends on many variables.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 2
Classification of signals

Signals are classified according to their characteristics


1.Continuous time and discrete time signals
2.Deterministic and random
3.Periodic and non periodic signals
4.Even and odd signals
5.Energy and power signals
6.Causal and non causal signals

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 3


Continuous time signals

Continuous time signals are defined for all values of “t” and is represented by x(t) .
Continuous time signals is also called an analog signals.
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time.
• As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and includes an infinite
number of values along its path.
• The vertical axis represents the value or strength of a signal. The horizontal axis
represents time.

Ex. AC power supply

4
Discrete time signals

• The discrete time signals are


defined at discrete instance of
time and represented by x(n).
• A digital signal, on the other
hand, can have only a limited
number of defined values.
Although each value can be
any number, it is often as
simple as 1 and 0.
• The vertical lines of the digital
signal, however, demonstrate
the sudden jump that the
signal makes from value to
value

5
Deterministic and random signals
A deterministic signal is a signal having certainty of values at any given instance of
time. (In medical images like ECG). Signals which can be defined exactly by a
mathematical formula are known as deterministic signals.

 A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value


at some instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they
are called random signals. Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical
equation.

6
Periodic and non-periodic signals

A continuous time signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition


x(t + T) = x(t) for all “t”

 Non-Periodic signal:-

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Symmetric (even) and anti- symmetric (odd)

A continuous time signal is said to be symmetric (even) if it satisfies the condition


x(t) = x(-t) for all “t”
Where, x(t) = Value of the signal for positive "t" and x(-t) = Value of the signal for negative "t".

 A continuous time signal is said to be anti- symmetric (odd) if it satisfies the condition
x(t) = - x(-t) for all “t”

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06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
Causal and non-causal Signals

A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be causal if

X(t)=0 for t<0

Other wise it is non causal

Discrete time signal is said to be causal if

X(n)=0 for n<0


Otherwise it is non casual

10
ADC

Analog to digital conversion (ADC) and digital to analog


conversion (DAC) are the processes that allow the digital
computers to interact with everyday signals.
Digital information is different from its continuous
counterpart in two important respect it is sampled and
quantized.

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06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
To change an analog signal to digital data. Two techniques,
1.Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
2.Delta modulation.
•PCM: Signal to Digital data (digitization) is called pulse code modulation (PCM)

06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon


ADC (Analog to digital conversion)

The analog signal get convert into digital signal by performing following operation
like Sampling, quantization and encoding.
Most of the analog signal in the form of continuous time signal but in digital signal
processing the signal are sampled and quantized at discrete time instance and
represented by 0 and 1.This can be done by analog to digital convertor.
Sampling: This is the conversion of a continuous time signal into discrete time signal.
Quantization: this is the conversion of a discrete time continuous valued signal into a
discrete time discrete value signal(digital signal)
Encoding: In the coding process each discrete value represented by binary sequence.

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06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
Sampling
• The sampling process is sometimes referred to as pulse
amplitude modulation(PAM).
• The A/D converter captures analog signals at fixed time
intervals along the time axis. This process is known as
sampling, and the fixed time interval is known as the sampling
period (the inverse of the sampling period is called the
sampling frequency). The sampling
• frequency or sampling rate, fs, is the average number of
samples obtained in one second, thus fs = 1/T.

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06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
• The following points must be observed when carrying out A/D conversion.
1. Caution concerning the relationship between the sampling frequency and the
analog signal frequency
• The sampling frequency (fs) must be at least twice the analog signal frequency (f)
by Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem
• e.g. when the analog signal frequency and the sampling frequency are same, as
shown in the figure, the value after digital conversion is always constant, making it
impossible for the digital waveform to approximate the analog waveform.

06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon


• It can be seen that sampling at the
Nyquist rate can create a good
approximation of the original sine
wave (part a).
• Oversampling in part b can also
create the same approximation,
but it is redundant and
unnecessary.
• Sampling below the Nyquist rate
(part c) does not produce a signal
that looks like the original sine
wave.

06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon


06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
Quantization
• The result of sampling is a series of pulses with amplitude values between the
maximum and minimum amplitudes of the signal. These values cannot be used in
the encoding process.
• We need to map these infinite amplitude values onto finite set of known values.
The following are the steps in quantization:
1. We assume that the original analog signal has instantaneous amplitudes between
Vmin and Vmax
2. We divide the range into L zones, each of height (delta).

3. We assign quantized values of 0 to L - I to the midpoint of each zone.


4. We approximate the value of the sample amplitude to the quantized values

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon


• So Quantization is the process of converting infinite no. of possibilities to a finite set of
values.

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06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
• The value at the top of each sample in the graph shows the actual amplitude.
• In the chart, the first row is the normalized value for each sample (actual
amplitude/delta).
• The quantization process selects the quantization value from the middle of each
zone. This means that the normalized quantized values (second row) are different
from the normalized amplitudes.
• The difference is called the normalized error (third row).
• The fourth row is the quantization code for each sample based on the quantization
levels at the left of the graph.
• The encoded words (fifth row) are the final products of the conversion.

06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon


06/11/21 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

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