United Nations A/78/80-E/2023/64

General Assembly Distr.: General

Economic and Social Council 27 April 2023

Original: English

General Assembly Economic and Social Council

Seventy-eighth session 2023 session
Item 19 of the preliminary list* 25 July 2022–26 July 2023
Sustainable development Agenda items 5 (a) and 6
High-level segment: ministerial meeting of
the high-level political forum on sustainable
development, convened under the auspices
of the Economic and Social Council
High-level political forum on sustainable
development, convened under the auspices
of the Economic and Social Council

Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals:

towards a rescue plan for people and planet
Report of the Secretary-General (special edition)

Summary
The present report on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals is
submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 70/1, entitled “Transforming
our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. At the midpoint to 2030,
this special edition report provides an update on the progress made since 2015 against
the global Sustainable Development Goal indicator framework. In the report, the
Secretary-General finds that many of the Goals are moderately to severely off track
and puts forward five major recommendations to rescue the Goals and accelerate
implementation between now and 2030, for the consideration of Member States in
advance of the Sustainable Development Goals Summit.

* A/78/50.

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I. Promise in peril
1. Leave no one behind. That defining principle of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development is a shared promise by every country to work together to
secure the rights and well-being of everyone on a healthy, thriving planet. But halfway
to 2030, that promise is in peril. The Sustainable Development Goals are disappearing
in the rear-view mirror, as is the hope and rights of current and future generations. A
fundamental shift in needed – in commitment, solidarity, financing and action – to
put the world on a better path. And it is needed now.
2. We can do better, and in moments of severe challenge, humanity has always
come through. Now is another of those moments. The Sustainable Development Goals
Summit, to be held in September 2023, must signal a genuine turning point. It must
mobilize the political commitment and breakthroughs our world desperately needs. It
must right the historic injustices at the core of the international financial system to
give the most vulnerable countries and people a fair chance at a better future. It must
deliver a rescue plan for people and planet.

A. Delivering on commitments: where do we stand halfway to 2030?

3. Early efforts after the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted produced
some favourable trends. Extreme poverty and child mortality rates continued to fall.
Inroads were made against such diseases as HIV and hepatitis. Some targets for
gender equality were seeing positive results. Electricity access in the poorest
countries was on the rise, and the share of renewables in the energy mix was
increasing. Globally, unemployment was back to levels not seen since before the 2008
financial crisis. The proportion of waters under national jurisdiction covered by
marine protected areas had more than doubled in five years. But it is clear now that
too much of that progress was fragile and most of it was too slow. In the past three
years, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the war in Ukraine and
climate-related disasters have exacerbated already faltering progress.
4. It is time to sound the alarm. At the midpoint on our way to 2030, the Sustainable
Development Goals are in deep trouble. A preliminary assessment of the roughly 140
targets for which data is available shows that only about 12 per cent are on track;
more than half, although showing some progress, are moderately or severely off track;
and some 30 per cent have either seen no movement or regressed below the 2015
baseline.
5. Under current trends, 575 million people will still be living in extreme poverty
in 2030, and only about one third of countries will meet the target to halve national
poverty levels. Shockingly, the world is back at hunger levels not seen since 2005,
and food prices remain higher in more countries than in the period 2015 –2019. The
way things are going, it will take 286 years to close gender gaps in legal protection
and remove discriminatory laws. And in the area of education, the impacts of years
of underinvestment and learning losses are such that, by 2030, some 84 million
children will be out of school and 300 million children or young people who attend
school will leave unable to read and write.
6. If ever there was an illumination of the short-sightedness of our prevailing
economic and political systems, it is the ratcheting up of the war on nature. A small
window of opportunity is fast closing to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5
degrees Celsius, prevent the worst impacts of the climate crisis and secure climate
justice for people, communities and countries on the front lines of climate change.
Carbon dioxide levels continue to rise to a level not seen in 2 million years. At the
current rate of progress, renewable energy sources will continue to account for a mere

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fraction of our energy supplies in 2030, some 660 million people will remain without
electricity, and close to 2 billion people will continue to rely on polluting fuels and
technologies for cooking. So much of our lives and health depend on nature, yet it
could take another 25 years to halt deforestation, while vast numbers of species
worldwide are threatened with extinction.
7. The lack of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals is universal,
but it is abundantly clear that developing countries and the world’s poorest and most
vulnerable people are bearing the brunt of our collective failure. This is a direct result
of global injustices that go back hundreds of years but are still playing out today. The
compounding effects of climate, COVID-19 and economic injustices are leaving
many developing countries with fewer options and even fewer resources to make the
Goals a reality.

B. Breaking through to a better future for all

8. We cannot simply continue with more of the same and expect a different result.
We cannot persist with a morally bankrupt financial system and expect developing
countries to meet targets that developed countries met with far fewer constraints. The
2030 Agenda stated that this generation could be the first to succeed in ending
poverty – and the last to have a chance of saving the planet. This higher purpose
remains within our grasp, but it requires an unprecedented effort by individual
Governments, a renewed sense of common purpose across the international community
and a global alliance for Sustainable Development Goals-related action across business,
civil society, science, young people, local authorities and more. It requires that we come
together in September to deliver a rescue plan for people and planet.
9. Building on the evidence captured in the Global Sustainable Development
Report and on the lessons since 2015, the present report identifies a series of urgent
actions for your consideration in five key areas.
10. First, I urge Heads of State and Government to recommit to seven years of
accelerated, sustained and transformative action, both nationally and
internationally, to deliver on the promise of the Sustainable Development Goals.
11. This calls for the strengthening of social cohesion in order to secure dignity,
opportunity and rights for all while reorienting economies through green and digital
transitions and towards resilient trajectories that are compatible with the goal of the
Paris Agreement to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It
calls for a once-in-a-generation commitment to overhaul the international financial
and economic system so that it responds to today’s challenges, not those of the 1940s,
as well as unprecedented collaboration among members of the Group of 20 and
support for all developing countries to advance Sustainable Development Goals-
related and climate-related action.
12. I encourage Member States to adopt an ambitious and forward-looking political
declaration and to present global and national commitments for Goals-related
transformation at the Sustainable Development Goals Summit.
13. Second, I call upon Governments to advance concrete, integrated and
targeted policies and actions to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and end the
war on nature, with a particular focus on advancing the rights of women and
girls and empowering the most vulnerable.
14. This means the following: giving meaning to the commitment to leave no one
behind by expanding social protection floors and access to essential services; creating
job opportunities in the care, digital and green economies; urgently tackling the
profound crisis in education; strengthening action to advance gender equality,

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leveraging digital technologies to close divides; supporting the i nclusion of persons

displaced by crises; and tackling the exclusion of marginalized groups, such as
persons with disabilities.
15. I also urge leaders to embrace my climate acceleration agenda to drive a just
renewables revolution and secure climate justice for those on the front lines of the
climate crisis. We must also deliver on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework, work to further reduce risks from disasters and build integrated and
sustainable food, water and sanitation systems while making the right to a healthy
environment a reality for all people.
16. Third, I urge Governments to strengthen national and subnational
capacity, accountability and public institutions to deliver accelerated progress
towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
17. Delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals must become a central focus for
national planning, oversight mechanisms and domestic budgets. Major investment is
needed to strengthen public sector capacity and build appropriate digital
infrastructure. Local and subnational governments must be empowered and supported
to bring implementation of the Goals to the ground level. An effective regulatory
framework is needed to align private sector governance models with sustainable
development objectives. A fresh push is needed to reap the data dividend, and the
monitoring, follow-up and review of the Goals must be taken to the next level,
including by strengthening civic space and public engagement in policy- and
decision-making.
18. Fourth, to ensure developing countries can deliver in the above areas, I
strongly encourage the international community to recommit in September to
deliver on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and to mobilize the resources and
investment needed for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals, particularly those in special situations and experiencing
acute vulnerability.
19. In that regard, I encourage Member States to endorse and deliver a $500 billion
per year Sustainable Development Goals stimulus plan between now and 2030. This
calls for immediate action: (a) to tackle the high cost of debt and the rising risks of
debt distress, including by converting short-term, high-interest borrowing into long-
term (more than 30 year) debt at lower interest rates; (b) to massively scale-up
affordable, long-term financing for development, especially through multilateral
development banks, rechannelling special drawing rights and aligning all financing
flows with the Goals; and (c) to expand contingency financing to all countries in need.
20. I also call upon Member States to recognize and address the need for deep
reforms of the international financial architecture through a new Bretton Woods
moment, including by enhancing the voice and participation of developing countries
in the governance of international financial institutions. This is essential in order to
ensure that the financial architecture delivers for all developing countries and secures
urgent access to grants and long-term concessional finance as they transition to
renewable energy-based, climate-resilient, inclusive economies. It requires building
on the lessons from recent efforts to mobilize private finance, including by revising
risk appetite and the criteria used by credit ratings agencies and adjusting policies and
instruments.
21. Finally, I urge Member States to facilitate the continued strengthening of
the United Nations development system and to boost the capacity of the
multilateral system to tackle emerging challenges and address Sustainable
Development Goals-related gaps and weaknesses in the international
architecture that have emerged since 2015.

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22. The United Nations development system continues to play a crucial role in
supporting countries in delivering their national Goals-related ambitions. What the
system offers has evolved considerably since 2015, enabled by the most ambitious
reforms in decades. I will continue to work with Principals across the system to
further strengthen our offer. I urge Member States to continue to support the
contribution of Resident Coordinators and United Nations country teams by
delivering against the funding compact, ensuring the resident coordinator system is
fully funded and further capitalizing the Joint Sustainable Development Goals Fund.
23. Many of the proposals in Our Common Agenda are already supporting
acceleration towards achieving the Goals. I call upon Member States, through the
forthcoming Summit of the Future, to build on the commitment and direction
provided by the Sustainable Development Goals Summit to ensure progress in other
areas of particular importance for Goals-related progress, including reforming the
international architecture, going beyond gross domestic product (GDP), strengthening
digital cooperation, boosting youth participation in decision-making, transforming
education, establishing an emergency platform and advancing a new agenda for peace.
Further action is also needed to boost the capacities of developing countries in the
areas of trade and technology, to align global trading rules with the Su stainable
Development Goals and to establish more efficient and effective technology transfer
mechanisms.
24. History has shown that the worst hardships can be overcome through human
determination, solidarity, leadership and resilience. The destruction brought about by
World War II was followed by new forms of solidarity and cooperation through the
United Nations and the Marshall Plan. This period also witnessed advances in global
positioning systems, modern air travel and satellite communications, as well as
accelerated decolonization. Preventing widespread hunger and starvation in the 1960s
galvanized investment in agriculture and the green revolution. Other more recent
examples include the global responses to fight HIV/AIDS and, in part, the surge in
action and community to save lives and livelihoods during the COVID-19 pandemic.
25. These outcomes, by no means inevitable, resulted from unique combinations of
purpose, solidarity, ingenuity and technology. This moment of peril demands a similar
response if we are to deliver on our 2015 promise.

II. Sounding the alarm: Sustainable Development Goals

progress at the midpoint
26. At the midpoint of implementation of the 2030 Agenda, the world is not on track
to meet most of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. There has been progress
in some areas, but progress against a very worrying proportion of targets is either
moving much to slowly or has regressed.
27. The present section provides an overview of the progress achieved under each
Goal, with a brief assessment for selected targets. Global and regional data and
assessments for all targets and indicators for which information is available can be
found in the statistical annex. 1

__________________
1
The Sustainable Development Goals indicator framework, the statistical annex to the present
report and the Global Sustainable Development Goal Indicators Database are available at
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs.

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Figure I
Progress assessment for the 17 Sustainable Development Goals based on
assessed targets, 2023 or latest data
(Percentage)

28. The picture is incomplete owing to persistent challenges in securing timely data
across all 169 targets. While progress has been made in improving data for monitoring
the Goals, with the number of indicators included in the global Sustainable
Development Goals database increasing from 115 in 2016 to 225 in 2022, there are
still significant gaps in geographic coverage, timeliness and disaggregation. The chart
below indicates that, for 9 of the 17 Goals, only around half of the 193 countries or
areas have internationally comparable data since 2015, and only around 21 per cent
of countries have data for Goal 13 (climate action). About 8 per cent of the latest
available data is from 2023, 21 per cent is from 2022 and 54 per cent is from 2021
and 2020. In the coming period, country profiles on Goals-related progress, together
with an overview of data availability against the Goals in every country, will be shared
with all Member States. Closing the data gaps to reap the data dividend will be a key
priority for the United Nations system in advance of the Sustainable Development
Goals Summit and beyond.

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Figure II
Proportion of countries or areas with available data since 2015, by Goal
(Percentage)

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

29. Since 2015, global poverty reduction had already been slowing
down. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic then reversed three
decades of steady progress, with the number of people living in
extreme poverty increasing for the first time in a generation. Recovery
from the pandemic has been slow and uneven as the world is presently facing multiple
geopolitical, socioeconomic and climatic risks. Given the current trends, 575 million
people (nearly 7 per cent of the world’s population) will still be living in extreme
poverty in 2030, compared with 800 million in 2015 (or 10.8 per cent). Eradicating
extreme poverty will be particularly difficult in sub-Saharan Africa and conflict-
affected areas. Despite the expansion of social protection during the COVID-19
pandemic, over 4 billion people globally remain entirely unprotected. A surge in action
and investment to enhance job opportunities and extend social services to the most
excluded is crucial in order to deliver on the central commitment to ending poverty.
• Target 1.1: In 2020, the pandemic pushed millions of people into extreme
poverty, currently defined as those who live on less than $2.15 per person per
day at 2017 purchasing power parity. The extreme poverty rate increased from
8.5 per cent in 2019 to 9.3 per cent in 2020. By the end of 2022, nowcasting
suggests 8.4 per cent of the world’s population, or as many as 670 million
people, could still be living in extreme poverty today and that the figure will
drop to 575 million by 2030 – a fall of less than 30 per cent since 2015.
• Target 1.2: Given historical trends, only one third of countries will have halved
their national poverty rates by 2030 from 2015.
• Target 1.3: By 2020, only 47 per cent of the global population was effectively
covered by at least one social protection cash benefit, up slightly from 45 per cent
in 2015. Only 26 per cent of children under 15 received a social protection benefit;
only one in three persons with severe disabilities worldwide received a disability

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benefit; only 35 per cent of workers were covered in case of work injury; and only
18.6 per cent of unemployed workers worldwide were effectively covered.
• Target 1.4: Shifting public resources towards essential services is one of the
key policy interventions for reducing poverty and building a better social safety
net. The 2021 data for 100 countries shows that the global average proportion
of total government spending on essential services is approximately 53 per cent,
with an overall average of 62 per cent for advanced economies and 44 per cent
for emerging market and developing economies.

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved

nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
30. The number of people facing hunger and food insecurity has been
on the rise since 2015, with the pandemic, conflict, climate change and
growing inequalities exacerbating the situation. In 2015, 589 million
people were experiencing hunger, and by 2021, that number had risen to 768 million.
Projections show that, by 2030, approximately 670 million people will still be facing
hunger – 8 per cent of the world’s population, the same as in 2015. Despite global efforts,
too many children continue to suffer from malnutrition, and the current annual rate of
reduction in stunting must increase by 2.2 times to meet the global target. To achieve
zero hunger by 2030, immediate and intensified efforts are required to transform food
systems, ensure food security and invest in sustainable agricultural practices.
• Target 2.1: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated an already deteriorating food
security situation, with about 150 million more people facing hunger in 2021
than in 2019. In addition, nearly 1 in 3 (2.3 billion people) were moderately or
severely food insecure in 2021. This represents an increase of almost 350
million people since the beginning of the pandemic. The most worrisome
increases were seen in sub-Saharan Africa. The ongoing crisis in Ukraine is yet
another threat to food security.
• Target 2.2: Globally in 2022, an estimated 22.3 per cent of children under the
age of 5 (148 million) were affected by stunting, down from 24.6 per cent in
2015. Overweight affected 37.0 million children under 5 (or 5.6 pe r cent) and
wasting affected 45 million (or 6.8 per cent) in 2022. The global prevalence of
overweight children has stagnated, and, if current trends continue, the 2030
target will be missed by 17.5 million children. The prevalence of anaemia in
women of reproductive age continues to be alarming, stagnant at around 30 per
cent since 2000. Furthermore, low and lower-middle income economies bear the
greatest burden of stunting, wasting, low birth weight and anaemia.
• Target 2.5: Although 71 per cent of local livestock breeds with a known status
are at risk of extinction, progress has been made in ex situ cryopreservation.
Between 1995 and 2022, the number of local and transboundary breeds for which
sufficient material is available increased from 57 to 287 (out of 7,688 local
breeds) and from 31 to 175 (out of 1,115 transboundary breeds), respectively. At
the end of 2021, an estimated 5.8 million accessions of plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture were conserved under medium- or long-term conditions in
846 gene banks in 115 countries and 17 regional and international research
centres, representing a 1.1 per cent year-on-year increase in 2021.
• Target 2.a: Investment in agriculture is falling. Government expenditure on
agriculture relative to the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP has declined
from 0.50 in 2015 to 0.45 in 2021 in all regions except North America and
Europe, which was driven mostly by the COVID-19 pandemic response.
• Target 2.b: In December 2015, member States of the World Trade Organization
(WTO) adopted the ministerial decision on export competition, thus formally

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agreeing to eliminate all forms of agricultural export subsidy entitlements. Total

notified annual export subsidy outlays fell from their peak of 218 million in
2015 to almost zero in 2021.
• Target 2.c: In 2021, the share of countries facing moderately to abnormally high
food prices was 21.5 per cent, a significant decline from the record-high of
48 per cent in 2020, when the easing of COVID-19-related restrictive measures
prompted strong demand. However, this is still above the 2015–2019 average
(15.2 per cent), reflecting continued increases in food prices, mainly supported
by elevated production and transport costs on account of costlier fertilizers and
energy. In sub-Saharan Africa and among the least developed countries, the
proportion of countries experiencing high food prices increased for the second
consecutive year in 2021.

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
31. The pandemic and other ongoing crises are hindering progress
in achieving Goal 3, exacerbating existing health inequalities and
threatening progress towards universal health coverage. As a result, 25
million children missed out on important routine immunization
services in 2021, and deaths from tuberculosis and malaria increased compared with
the pre-pandemic period. This has been particularly challenging in low- and middle-
income countries, where health systems were already underresourced before the
pandemic. The pandemic has also highlighted the need for stronger global health
security systems to prevent and respond to future pandemics. Overcoming these
setbacks and dealing with long-standing shortcomings in health-care provision
requires an urgent strengthening of health systems.
• Target 3.1: The global maternal mortality ratio decreased only from 227 maternal
deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015 to 223 in 2020, still over three times higher
than the target of 70 maternal deaths by 2030. This means that almost 800 women
are still dying every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and
childbirth. Almost 95 per cent of those deaths occur in low and lower-middle-
income countries. The global average annual rate of reduction was almost zero in
the period 2016–2020, compared with 2.7 per cent rate from 2000 to 2015. To meet
the target, the annual rate of reduction needs to increase to 11 per cent between
2020 and 2030. In 2022, 86 per cent of global births were attended by skilled health
personnel, which increased from 81 per cent in 2015, but coverage in sub-Saharan
Africa was only 70 per cent.
• Target 3.2: Between 2015 and 2021, the global under-5 mortality rate fell by
12 per cent, from 43 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2015 to 38 deaths, a nd the
global neonatal mortality rate fell from 20 to 18 deaths. In 2021, 5 million
children died before reaching their fifth birthday – down from 6.1 million in
2015. Of 200 countries and areas analysed, only 54 countries are not on track to
meet the target of fewer than 25 deaths per 1,000 live births. Among those
countries, 37 will need to more than double their current rate of progress or
reverse a recent increasing trend in order to achieve the target by 2030.
• Target 3.3: Progress towards the target of ending communicable diseases by
2030 remains off course, despite the fact that progress varies across different
diseases. Tremendous progress has, for instance, been made in reducing new
HIV infections, particularly in the highest-burden regions. The estimated
1.5 million new HIV infections in 2021 was almost one third fewer than in 2010.
This is, however, still far from the 2025 target of fewer than 370,000 new HIV
infections as agreed by the General Assembly in 2021. In 2021, an estimated
1.6 million people died from tuberculosis and 10.6 million people fell ill with

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the disease, an increase from 10.1 million in 2020. The tuberculosis incidence
rate rose by 3.6 per cent between 2020 and 2021, reversing declines of about
2 per cent per year for most of the previous two decades. Between 2015 and
2021, the net reductions in tuberculosis incidence and death were 10 per cent
and 5.9 per cent, respectively, which are only one fifth and one tenth of the way
to achieving the 2025 milestone of the World Health Organization End TB
Strategy. There were an estimated 247 million malaria cases globally in 2021,
compared with 224 million in 2015. There were an estimated 619,000 malaria
deaths globally in 2021, compared with 625,000 in 2020 and 568,000 in 2019.
Despite significant disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the global
number of people requiring treatment and care for neglected tropical diseases
declined from 1.8 billion in 2015 to 1.65 billion in 2021. Notably, in the least
developed countries, 47 per cent of the total population required neglected
tropical disease treatment and care in 2021, down from 79 per cent in 2010.
• Target 3.7: The proportion of women of reproductive age (15–49 years) who
have their need for family planning satisfied with modern contraceptive
methods has been increasing slightly, from 76.5 per cent in 2015 to 77.6 per cent
in 2023, and is projected to reach 78.2 per cent by 2030. Despite the strong
progress, this is still not sufficient to meet the target of ensuring universal access
to sexual and reproductive health-care services by 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa has
witnessed the largest increase, from 51.6 to 57.4 per cent over the period, and is
expected to increase to 62.1 per cent by 2030.
• Target 3.b: The percentage of children who received three doses of the vaccine
against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis fell 5 percentage points between 2019
and 2021 to 81 per cent, causing the largest sustained decline in childhood
vaccinations in approximately 30 years. As a result, 25 million children missed
out on one or more doses of the vaccine through routine immunization services
in 2021 alone. This is 2 million more than those who missed out in 2020 and
6 million more than in 2019. The global coverage of the last dose of human
papillomavirus vaccine, targeting girls aged 9 to 14 years to prevent cervical
cancer, was only 12 per cent in 2021.
• Target 3.c: A 2020 study showed that the projected global shortage of health
workers by 2030 had decreased from 18 million to 10 million. Despite the
tremendous increase in the health workforce globally, those regions with the highest
burden of disease continue to have the lowest proportion of health workforce to
deliver health services. According to data from the period 2014–2021, sub-Saharan
Africa continues to have the lowest health worker density, with only 2.3 medical
doctors and 12.6 nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 people. In contrast,
Europe has the highest density of 39.4 doctors per 10,000 population, while North
America has 152 nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 population.

Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education

and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
32. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was already
off-track to achieve its education targets. If no additional measures are
taken, only one in six countries will meet Goal 4 and achieve universal
access to quality education by 2030. An estimated 84 million children and young
people will still be out of school and an estimated 300 million students will still not
have the basic numeracy and literacy skills they need to succeed in life. To deliver on
Goal 4, education systems must be reimagined, and education financing must become
a priority national investment.

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• Target 4.1: Between 2015 and 2021, the school completion rate increased from
85 to 87 per cent at the primary level, from 74 to 77 per cent at the lower
secondary level and from 53 per cent to 58 per cent at the upper secondary level.
Even before the onset of COVID-19, those rates had slowed down relative to
the progress achieved in the period 2010–2015. Looking closely at reading
levels at the end of primary school, for which trend data cover 34 per cent of
the world’s children, the analysis shows that global learning levels showed no
progress between 2015 and 2019. Furthermore, learning losses due to
COVID-19-related school closures have been documented in 4 out of 5 of the
104 countries that have carried out such studies.
• Target 4.2: The participation rate in organized learning one year before the
official primary entry age has stagnated at around 75 per cent since 2015, still
far from the target of ensuring that all girls and boys have access to quality
pre-primary education by 2030.
• Target 4.3: Among 131 countries with data from 2017 onwards, on average
approximately one in six young people and adults aged 15 to 64 recently
participated in formal or non-formal education and training. Participation is
substantially higher among young people aged 15 to 24 (40 to 50 per cent),
compared with those aged 25 to 55 (less than 5 per cent for most regions).
• Target 4.a: Basic school infrastructure is far from universal. In 2020,
approximately one quarter of primary schools globally did not have access to
basic services, such as electricity, drinking water and basic sanitation facili ties.
For other facilities, such as computer facilities and the provision of disability -
adapted infrastructure, the figures were substantially lower, with only around
50 per cent of primary schools having access.
• Target 4.c: Globally, in 2020, over 14 per cent of teachers were still not
qualified according to national norms, with little improvement since 2015.

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
33. The world is not on track to achieve gender equality by 2030. At
the global level, none of the 14 indicators “met or almost met” the targets,
and only one is “close to target”. At the current rate of progress, it is
estimated that it will take up to 286 years to close the gaps in legal protection and remove
discriminatory laws, 140 years for women to be represented equally in positions of
power and leadership in the workplace, and 47 years to achieve equal representation in
national parliaments. Cascading global crises have highlighted and exacerbated existing
gender inequalities, such as unequal access to health care, education and economic
opportunities. Political leadership and a comprehensive set of policy reforms are needed
to dismantle systemic barriers to the achievement of Goal 5.
• Target 5.1: On the basis of data collected in 2022 in 119 countries, 55 per cent
of the countries lacked laws that prohibit direct and indirect discrimination
against women; half of the countries continued to lack quotas for women in the
national parliament; 60 per cent of the countries failed to have laws defining
rape based on the principle of consent; 45 per cent of countries did not mandate
equal remuneration for work of equal value; over one third of countries failed
to provide maternity leave in accordance with International Labour
Organization (ILO) standards; almost one quarter of countries did not grant
women equal rights to men to enter into marriage and initiate divorce; and close
to three quarters of countries failed to stipulate 18 years as the minimum age of
marriage for women and men, with no exceptions.

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• Target 5.3: One in five young women worldwide (19 per cent) were married in
childhood in 2022. Globally, the prevalence of child marriage has declined from
21 per cent in 2016. However, the profound effects of COVID-19 are threatening
that progress, with up to 10 million additional girls at risk of child marriage over
the course of a decade from the onset of the pandemic.
• Target 5.5: As at 1 January 2023, women held 26.5 per cent of seats in lower or
single chambers of national parliaments, up from 22.3 per cent in 2015. At the local
level, women held 35.5 per cent of seats in deliberative bodies, up from 33.9 per
cent in 2020. At that pace, parity in such bodies cannot be achieved by 2030. Also,
gender parity in political institutions continues to be rare: only six countries had 50
per cent or more women in their lower or single chambers of national parliaments;
and three countries had 50 per cent in local legislatures. Globally, women held only
28.2 per cent of management positions in 2021 (up just 1 per cent since 2015),
although they accounted for almost 40 per cent of total employment.
• Target 5.6: On the basis of data from 68 countries for the period 2007–2022,
only 56 per cent of married or in-union women aged 15 to 49 years make their
own decisions regarding sexual and reproductive health and rights, ranging from
an average of 37 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa to over 80 per cent in some
countries in Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. Among the
115 countries with data in 2022, countries have in place, on average, 76 per cent
of the laws and regulations needed to guarantee full and equal access to sexual
and reproductive health and rights.
• Target 5.a: Available data from 46 countries for the period 2009 –2020 show
that many women and men involved in agricultural production lack ownership
and/or secure tenure rights over agricultural land. In one third of the countries,
less than 50 per cent of women and men have ownership or secure rights over
agricultural land. The share of men having ownership is at least twice that of
women in almost half of the countries. Of the 68 countries that reported on
women’s rights to land ownership and/or control in legal frameworks, by 2022,
about 31 per cent protected women’s land rights considerably (a score of at least
5 out of 6), while 47 per cent poorly protected women’s land rights (a score of
3 out of 6 or below).
• Target 5.b: Globally, 73 per cent of the population aged 10 and over owned a
mobile phone in 2022, up from 67 per cent in 2019. Women were about 12 per
cent less likely to own mobile phones than men – the gap virtually unchanged
from 2019.
• Target 5.c: According to data reported by 105 countries and areas for the period
2018–2021, 26 per cent of countries globally have comprehensive systems in
place to track and make public allocations for gender equality, 59 per cent have
some features of a system in place, and 15 per cent do not have minimum
elements of these systems.

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of

water and sanitation for all
34. Billions of people still lack access to safe water, sanitation and
hygiene, despite improvements in the provision of those basic
services. Water scarcity is a growing problem in many parts of the
world, and conflicts and climate change are exacerbating the issue. In addition, water
pollution is a significant challenge that affects both human health and the environment
in many countries. Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require a six-fold
increase in current global rates of progress on drinking water, a five -fold increase for
sanitation and a three-fold increase for hygiene. Boosting infrastructure investment,

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improving cross-sectoral coordination and addressing climate change are essential to

getting Goal 6 back on track.
• Targets 6.1 and 6.2: Despite the progress made, 2.2 billion people still lacked
safely managed drinking water services, 3.5 billion lacked safely managed
sanitation services, and 2.0 billion lacked basic hygiene services in 2022. While
the majority live in rural areas, the unserved population is decreasing in rural
areas and stagnating or increasing in urban areas. Achieving universal coverage
by 2030 will require an increase of 5 to 8 times the current rate.
• Target 6.3: An estimated 58 per cent of wastewater generated by households
was safely treated in 2022, on the basis of data from 140 countries and
territories. Trends for domestic wastewater suggest that little, if any, progress is
being made towards the target of halving the proportion of unsafe discharges by
2030.
• Target 6.4: Water use efficiency rose from $17.4/m 3 in 2015 to $18.9/m 3
worldwide in 2020, which represents a 9 per cent efficiency increase. Around
57 per cent of countries presented a water use efficiency equivalent to $20/m 3
or less in 2020, compared with 58 per cent in 2015.
• Target 6.4: At the global level, water stress remains at a safe level of 18.2 per
cent in 2020, but that figure masks vast regional variations and indicate s a 1.2
per cent increase from 2015 to 2020. In 2020, water stress levels ranged from
high in Central and Southern Asia to critical in Northern Africa. The situation
in Northern Africa and Western Asia is particularly concerning since it
registered an 18 per cent increase in water stress levels from 2015 to 2020.
• Target 6.5: One in two countries still lacks effective frameworks for sustainable
water management. A lack of cross-sector coordination over water use, between
agriculture, industry, energy production and household supply, threatens the
achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals, including those on
food, energy and life on land. While progress has been made globally since
2015 – from 49/100 in 2017 to 54/100 in 2020 – the rate of implementation
needs to double to achieve the target.
• Target 6.5: Data from 2017 and 2020 show that only 32 out of 153 countries
that share transboundary rivers, lakes and aquifers have 90 per cent or more of
those waters covered by operational arrangements.
• Target 6.6: The extent of surface water bodies, including lakes, rivers and
reservoirs, is rapidly changing across the entire planet, with one in five river
basins experiencing high (i.e. above natural) fluctuations in surface water during
the past five years.
• Target 6.a: Disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) to the
water sector experienced a 15 per cent decrease between 2015 and 2021, from
$9.6 billion to $8.1 billion. Total ODA commitments to the water sector also
reduced by 12 per cent, from $11.2 billion in 2015 to $9.8 billion in 2021.
Commitments peaked at $13.5 billion in 2017 and have decreased every year
since.
• Target 6.b: Since 2016, the percentage of countries having procedures for local
community participation defined in law or policy has remained high (over 70 per
cent) for both rural drinking water and for water resources management.
However, the percentage of countries with high levels of participation remains
consistently low (under 40 per cent).

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Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable

and modern energy for all
35. Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels has improved in
many parts of the world, but 675 million people are still not connected
to those grids, and 2.3 billion still cook with unsafe and polluting
fuels. The war in Ukraine and global economic uncertainty continue to cause
significant volatility in energy prices, leading some countries to raise investments in
renewables and others to increase reliance on coal, putting the green transition at risk.
If the current pace continues, about 660 million people will still lack access to
electricity and close to 2 billion people will continue to rely on polluting fuels and
technologies for cooking by 2030. To ensure access to energy for all by 2030, we must
accelerate electrification, increase investments in renewable energy sources and
invest in improving electricity grids.
• Target 7.1: The global population with access to electricity increased from
87 per cent in 2015 to 91 per cent in 2021. The pace of electrification rebounded
between 2019 and 2021. However, the annual access growth of 0.6 percentage
points in the recent period is lower than the 0.8 percentage points in the period
2015–2019. As a result, 675 million people, most located in the least developed
countries and sub-Saharan Africa, still lacked access in 2021.
• Target 7.1: In 2021, 71 per cent of the global population had access to clean
cooking fuels and technologies, up from 64 per cent in 2015. In 7 (all located in
sub-Saharan Africa) of the 20 countries with the largest deficits, fewer than 10
per cent of the population had access to clean fuels and technologies. The
growing access deficit in sub-Saharan Africa, if not reversed, could dampen or
undermine increasing trends in global access.
• Target 7.2: The share of renewable sources in total final energy consumption
amounted to 19.1 per cent globally in 2020, or 2.4 percentage points higher than
in 2015. Part of that progression was due to lower final energy dem and in 2020,
as the pandemic disrupted social and economic activities worldwide. The
electricity sector shows the largest share of renewables in total final energy
consumption (28.2 per cent in 2020) and has driven most of the growth in
renewable energy use, while the heat and transport sectors have seen limited
progress over the past decade.
• Target 7.3: The rate of improvement in primary energy intensity, which had
already slowed in recent years, dropped to 0.6 per cent in 2020. This makes it
the worst year for energy intensity improvement since the global financial crisis.
Annual improvement through 2030 must now average 3.4 per cent to meet the
target of Goal 7.3. This slowdown was influenced by a shift in the economic
structure during COVID-19 towards more energy-intensive industrial
production, combined with only modest rates of technical efficiency
improvements, in the context of low energy prices.
• Target 7.a: International public financial flows in support of clean energy in
developing countries have seen a decreasing trend that started before the
COVID-19 pandemic and continued through 2021. In 2021, such flows
amounted to $10.8 billion – an 11 per cent drop from 2020. This was 35 per cent
less than the decade-long average from 2010 to 2019, and less than half the 2017
peak of $26.4 billion.
• Target 7.b: In 2021, there was a record-breaking installation of 268 watts per
capita of renewable capacity in developing countries, representing a year-on-
year growth rate of 9.8 per cent. However, even with this positive and
accelerating growth, developing countries are not on track to meet Goal 7 by

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2030. Moreover, the positive global and regional trends hide the fact that the
countries that are most in need of support are being left behind, even among
developing countries.

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic

growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
36. Progress towards achieving Goal 8 has been challenging, and
the world is far from reaching most of the targets. The lingering effects
of COVID-19, cost-of-living crises, trade tensions, uncertain monetary
policy paths, rising debts in developing countries and the war in Ukraine can each
significantly set back global economic growth. Combined, these crises are placing the
global economy under a serious threat. Growth in global real GDP per capita is
forecast to slow down in 2023, putting at risk not just employment and income but
also advances in equitable pay for women and decent work for young people.
Achieving Goal 8 will require a wholesale reform of our morally bankrupt financial
system in order to tackle rising debts, economic uncertainties and trade tensions,
while promoting equitable pay and decent work for young people.
• Target 8.1: Following a sharp decline of 4.1 per cent in 2020, global real GDP
per capita increased by 5.2 per cent in 2021. However, growth in global real
GDP per capita is forecast to slow down to 2.2 per cent in 2022 and further to
1.4 per cent in 2023, before recovering somewhat to a growth rate of 1.6 per
cent in 2024. In the least developed countries, growth in real GDP slowed from
5 per cent in 2019 to just 0.2 per cent in 2020, before recovering to 2.8 per cent
in 2021. It is expected that real GDP growth in the least developed countries
would strengthen to 4.3 per cent in 2022 and to 4.1 per cent and 5.2 per cent in
2023 and 2024, respectively.
• Target 8.2: After a sharp decline in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
labour productivity rebounded in 2021 by 2.4 per cent. Productivity growth
slowed in 2022, increasing by only 0.5 per cent. However, even before the onset
of the pandemic, productivity growth had been slowing around the world. The
latest estimates extend the downward growth trend, from an average annual rate
of 1.8 per cent between 2000 and 2014 to 1.4 per cent between 2015 and 2022.
• Target 8.3: Globally, 58.0 per cent of those employed were in informal
employment in 2022, amounting to around 2 billion workers in precarious jobs,
most lacking any form of social protection. Prior to the onset of the pandemic,
the incidence of informal employment had been slowly declining and stood at
57.8 per cent in 2019. The pandemic resulted in a disproportionate job loss for
informal workers, particularly for women, in 2020. The subsequent recovery
from COVID-19 has been driven by informal employment, which has caused a
slight increase in the incidence of informality.
• Target 8.5: Equal treatment in employment, including fair and equitable
earnings, is fundamental for achieving decent work for all. The median gender
pay gap across 102 countries is approximately 14 per cent. However, this
calculation is only based on average hourly earnings and therefore does not
account for characteristics such as sector or occupation, educational level or
amount of work experience.
• Target 8.5: The global unemployment rate declined significantly in 2022,
falling to 5.8 per cent from a peak of 6.9 per cent in 2020 as economies began
to recover from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite an uncertain
global economic outlook, unemployment is projected to increase only
moderately, as a large part of the shock is being absorbed by falling real wages
in an environment of accelerating inflation. Global unemployment is projected

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to increase slightly in 2023, by around 3 million, to reach 208 million,

corresponding to an unemployment rate of 5.8 per cent.
• Target 8.6: Globally, nearly one in four (23.5 per cent) young people were not
in education, employment, or training in 2022. Although this is a slight decrease
from 2020, when the rate of children not in education, employment or training
was at an all-time high, it remains above the 2015 baseline of 22.2 per cent and
a long way from the 2030 target.
• Target 8.7: The latest estimates indicate that the number of children in child
labour rose to 160 million worldwide at the beginning of 2020 – an increase of
8.4 million children in the previous four years. This translates to almost 1 in 10
of all children in child labour worldwide.
• Target 8.9: The share of tourism in global GDP nearly halved in 2020 as a result
of the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 data shows a very modest 6 per cent
upturn, indicating that tourism’s economic contribution is on the path to
recovery.
• Target 8.10: Accelerated adoption of digital solutions is transforming access to
finance. Globally, in 2021, 76 per cent of adults had an account at a bank or
regulated institution, such as a credit union, microfinance institution or a mobile
money service provider, an increase from 62 per cent in 2014.

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and

sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
37. The manufacturing industry’s recovery from COVID-19
remains incomplete and uneven: some high-income regions achieved
record-high manufacturing value added per capita in 2022 but levels
in the least developed countries were not much higher than the 2015 baseline. In the
aftermath of the pandemic, data show that higher-technology industries recovered
faster and proved to be more resilient, pointing to the need to promote innovation and
technology transfer in a way that benefits all countries. To achieve Goal 9 by 2030 it
is essential to support the least developed countries, invest in advanced technologies,
lower carbon emissions, and increase global mobile broadband access.
• Target 9.2: Global manufacturing value added per capita increased from $1,646
(constant 2015 prices) in 2015 to $1,875 in 2022. While Europe and North
America reached an all-time high of $5,052 in 2022, manufacturing value added
per capita in the least developed countries reached only $159, far from the target
of doubling their value of $126 in 2015. Although the share of manufacturing in
the least developed countries increased from 12.1 per cent in 2015 to 14.0 per
cent in 2022, this pace is not sufficient to achieve the target of doubling the
share by 2030. While Asian least developed countries have made considerable
progress and are on track, African least developed countries will need to
significantly accelerate progress for the goal to remain attainable by 2030.
• Target 9.2: After a plunge in 2020, global manufacturing employment returned
to the pre-pandemic level in 2021. However, the share of manufacturing
employment in total employment continued to decline, falling from 14.3 per
cent in 2015 to 13.6 per cent in 2021 worldwide.
• Target 9.4: Global carbon dioxide emissions from energy combustion and
industrial processes grew by 0.9 per cent in 2022 to a new all-time high of
36.8 billion tonnes. Emissions shrank by more than 5 per cent in 2020, but
rebounded past pre-pandemic levels in 2021, growing more than 6 per cent in
tandem with economic stimulus and a surge in coal demand even as renewables

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capacity additions scaled record heights. The increase in carbon dioxide in 2022
was well below GDP growth of 3.2 per cent.
• Target 9.b: In 2022, the medium-high and high-technology industries
experienced solid growth, mainly due to the recovery in the automotive sector
and consistently strong production in sectors such as computers, electronics and
optical products, and electrical equipment. However, the production of basic
pharmaceuticals declined due to the COVID-19 situation and shortages of
essential inputs. In 2020, sub-Saharan Africa and the least developed countries
had low shares of medium-high and high-technology manufacturing, at 21.7 per
cent and 10.6 per cent respectively, compared with 47.7 per cent in Europe and
North America and 47.1 per cent in Eastern Asia.
• Target 9.c: Mobile broadband (3G or above) access is available to 95 per cent
of the world’s population, while 4G coverage has doubled to 88 per cent between
2015 and 2022. However, growth is slowing down, and connecting the
remaining 5 per cent is proving difficult. In sub-Saharan Africa, the gap is 18 per
cent, predominantly affecting the population of Central and Western Africa. The
coverage gap is almost the same in the least developed countries and landlocked
developing countries.

Goal 10: reduce inequality within and among countries

38. Before the pandemic, the incomes of the bottom 40 per cent of
the population grew faster than the national average in a majority of
countries. The impacts of the pandemic and uneven recoveries in
different regions of the world threaten to reverse that trend and further
worsen global inequality. Record numbers are being forced to flee conflicts and
economic hardship. By mid-2022, 1 in 251 people worldwide was a refugee, the
highest proportion ever documented. Achieving Goal 10 requires concerted efforts to
address the root causes of wage disparities and unequal access to resources both
within and between countries.
• Target 10.1: In 119 countries with data available prior to the pandemic, more
than half have achieved income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the
population at a rate higher than the national average. Sparse data from the
pandemic suggest that two thirds of 50 countries have experienced shared
prosperity post-2019, driven by North America and Europe, where in many
countries transfers have mitigated the economic impacts of the pandemic on the
bottom of distributions.
• Target 10.2: For the 53 countries with 2015 and 2020 data available, the
proportion of people living below half the median income has on average
declined by 1 percentage point, from 13.4 to 12.5 per cent. This trend conti nued
during COVID-19, in large part because of generous social assistance
programmes implemented in several countries. Yet the proportion living below
half the median remains worryingly high in many countries. In 17 countries, this
accounts for more than 20 per cent of the population.
• Target 10.4: The share of economic output earned by workers has experienced
a sizeable decline over 15 years, from 54.1 per cent in 2004 to 52.6 per cent in
2019. This decline represents $590 (purchasing power parity) per worker on
average. As earnings from work are particularly important for the less well -off
and vulnerable, and as lower-income workers have been disproportionately
affected by the crisis, the observed decline is disconcerting.
• Target 10.7: The International Organization for Migration Missing Migrants
Project has recorded 54,127 deaths on migratory routes worldwide since 2015,

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of which 6,878 were recorded in 2022. However, the real number of lives lost is
certainly higher:
– The number of people displaced from their countries owing to war, conflict,
persecution, human rights violations or public disorder has increased annually
for over a decade. By mid-2022, there were 32.5 million refugees worldwide,
among 103 million forcibly displaced persons. By the same time, the ratio of
refugees to every 100,000 people has risen to 398, an 87 per cent increase
from 2015, as forced displacement continues to rise;
– Globally, in 2021, 62.3 per cent of 138 countries with data reported having a
wide range of policies to facilitate the orderly, safe, regular and responsible
migration and mobility of people, defined as having policy measures for 80
per cent or more of the 30 subcategories under the six domains of the indicator.
• Target 10.c: The global average cost of sending $200 in remittances decreased
from 9.3 per cent in 2011, to 7.42 per cent in 2016 and 6.3 per cent in 2021,
which remains more than twice the Goal 10.c target of 3 per cent.

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable
39. The pandemic has caused major shifts in migration patterns,
including huge movements of people in and out of urban areas.
Furthermore, climate change and conflicts tend to have
disproportionate impacts on cities. These factors mean that the world is far from
achieving the goal of sustainable cities. In many developing countries, slum
populations have been growing, putting at risk the target of adequate housing for all
by 2030. Since 2015, the number of countries with national disaster risk reduction
strategies has more than doubled. To achieve Goal 11, efforts must focus on
strengthening capacities for planning urban development, improving access to public
transportation and enhancing waste management.
• Target 11.1: As of 2020, nearly 1.1 billion people lived in slums or slum-like
conditions in urban areas, with an additional 2 billion expected to live in slums
or slum-like conditions over the next 30 years. The growing slum population is
a manifestation of the housing crisis, a situation in many instances that has now
been exacerbated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Target 11.2: According to 2020 data from 1,507 cities in 126 countries, only
51.6 per cent of the world’s urban population has convenient access to pub lic
transport, with considerable variations across regions.
• Target 11.3: According to data compiled from 681 cities for the period 1990–
2020, the physical expansion of cities globally was faster than the rates of
population growth. For the period 2000–2010, the average annual land
consumption rate was 2.0 per cent, while the population growth rate averaged
1.6 per cent. These rates declined to 1.5 per cent and 1.2 per cent, respectively,
for the period 2010–2020.
• Target 11.6: In 2020, the global average municipal solid waste collection rate
in cities was estimated at 84 per cent, and the average municipal solid waste
managed in controlled facilities in cities was 61 per cent. The municipal solid
waste collection rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania (excluding Australia
and New Zealand) are less than 60 per cent. Uncollected waste is the source of
plastic pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and sources of incubation for
infections.

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• Target 11.7: Data for 2020 from 1,072 cities in 120 countries indicate that, in
more than three quarters of those cities, less than 20 per cent of their area is
dedicated to open public spaces and streets, about half of the proportion
recommended. On average, open public spaces account for a meagre 3.2 per
cent of urban land, about four times less than the share of land devoted to streets.
• Target 11.a: According to a 2021 assessment on compliance with the 58 national
urban policies, 55 (95 per cent) fulfilled the first criterion on “responding to
population dynamics”, 54 (93 per cent) fulfilled the second criterion on
“ensuring balanced territorial development” and only 26 (45 per cent) met the
third criterion on making considerations for “increased local fiscal space”,
which calls for setting up more financing mechanisms for local implementation
of sustainable urban development.
• Target 11.b: By the end of 2022, 102 countries reported having local
governments with disaster risk reduction strategies, up from 51 countries in
2015.

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

40. The world is seriously off track in its effort to halve per-capita
food waste and losses by 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic has had
significant impacts on consumption and production patterns, with
disruptions to global supply chains and changes in consumer
behaviour. Responsible consumption and production must be an integral part of the
recovery from the pandemic. However, the global economy also needs to speed up
the decoupling of economic growth from resource use by maximizing the
socioeconomic benefits of resources while minimizing their negative impacts.
Reporting on corporate sustainability has tripled since the beginning of the
Sustainable Development Goals period, but the private sector will need to
significantly improve reporting on activities that contribute to the Goals. To deliver
Goal 12, it is crucial to implement policies that support the shift to sustainable
practices and decouple economic growth from resource use.
• Target 12.1: Between 2019 and 2022, 485 policy instruments supporting the
shift to sustainable consumption and production were reported by 62 countries
and the European Union, with increasing linkages with global environmental
commitments on climate, biodiversity, pollution and waste, as well as a
particular attention to high-impact sectors. Yet, reporting has been decreasing
by 30 per cent on average every year since 2019 and continues to reflect great
regional imbalances, with more than 50 per cent of policy instruments reported
from Europe and Central Asia.
• Target 12.2: In 2019, the total material footprint was 95.9 billion tonnes, close
to the world’s domestic material consumption of 95.1 billion tonnes. In Europe
and North America, the material footprint was about 14 per cent higher than
domestic material consumption, while in Latin America and the Caribbean and
sub-Saharan Africa, the material footprint was lower than domestic material
consumption by 17 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively.
• Target 12.3: The percentage of food lost globally after harvest at the farm,
transport, storage, wholesale and processing levels, usually attributed to
structural inadequacies in the countries, is estimated at 13.2 per cent in 2021,
unchanged from 2016 and far from the target of halving post-harvest food losses
by 2030.
• Target 12.6: A preliminary analysis shows that around 70 per cent of monitored
companies published sustainability reports in 2022, triple the number in 2016.

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The sustainability indicators that are most widely disclosed by companies

include policies on water and energy and carbon dioxide emissions,
occupational health and safety, as well as board diversity. Companies continue
to address their activities in attaining the Sustainable Development Goals;
however, only 10 per cent report on all 17 Goals.
• Target 12.7: In 2022, 67 national Governments reported to the United Nations
Environment Programme on the implementation of sustainable public
procurement policies and action plans, up 50 per cent from 2020.
• Target 12.c: Global data showed a rise in fossil fuel subsidies in 2021, after a
brief fall in 2020 that was largely caused by a drop in energy prices. In 2021,
Governments spent an estimated $732 billion on subsidies to coal, oil and gas,
against $375 billion in 2020. This brings the subsidies back to pre-2015 levels.
High oil and gas prices in 2022 will likely bring a new increase, as subsidies are
often linked to the price of energy.

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and

its impacts
41. The world is on the brink of a climate catastrophe, and current
actions and plans to address the crisis are insufficient. Without
transformative action starting now and within the current decade to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions deeply and rapidly in all sectors, the 1.5°C target
will be at risk and with it the lives of more than 3 billion people. Failure to act leads
to intensifying heatwaves, droughts, flooding, wildfires, sea-level rise and famines.
Emissions should already be decreasing now and will need to be cut by almost half
by 2030 – a mere seven years from now. To combat climate change and its impact s
by 2030, urgent and transformative action is needed to meet the commitments under
the Paris Agreement across mitigation and adaptation efforts.
• Target 13.1: The number of deaths and missing persons due to disasters per
100,000 population has steadily decreased from 1.64 during the 2005–2015
period to 0.86 from 2012 to 2021. The average disaster mortality stood at 47,337
in absolute terms from 2015 to 2021. However, the number of persons affected
by disasters per 100,000 people rose from 1,198 between 2005 and 2015 to 2,113
between 2012 and 2021. The number of countries with national strategies for
disaster risk reduction has increased from 55 in 2015 to 126 by the end of 2021.
On that basis, a total of 118 countries have reported having some le vel of policy
coherence with other global frameworks, such as the 2030 Agenda and the Paris
Agreement.
• Target 13.2: The increase in global temperatures has already reached 1.1°C, due
to increasing global greenhouse gas emissions, which reached record highs in
2021. Real-time data from 2022 show emissions continuing an upward trajectory.
Instead of decreasing emissions, as required by the target to limit warming, carbon
dioxide levels increased from 2020 to 2021 at a rate higher than the average
annual growth rate over the past decade and are already 149 per cent higher than
pre-industrial levels. Projected cumulative future carbon dioxide emissions over
the lifetime of existing and currently planned fossil fuel infrastructure exceed the
total cumulative net carbon dioxide emissions in pathways that limit warming to
1.5°C (>50 per cent) with no or limited overshoot.
• Target 13.3: An analysis of 100 national curriculum frameworks reveals that
nearly half (47 per cent) do not mention climate change. In 2021, despite 95 per
cent of teachers recognizing the importance of teaching about climate change
severity, only one third are capable of effectively explaining its effects in their

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region. In addition, 70 per cent of young people can only describe the broad
principles of climate change in 2022.
• Target 13.a: According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), total climate finance provided and mobilized by
developed countries for developing countries amounted to $83.3 billion in 2020,
a 4 per cent increase from 2019, but still short of the $100 billion target. Climate
finance remains primarily targeted to mitigation, however, and adaptation
finance continues to lag, with international finance flows to developing
countries standing at 5 to 10 times below estimated needs.

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development
42. Destructive trends in ocean health have not abated. The ocean,
the world’s largest ecosystem, continues to be endangered by rising
acidification, eutrophication, declining fish stocks and mounting
plastic pollution. While there has been some progress in expanding marine protected
areas and combatting illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing over the years, more
concerted efforts and acceleration are urgently needed. Urgent and coordinated global
action is needed to continue to advance towards Goal 14.
• Target 14.1: The global trend of elevated coastal eutrophication continued in
2022 above the 2000–2004 baseline conditions, although different in magnitude
from recent years. The highest rates are in the Arabian Sea.
• Target 14.3: Ocean acidification is increasing and will continue to do so if
carbon dioxide emissions do not stop rising, threatening marine ecosystems and
the services they provide. Today, the ocean’s average pH level is 8.1. This means
that the ocean today is about 30 per cent more acidic than in pre-industrial times.
• Target 14.4: Fishery resources continue to be threatened by overfishing,
pollution, poor management and other factors, including illegal fishing. More
than one third (35.4 per cent) of global stocks were overfished in 2019, an
increase of 1.2 per cent since 2017. Despite ongoing deterioration, the rate of
decline has decelerated in recent years. However, the trend continues to
deteriorate from the 2020 target to restore fish stocks to biologically sustainable
levels.
• Target 14.6: By the end of 2022, the number of States parties to the Agreement
on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and
Unregulated Fishing of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations reached 74, including the European Union, or effectively 100 States. In
the period 2018–2022, there has been some progress at the global level in
implementing instruments to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated
fishing. The new WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, adopted in June 2022,
marks a major step forward towards ocean sustainability.
• Target 14.a: Despite the fact that the ocean covers more than 70 per cent of the
surface of our planet and contributes to 2.5 per cent of the world’s gross value
added, only 1.1 per cent of national research budgets were allocated for ocean
science on average between 2013 and 2021.
• Target 14.b: Globally, the degree of application of frameworks that recognize
and protect access rights for small-scale fisheries was at the highest level in
2022 on the basis of available data, reaching a maximum score of five out of
five. However, what that score does not reveal is that a reduced number of
countries contributed to the reporting.

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Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial

ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification,
and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
43. The world is facing a triple planetary crisis of climate change,
pollution and biodiversity loss. The trend in forest loss, land
degradation and the extinction of species is becoming worse, posi ng a severe threat
to the health of the planet and people. Goal 15 will not be met without a dramatic
shift in our relationship with our natural environment.
• Target 15.2: The world’s forest area continues to decline, from 31.9 per cent in
2000 to 31.2 per cent in 2020, representing a net loss of 100 million hectares.
Agricultural expansion is the direct driver of almost 90 per cent of global
deforestation. However, globally, there has been progress in sustainable forest
management, with both certified forest area and the proportion of forests under
management plans and within protected areas increasing.
• Targets 14.5, 15.1 and 15.4: In recent years, global coverage of marine,
terrestrial, freshwater and mountain key biodiversity areas has continue d to
increase to nearly half of each site covered in 2022, on average. However,
growth in coverage has slowed, and coverage is uneven regionally, threatening
progress towards the restoration and conservation of these ecosystems.
• Target 15.3: Each year between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least
100 million hectares of healthy and productive land, affecting food and water
security globally. Human activities, intensified by climate change, are the main
drivers of land degradation, directly affecting 1.3 billion people. If land
degradation continues at a similar rate, it would result in an additional 1.5 billion
hectares of degraded land by 2030. In order to reach the target of ensuring a land
degradation-neutral world by 2030, it is necessary to avoid new land
degradation and restore at least one billion degraded hectares of land.
• Target 15.5: Species extinction is irreversible and thus perhaps the most
fundamental human impact on nature. Globally, the Red List Index – established
on the basis of repeat assessments of every species across groups of mammals,
birds, amphibians, corals and cycads – deteriorated by about 4 per cent from
2015 to 2023. However, over the past three decades since 1993, the Index has
deteriorated about 11 per cent, with each decade showing a faster deterioration
rate than the previous. In 2022, in comprehensive assessments, 21 per cent of
reptile species were found to be threatened with extinction. All indications point
to a deterioration in trends towards the target to halt the loss of biodiversity and,
by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
• Target 15.6: At the end of 2022, 68 countries had at least one legislative,
administrative or policy measure in place to ensure the fair and equitable sharing
of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and associated
traditional knowledge, in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol, representing an
increase of 62 countries since 2016. Furthermore, 88 countries reported to have
measures in place to implement the International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture, an increase of 76 countries since 2015.
• Target 15.8: Nearly all countries have now adopted national legislation relevant
to the prevention or control of invasive alien species, mainly embedded within
laws regarding cross-cutting sectors such as animal health, plant health,
fisheries and aquaculture, and 87 per cent of countries have aligned themselves
to global targets. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an increased focus
on the prevention, control and management of biological invasions of
pathogenic agents, particularly zoonotic pathogens, in order to mitigate their
negative impacts on biodiversity and human health.

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• Target 15.9: There has been a steady upward trend in the number of countries
incorporating biodiversity values into national accounting and reporting
systems. By December 2022, 90 per cent of countries had established national
targets in relation to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2. However, only about one third
of countries are reporting that they are on track to reach or exceed their national
targets. In addition, 92 countries indicated that they had implemented the
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting in 2022, a number that is
expected to grow over the next few years owing to the role of the System in the
global biodiversity framework.

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable

development, provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
44. Ongoing and new violent conflicts around the world are derailing
a global path to peace and the achievement of Goal 16. One quarter of
humanity lives in conflict-affected areas and, as of mid-2022, more than 100 million
people had been forcibly displaced worldwide – more than double the number a decade
ago. Citizens also face challenges gaining access to justice, basic services and legal
guarantees, and are generally underrepresented owing to ineffective institutions.
Moreover, structural injustices, inequalities and emerging human rights challenges are
putting peaceful and inclusive societies further out of reach. To meet Goal 16 by 2030,
action is needed to restore trust and to strengthen the capacity of institutions to secure
justice for all and facilitate transitions to drive sustainable development.
• Target 16.1: Globally, about 458,000 people were victims of homicide in 2021 –
the highest number of victims in the past 20 years. The noticeable spike in
killings in 2021 can be partly attributed to the economic repercussions of
COVID-19-related restrictions, as well as an escalation of gang-related and
sociopolitical violence in several countries. The homicide rate was 5.8 per
100,000 people, marginally lower than in 2015 (at 5.9 per 100,000). Men and
boys represent about 80 per cent of victims and 90 per cent of suspects.
– In 2022, the United Nations recorded 16,988 killings of civilians in armed
conflicts, a 53 per cent increase compared with 2021 and the first increase
since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda. In total, 4 out of 10 deaths occurred
in Ukraine. One in five was a woman. The proportion of deaths by heavy
weapons and explosive munitions increased significantly, from 13 per cent in
2021 to 39 per cent in 2022, in contrast to the steady decline over the previous
five years; 2
– On the basis of survey data from 114 countries, on average, approximately
69 per cent of the population reported feeling safe or very safe walking alone
after dark around the area in which they live, a figure that has remained stable
over the period 2016–2021. Women continued to feel significantly less safe
than men.
• Target 16.2: In 75 countries – mostly low- and middle-income countries – with
available data from 2014 to 2022, 8 out of 10 children aged 1 to 14 years had
been subjected to some form of psychological aggression and/or physical
punishment at home in the previous month. In 70 of those countries, at least half
of all children experienced violent discipline on a regular basis.

__________________
2
This figure includes only documented and verified civilian deaths caused directly by war
operations in the armed conflicts in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Israe l, Libya, Mali, the State of Palestine, Somalia, South Sudan,
the Syrian Arab Republic, Ukraine and Yemen.

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– In 2020, the number of trafficking victims detected worldwide fell for the first
time in 20 years, as COVID-19-related preventive measures changed the
dynamics of exploitation while compromising anti-trafficking responses. As
more victims are likely to remain undetected, greater efforts are needed to
tailor responses to the real prevalence of the crime;
– For the period 2014–2021, only 55 countries – mostly low- and middle-
income countries – have internationally comparable data on sexual violence
in childhood against girls, and only 12 have produced such data for boys.
Across regions with representative estimates, the prevalence of sexual
violence in childhood (by age 18) among young women aged 18 to 29 years
ranges from 1 per cent in Central and Southern Asia to 7 per cent in Oceania,
excluding Australia and New Zealand.
• Target 16.3: In 2021, the global prison population was 11.2 million, remaining
relatively stable since 2015, except for a temporary decline between 2019 and
2020. Some 3.4 million of all prisoners are unsentenced detainees, and their
share among all prisoners has remained at around 30 per cent between 2015 and
2021 and far from the target of equal access to justice for all.
• Target 16.4: While tracing is a key measure in the process of investigating and
disclosing the origins of illicit firearms, its systematic implementation remains
a global challenge. On average, Member States with available data successfully
traced one third of seized weapons that were potentially traceable between 2016
and 2021.
• Target 16.5: Globally, approximately 1 in 7 businesses (15 per cent) face
requests for bribe payments by public officials, based on establishment -level
data from 154 countries surveyed during the period 2006 –2023.
• Target 16.6: Multiple crises undermine budget credibility across all regions.
The average budget deviation compared with the approved budget decreased
from 5–10 per cent in 2015 to the target of less than 5 per cent in 2019. However,
budget credibility deteriorated and reached a deviation of almost 10 per cent for
some regions in the period 2020–2021.
• Target 16.7: In every region of the world except Europe, people under the age
of 45 are significantly underrepresented in parliament relative to their share of
the national populations.
• Target 16.9: By providing all children with proof of legal identity from day one,
their rights can be protected and universal access to justice and social services
can be enabled. In 2022, the births of around one in four children under 5 years
of age worldwide were never officially recorded. Only half of the children under
5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa have had their births registered.
• Target 16.10: Access to information laws provide legal guarantees of the right
to information and were adopted by 136 countries in 2022, up from 105 in 2015.

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize

the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
45. Progress towards achieving Goal 17 has been mixed. On the
one hand, there have been some advances in areas such as development
aid, remittances flows and access to technology. However, funding for
development remains a major challenge, in particular in low-income countries. In
addition, geopolitical tensions and the rise of nationalism in some parts of the world
have made it more difficult to achieve international cooperation and coordination.
Many developing countries are battling record inflation, rising interest rates and

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looming debt burdens, competing priorities, and limited fiscal space. A major surge
in concerted action is needed to ensure developing countries have access to the
financing and technologies needed to accelerate implementation of the Goals.

Finance
• Target 17.1: On the basis of 2021 data from approximately 130 economies,
government revenue accounted for approximately 33 per cent of GDP on
average. In addition, the average overall tax burden or revenue in the form of
taxes was 26 per cent of GDP among advanced economies and 17 per cent of
GDP among emerging market and developing economies. The proportion of
government expenditure funded by taxes has been stable within each region and
worldwide has tended to converge. The overall average in 2019 was about 66 per
cent among advanced economies and 60 per cent among emerging market and
developing economies, but declined sharply to about 52 per cent in 2020 before
rebounding to about 58 per cent in 2021 for both groups of economies.
• Target 17.2: Net ODA flows amounted to $206 billion (current price) in 2022,
an increase of 15.3 per cent in real terms compared with 2021. This is the highest
growth rate on record, mainly due to domestic spending on refugees and aid for
Ukraine. However, total ODA as a percentage of gross national income
continues to remain below the 0.7 per cent target, reaching 0.36 per cent in 2022,
compared with 0.31 per cent in 2021. Moreover, net bilateral ODA flows to
countries in Africa totalled $34 billion in 2022, representing a drop of 7.4 per
cent in real terms compared with 2021.
• Target 17.3: The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped development spending, driving
significant increases in financial resources mobilized for developing countries
from multiple sources. Official sustainable development grants passed the
$100 billion mark in 2020 and reached $118 billion in 2021. Official
concessional loans amounted to $55 billion and official non-concessional loans
totalled $107 billion in 2021, increases of 37 per cent and 51 per cent,
respectively, compared with 2019. But that is still a long way from the estimated
$3.9 trillion that developing countries need between now and 2030 in order to
invest in the transitions needed to achieve the Goals.
• Target 17.4: Debt levels of advanced and low- and middle-income countries
reached record highs during the pandemic, increasing the likelihood of adverse
consequences on economic growth. The total external debt of low- and middle-
income countries increased by 5.6 per cent in 2021 to $9 trillion, driven
primarily by an increase in short-term debt. As of November 2022, 37 out of 69
of the world’s poorest countries were either at high risk of or already in debt
distress, while one in four middle-income countries, which account for the
majority of the extreme poor, were at high risk of fiscal crisis.

Information and communications technology

• Target 17.8: In 2022, an estimated 66 per cent of the world’s population
(5.3 billion) used the Internet, compared with 40 per cent (3 billion) in 2015.
Globally, 259 million more men than women used the Internet in 2022. There has
been slower growth in the number of Internet users compared with at the height of
the pandemic, meaning that without increased investment in infrastructure and
digital skills, the aim of connecting everyone by 2030 will remain elusive.
• Target 17.6: Fixed-broadband subscriptions continue to grow steadily, at an
average annual growth rate of 6.7 per cent over the past 10 years, reaching 18
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2022 globally, up from 11 subscriptions in
2015. While fixed connections are common among households in upper-middle-

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income and high-income countries, they are nearly non-existent in low-income

countries owing to high prices and a lack of infrastructure.
• Target 17.7: The total trade of tracked environmentally sound technologies in
2020 was $2,364 billion, an increase of 5 per cent since 2015.

Trade
• Targets 17.10, 17.12: The worldwide weighted tariff average was about 2 per
cent in 2020 – unchanged since 2017, but down from 2.6 per cent in 2015. The
latest figures from 2020 indicate that agriculture and clothing products continue
to face the highest tariff rates at about 6 per cent, followed by textiles at 4 per
cent and industrial products at 1.4 per cent. The special tariff treatment that
developed countries offer to developing countries, small island developing
States and the least developed countries remains unchanged.
• Target 17.11: In 2021, the share of the least developed countries’ exports in
global merchandise trade amounted to 1.05 per cent and has remained almost
constant for the past three years. The target of doubling the share of the least
developed countries’ exports by 2020, from its value of 1.03 per cent in 2011,
has therefore not been met. The share of all developing countries’ exports in
global merchandise trade reached 44.4 per cent in 2021, a share 3.1 percentage
points larger than in 2016. It has increased almost continuously over the past
five years.

Data, monitoring and accountability

• Target 17.18: In 2022, 147 countries and territories reported having national
statistical legislation compliant with the Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics. In 2022, 156 countries and territories reported implementing a national
statistical plan, with 100 of those plans fully funded, compared with 81 countries
implementing a national statistical plan with 17 fully funded in 2016. However,
owing to the long-lasting impacts of the pandemic and limited human and financial
capacity in strategic planning, many national statistical offices are implementing
expired strategic plans for their statistical activities, which may not fully cover
their evolving development objectives and emerging demands for data.
• Target 17.19: International funding for data and statistics amounted to
$542 million in 2020, down from over $100 million and $155 million from
funding levels in 2019 and 2018, respectively. That rate is also a decline of
16 per cent since 2015. While the decrease could be partially attributed to
pandemic-induced funding and policy shifts, it could reflect the long-standing
challenges in mainstreaming data activities, the limited pool of donors and the
low strategic priority of statistics.

III. Breaking through to a better future for all

46. The sobering picture of the Sustainable Development Goals being in reverse
halfway to our 2030 deadline is a clarion call to the world to redouble our efforts to
eliminate poverty and hunger, advance gender equality and overcome the triple
planetary crisis. Failure to heed that call will fuel greater political instability and
displacement, further erode trust in public institutions, upend economies and lead to
irreversible existential changes to our natural environment. Above all, it will cause
immense suffering for current and future generations – especially among the world’s
poorest and most vulnerable people and countries.

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47. But we can turn things around. Although the overall picture is deeply
concerning, the data also offers a glimpse of the possible. It shows progress in a
number of key areas from energy to Internet access and more. There is also ample
evidence that the transformation demanded by the Goals is one of immense
opportunity, and in the years since 2015, we have seen Governments, business, the
private sector and the general public embracing the Sustainable Development Goals.
48. The Goals remain a truly inspiring and unifying compass, and transformative
progress can be made even in the face of adversity. Furthermore, this generation is
equipped with knowledge, technologies and resources unprecedented in history and
can draw on a wide range of normative frameworks. Breaking through to a better
future for all demands that we put this advantage to use to lift hundreds of millions
of people out of poverty, advance gender equality, put our world on low-emissions
pathways by 2030 and secure human rights for all.
49. The 2023 Global Sustainable Development Report provides a synopsis of
evidence showing that we can guide transformation toward sustainable and equitable
outcomes. The sections below complement its findings and provide Member States
with analysis and recommendations to unlock the rapid and deep transitions needed
to deliver the Goals by 2030. The United Nations system will seek to mobilize support
for a number of these, through a set of high impact initiatives in the lead -up to and
following the Sustainable Development Goals Summit.
50. I urge world leaders to come together at the Sustainable Development Goals
Summit to deliver a rescue plan for people and planet centred around the following
three major breakthroughs:
• Equipping governance and institutions for sustainable and inclusive
transformation
• Prioritizing policies and investments that have multiplier effects across the goals
• Securing a surge in Sustainable Development Goals financing and an enabling
global environment for developing countries

A. Equipping governance and institutions for sustainable and

inclusive transformation

51. Delivering change at the speed and scale required by the Sustainable Development
Goals demands more than ever before from public institutions and political leaders. It
requires bold decisions, the transfer of resources from one sector to another, the creation
of a new regulatory environment, the appropriate deployment of new technologies, the
advancement of longer-term holistic perspectives, the mobilizing of a wide range of
actors and the capacity to advance disruptive change while strengthening trust and social
cohesion. 3 Each of those dimensions presents challenges for political leadership and
public governance systems. Together, they constitute a set of demands for which
contemporary governance systems were not built. It is essential therefore to take action
to equip governance systems for transformation.
52. Since 2015, Governments have responded to the Sustainable Development
Goals in a variety of ways. Yet voluntary national reviews and research studies
demonstrate that nationalization of the Goals has not yet had the necessary “normative
and institutional impact, from legislative action to changing resource allocation”. 4
The Goals must become more than a means to communicate change. They must
become a guiding star that shapes national policies, budgets, institutions and long-
__________________
3
See www.idlo.int/system/files/event-documents/2021_sdg16_conference_report_05072021.pdf.
4
See www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00909-5.

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term national development planning. They must become the core business of
presidents and prime ministers, parliaments and the private sector.
53. Incentivizing, steering and advancing transformation is complex and can often
result in unintended consequences or trade-offs. Public institutions and public servants
need to have capacities and strategies to continually revisit and adjust policy
implementation in order to maximize benefits and capitalize on synergies while
understanding trade-offs or identifying feedback loops, including by leveraging
international human rights and labour standards. They also need to be able to work across
sectors and contribute, including with budget alignment, to a whole-of-government
approach to the Goals. The ability of institutions to steer and leverage digital
technologies, in an inclusive and equitable manner, is also essential, as is a capacity to
work in unison with the private sector and others to advance the public interest.
54. Localization, anchored on the principle of multilevel governance and
multistakeholder collaboration, is recognized as a key approach to collectively propel
us toward greater inclusion and sustainability. Local and regional governments have a
key role to play in this process as the 65 per cent of the Sustainable Development Goals
targets are linked to their work and mandates. Being the sphere of government closest
to local communities, they are essential for responding to the erosion of the social
contract and protecting our societies amid intersecting global crises. Since 2018, the
voluntary local review global movement has provided an unprecedented push towards
localization. The more than 200 voluntary local reviews carried out to date have shed
light on and raised the profile of local action vis-à-vis national action and international
processes. In addition, voluntary local reviews have contributed to advances in all
dimensions of localization of the Goals – from data innovation to planning and policy
coherence to project development and financing. Nevertheless, the resources of local
and regional governments – financial, human and technical – across the globe remain
limited, hindering their capacities to deliver basic services and drive development at
the local level.
55. The Private sector is a critical driver of productivity, employment and growth.
Business leaders are increasingly acknowledging the necessity and urgency of taking
sustainability factors into account to achieve long-term success. Businesses are
making sustainability and climate-related commitments daily. They must be held
accountable for those commitments, and they must deliver. Corporate governance
models, incentive structures and operating practices must be adjusted to align with
the objectives of sustainable development. Policies and regulations must facilitate
long-term decision-making, include the pricing of externalities and the phasing-out
of harmful subsidies, and we must see an improvement in the transparency and
credibility of sustainability labels and ratings, ensuring all efforts are made to
eliminate rampant green-washing and Goals-washing.
56. Culture is a global public good and a critical enabler and driver of progress
towards the Goals. Culture serves as a source of knowledge, values and
communication, as a contributor to environmental sustainability and as a generator of
economic activity and jobs. Respect for cultural diversity and the diversity of
religions and beliefs, as well as intercultural dialogue and understanding, are also
crucial to strengthening social cohesion and sustaining peace. Culture and respect for
cultural diversity, however, remain undervalued and underutilized in the push for
Goals-related progress. Greater consideration of culture’s role in supporting the
achievement of the Goals – including within relevant indicators – would generate an
important boost for implementation of the Goals between now and 2030.
57. Access to timely and high-quality disaggregated data is essential. It can multiply
the efficiency and effectiveness of domestic and development spending, generating a
“data dividend” for implementation of the Goals. Yet many countries lack the resources

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and capacities necessary to respond to data demands and, as highlighted in section II

above, there remain significant gaps in the geographic coverage, timeliness and
disaggregation of Goals indicators. Domestic spending on data and statistics is low, and
some 40 per cent of national statistics offices saw a drop in funding during the pandemic.
There is little transparency around donor support in this area, and one study estimated
that development cooperation spending on data had dropped by over 20 per cent between
2018 and 2020. Greater use of new data sources and innovative approaches – including
geospatial information, remote sensing, artificial intelligence and machine learning,
crowd sourcing, qualitative methods, citizen-generated data and private sector
data – represent new opportunities, although they are not without their own risks and
challenges. Strong data governance, data literacy and data protection policies are
essential, but today only about half of the least developed countries have such laws. 5
Support from the United Nations and other international partners must also become more
cohesive and effective. Much more can be done to strengthen data ecosystems.
58. Effective engagement with the global public and effective follow-up to
Sustainable Development Goals commitments and implementation efforts are essential
to understanding progress, boosting public ownership and identifying major objectives.
By July 2023, 188 countries will have conducted voluntary national reviews – the
central instrument for Goals-related follow-up and review at the global and national
levels. Overall, countries have improved the preparation of their reviews, engaging
stakeholders more systematically and combining multiple tools of analysis. Voluntary
national reviews have also had a spill-over effect at the subnational level, with the
growth of voluntary local reviews as a key example. With the Goals so far off track,
and building on the lessons learned since 2015, it is time to take Goals-related follow-
up to the next level. It is essential for our attention to shift from reporting national
action to an international audience to strengthening national accountability for progress
and transformation. This calls for a systematic inclusion of Goals-related
implementation efforts in national oversight systems, for more independent evaluations
of national implementation, for the greater involvement of scientists in monitoring and
review, and for a fundamental rethink of the voluntary national review process.

Priority actions:
• Call upon all countries to deliver a national commitment to transformation of
the Goals at the Sustainable Development Goals Summit, including by setting
national benchmarks for reducing poverty and inequality, making achievement
of the Goals a central focus in national planning and oversight mechanisms, and
aligning national and subnational budgets with the Goals.
• Invest in public sector capacity and infrastructure to identify trade-offs and drive
large-scale change, enable complex decision-making, leverage digital
technologies and boost implementation partnerships.
• Recognize the central role of local and subnational governments in
implementing the Goals, including by designing national enabling frameworks
to allow subnational governments to meet their devolved responsibilities and by
strengthening their capacities and resources to advance the Goals, while
contributing to crisis mitigation, adaptation, preparedness and recovery,
anchored on the principles of multilevel governance, and multistakeholder and
multisectoral collaboration.
• Encourage the development of effective policies and a suitable regulatory
framework to support the alignment of private sector governance models, operating
practices and disclosure requirements with sustainable development objectives.
__________________
5
See https://unctad.org/page/data -protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide.

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• Give due consideration to the contribution of culture to the achievement of

sustainable development in the formulation of national, regional and
international development policies and international cooperation instruments.
• Take action to reap the data dividend, with a focus on the most vulnerable groups,
by working towards securing data for at least 90 per cent of the Sustainable
Development Goals targets in each country by 2027, increasing domestic
financing for data and statistics by 50 per cent from current levels by 2030,
embracing new data sources and innovative approaches, and adopting data
governance and protection policies. Donors should also commit to increasing the
share of ODA for data to at least 0.7 per cent by 2030, for the full implementation
of the Cape Town Global Action Plan for Sustainable Development Data.
• Take monitoring, follow-up and review of the Sustainable Development Goals
to the next level by boosting independent evaluations of implementation,
strengthening engagement with parliament and civil society, centring voluntary
national reviews on national commitments to transformation of the Goals,
establishing official registration systems of voluntary local reviews and
supporting the further development of Goals indicators with disaggregated data.

B. Prioritizing policies and investments that will drive just transitions

and unlock progress across the goals

59. In 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals were agreed as an integrated and
indivisible set of Goals and they cannot be achieved one at a time or in siloes. In the
2019 and 2023 editions of the Global Sustainable Development Report, the evidence-
based case is made that transformation towards sustainable development will only be
possible if actions address systems of goals and targets. Policy actions are needed to
drive key transitions and to serve as multipliers that advance progress across the
Goals. National priorities and contexts will determine the precise mix of policies and
interventions, but combining actions and actors geared towards leave no one behind
with those that balance human well-being and the stewardship of nature can help build
a holistic approach.

1. Close divides to leave no one behind

60. Recent crises have exposed unequal coping mechanisms and deepened divides
across various dimensions of well-being. As shown in section II of the present report,
above, the decades-long trend of narrowing global income inequality has now
reversed, more people are fleeing conflict than at any time on record, and the slum
population is growing. The impacts of those reversals are felt most by women and
girls and by vulnerable and marginalized populations, including persons with
disabilities, migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons and Indigenous
Peoples.
61. The world must act to close gaps and improve the well-being of the people
farthest behind and thus contribute to stability and resilience globally. Action taken
in the areas below can also have multiplier impacts across the Sustainable
Development Goals.

Provide shock-responsive, adaptive and universal social protection, and

strengthen action to generate jobs for a just transition
62. Social protection and jobs creation and retention is the only refuge for the large
segments of society with no financial buffers and is a crucial tool for reducing and
preventing poverty, in particular when crises hit. During the pandemic, many
Governments rapidly expanded social protection coverage or benefits, often with

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digital tools, but many were one-time payments or short-term solutions. 6 Most of
those additional social protection and job retention measures were implemented in
advanced economies with the resources to do so, while in developing countries, many
Governments now face the prospect of having to roll back those measures in response
to compounding fiscal pressures.
63. In addition, social protection coverage often excludes those who need it the
most, such as informal workers, in particular women. 7 For instance, only 28 per cent
of persons with significant disabilities have access to disability benefits globally, and
only 1 per cent in low-income countries. 8 The current global economic slowdown is
also likely to force more workers to accept lower quality, poorly paid jobs that lack
job security and social protection. The need for universal social protection and decent
job opportunities will also only grow as the transitions to green and digital economic
systems accelerate and as demographic transitions unfold.
64. Despite the devastating impact of today’s cascading crises on social protection
and livelihood opportunities, these shocks have also highlighted the opportunities for
driving progress. Right now, there is a window of opportunity to cement some of the
gains and learn from positive experiences, with impacts that can cut across the
Sustainable Development Goals. 9 Social protection that is dynamic in terms of both
coverage and the means of distribution can bolster capabilities to weather crises.
There is also a strong investment case for expanding social protection and supporting
job creation: investing in the care economy, for example, could generate 280 million
jobs globally, while investing in the green and circular economy could create 100
million jobs, both by 2030. The revenue from this job creation could fuel a virtuous
cycle that can accelerate just transitions and create more resilient, inclusive and
equitable societies for all. Despite high up-front costs in some cases, investing in
these areas will yield long-term results that far outweigh immediate costs. Despite
high interest rates, inflation and fragile debt situations, long-term, affordable
financing to support social protection and decent job creation opportunities can and
must be found. The United Nations Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection
for Just Transitions, launched in September 2021, is supporting the design and
implementation of inclusive and integrated policies and investment strategies for
decent jobs with social protection, to support just transitions for all. It also aims to
establish national financing frameworks and mobilize public and private domestic
and international resources, with the aim of expanding social protection to 4 billion
people and creating 400 million new, decent jobs by 2030.

Priority actions:
• Expand investments in social protection floors as a percentage of GDP in
national budgets and make institutional changes to promote an integrated
approach to achieving adaptive, shock-responsive and universal social
protection and creating new, decent job opportunities in the care, digital and
green economies.
__________________
6
Maya Hammad, Fabianna Bacil and Fábio Veras Soares, Next Practices – Innovations in the
COVID-19 social protection responses and beyond (UNDP, 2021), available from
https://socialprotection.org/discover/publications/next-practices-innovations-covid-19-social-
protection-responses-and-beyond.
7
See www.wiego.org/resources/long-economic-covid-worlds-working-class-infographic.
8
United Nations, “Policy brief: a disability-inclusive response to COVID-19” (May 2020),
available at https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Policy-Brief-A-Disability-Inclusive-
Response-to-COVID-19.pdf.
9
International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN collaboration on social protectio n: Reaching
consensus on how to accelerate social protection systems -building (Geneva, 2022), available
from https://socialprotection.org/discover/publications/un-collaboration-social-protection-
reaching-consensus-how-accelerate-social.

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• Mobilize political efforts through the United Nations Global Accelerator on Jobs
and Social Protection for Just Transitions to channel funds from international,
national, public and private sources, including from the international financial
institutions, towards this aim.
• Create active labour market policies to help workers upskill and re-skill in order
to keep or change their job, adapt to the green and digital transitions and find
ways out of poverty.
• Fully leverage digital technology to expand the foundations – including
registries, digital IDs and financial inclusion – on which more comprehensive,
dynamic and adaptive social protection systems can be built.

Invest in women and girls

65. Current rates of progress toward gender equality are set to leave half of the
world’s population and the world’s workforce behind. Gender parity for labour-force
participation had been slowing since 2009 – and it reversed in 2020. 10 Women make
about half as much as men do and carry a disproportionate share of care work, both
paid and unpaid, which increased during the pandemic. 11 Rates of violence against
women were reported to have increased considerably during the pandemic. By one
measure, GDP per capita would be almost 20 per cent higher if all gender employment
gaps were closed. 12 This demands a dismantling of discriminatory laws, a shake-up
in the existing social structures and norms, and the use of special measures and quotas
for the targeted investment in women.
66. The world’s population is also drastically changing. According to a recent
United Nations study, greater parity in the labour force would do more to sustain
economies in ageing, low-fertility societies than setting targets for women to have
more children. Yet it is estimated that, globally, the number of unintended pregnancies
every year is a staggering 121 million, or an average of 331,000 per day. Safeguarding
access to quality sexual and reproductive health for all and instituting policies that
are family-friendly are the best ways to ensure people can achieve their individual
reproductive goals and optimize their contribution to society.

Priority actions:
• Leverage special measures and quotas to promote gender parity across all levels
of decision-making in political and economic life; and accelerate women’s
economic inclusion by closing the digital divide, investing in women -owned
businesses and reducing the unpaid care and domestic burden for women and
girls.
• Dismantle all discriminatory laws and practices, take action to shape social
norms that promote gender equality and ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health and reproductive rights.
• Pass laws and put in place emergency response plans that prevent and eliminate
violence against women and girls, both online and offline, by 2025.

__________________
10
World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2022 (Geneva, 2022), available from
www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/.
11
OECD, “Caregiving in Crisis: Gender inequality in paid and unpaid work during COVID -19”
(2021), available at www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/caregiving-in-crisis-gender-
inequality-in-paid-and-unpaid-work-during-covid-19-3555d164/.
12
See https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37062 .

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Make the digital transformation work for everyone

67. Persistent digital divides among and within countries stand in the way of
widespread Goals-related progress through digital technologies and hamper the use
of new data sources. These gaps should be tackled holistically, i.e. not just on a whole -
of-government level but also on a whole-of-system level, supported by the global
development community.
68. Navigating the double-edged sword of digital transformation, managing digital
risks and digital harms and leveraging the potential of technologies, requires i nvesting
in inclusive and accessible digital infrastructure to ensure meaningful connectivity
for all. The large gaps in access to technologies, connectivity and infrastructure, as
well as the poor accessibility of technologies themselves for groups such a s persons
with disabilities, have significant human rights and development implications. For
instance, only 1 in 10 people in the world have access to assistive technology products
and services. 13 The proliferation of robotics, artificial intelligence, quantum
computing, the Internet of things and cloud and mobile computing, can support human
well-being and the Sustainable Development Goals. Enhancing digital literacy and
data literacy in and outside the public sector is another crucial step and should focu s
on self-reliance and lifelong learning. Effective digital partnerships with the private
sector and other stakeholders can produce applications to advance progress towards
the Goals. The development by Member States of a global digital compact is under
way and would be a substantial step in the direction of making digital technologies
work for the public good.

Priority actions:
• Invest in foundational inclusive and accessible digital infrastructures to ensure
meaningful connectivity for all and build digital literacy and data literacy in and
outside the public sector.
• Incentivize digital partnerships with the private sector and other stakeholders to
produce applications that further Goals-related progress.

Adopt a life-course approach to essential services and urgently tackle the global
crisis in education
69. Early and consistent investments in access to essential social services and social
inclusion can improve the prospects for work and well-being later in life and are
fundamental to a strong social contract. Interventions during early childhood and
adolescence can prevent subsequent limitations and support socioeconomic mobility,
while interventions in adulthood or older age can help individuals recover from past
deprivations. However, systems today continue to take a fragmented approach. The
limited focus on a life-course and intergenerational approach and inadequate access
to training opportunities for older persons hamper their ability to continue working
or find new employment.
70. Quality inclusive education is key to preparing today’s young people for high-
skill jobs and is a major contributor to health and well-being, gender equality and
climate mitigation. 14 However, against the backdrop of pandemic-related lost
learning, education today is in deep crisis. In low- and middle-income countries, the
share of children living in “learning poverty” – unable to read and understand a simple

__________________
13
See www.who.int/health-topics/assistive-technology#tab=tab_2.
14
E.C. Cordero, D. Centeno and A.M. Todd, The role of climate change education on individual
lifetime carbon emissions (Université du Quebec à Montréal, Canada, 2020). See
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206266 .

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statement about everyday life at age 10 – could possibly reach 70 per cent, 15 with
children with disabilities and other marginalized groups suffering disproportionately.
As highlighted at the 2022 Transforming Education Summit, ending the current crisis
and making education fit to tackle the world’s most pressing issues demands a sea -
change in how Governments and the international community approach and invest in
education. Recent analysis shows that almost $100 billion per year is needed to allow
countries to meet their national benchmarks for achieving Goal 4. A forthcoming
policy brief on transforming education will elaborate on this challenge as an input to
the preparations for the Summit of the Future. The crisis in education, however, is a
ticking time bomb. Urgent and focused action now will reap benefits for generations
to come.

Priority actions:
• Expand access to early childhood education, nutrition and health care, and
leverage the forthcoming high-level meeting on universal health coverage to
strengthen national health systems.
• Equip social protection systems to address needs that arise naturally during the
life cycle and during periods of low earning capacity, such as childhood,
disability, childbearing and old age.
• Deliver on national statements of commitment to transform education, including
by taking concrete steps to invest more, more equitably and more efficiently in
education, taking corrective action and monitoring progress at all levels to
improve basic literacy and numeracy and digital literacy proficiency, ensuring
a future-oriented focus in education curricula and pedagogy and leveraging
technologies for greater access and learning.

Invest in peace
71. The data in section II of the present report show that one quarter of humanity
lives in a conflict-affected area. Development cannot wait in these areas. Investments
in peace and sustainable development generate a virtuous cycle, with development
gains addressing the drivers of conflict and inclusive peace enabling development
priorities to expand.
72. Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals in conflict-affected regions and
those with humanitarian needs will break cycles of dependency and address the
underlying drivers of vulnerability. It is vital to ensure that persons affected by
instability, conflict or violence have access to services and protection, including the
more than 100 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, among which more than
32 million are refugees. 16 Countries that are affected by conflict or humanitarian
disaster need their partners and supporters to act in a coherent manner. They need
peacebuilders, development practitioners and humanitarians who can see the bigger
picture. They need partners who do not work in isolation. The United Nations must
lead by example. I expect all United Nations entities to work in a coherent fashion
that simultaneously advances development priorities, meets humanitarian needs and
builds peace.
73. The New Agenda for Peace, which is being prepared as part of preparations for
the Summit of the Future, will seek to reduce strategic risks by strengthening
__________________
15
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UNICEF and
World Bank, The State of the Global Education Crisis: A Path to Recovery (Washington, D.C.,
Paris and New York, 2021), available from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/
416991638768297704/pdf/The-State-of-the-Global-Education-Crisis-A-Path-to-Recovery.pdf.
16
See www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/.

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international foresight and capacities to identify and adapt to new risks and to focus
on preventing conflict. 17

Priority actions:
• Strengthen investment in development priorities in conflict-affected areas and
areas with humanitarian needs to address the underlying drivers of vulnerability.
• Proactively integrate persons and communities affected by instability, conflict
or violence, especially refugees and internally displaced persons, into national
systems of health care, education and employment.

2. Leverage environment-human well-being synergies

74. Human well-being is integrally connected to the stewardship of nature and
protection of the environment – the air, water, land and ecosystems that are foundations
for life. Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris
Agreement depends on safeguarding these resources for sustainability, equality and
justice. If the current trajectory towards climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution and
the degradation of ecosystems goes unaddressed, any progress on the Sustainable
Development Goals could unravel, exacerbating hunger, poverty, conflict, natural
disasters and public health emergencies. However, acting now in the below areas could
boost progress across the Goals and support the promise to leave no one behind.

Accelerate access to energy for all and the shift to renewables

75. Access to electricity in developing countries has increased, even during the
current period of crisis, while the lack of access to clean cooking solutions remains
stubbornly persistent. The pace of progress needs to accelerate, along with the
reliability and affordability to reach everyone. This needs to happen while also
ensuring the transition to renewable energy systems, supported by increased energy
efficiency measures.
76. Immediate, deep, rapid and sustained reductions in the greenhouse gas
emissions of the energy sector is imperative in order to preserve the 1.5°C goal of the
Paris Agreement, since energy accounts for more than two thirds of global greenhouse
gas emissions. 18 Accelerating the renewables revolution is our best hope of ensuring
energy security, affordability, access and independence, while keeping the 1.5 C target
alive. At the same time, the transition to renewables must be proactively managed so
as to minimize social disruption and maximize the many socioeconomic benefits,
including economic growth, poverty eradication and job creation during the
transition. Using solar and wind power to replace coal resources could save
$23 billion a year.19 The transition would create 24 million to 25 million new jobs,
against the 6 million to 7 million jobs that will be lost. 20

Priority actions:
• Take immediate action to advance the global transition from fossil fuels to
renewable energy, as proposed in my climate Acceleration Agenda:

__________________
17
See https://dppa.un.org/en/new-agenda-for-peace.
18
See www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-
explorer.
19
International Renewable Energy Agency, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019 (Abu Dhabi,
2019), available from www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019.
20
ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Greening with jobs (Geneva, 2018), available
from www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_628654/lang --en/index.htm.

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– No new coal-fired power plants and their phase-out by 2030 in OECD

countries by and 2040 in all other countries; end all international public and
private funding of coal;
– Ensure net zero electricity generation by 2035 for all developed economies
and by 2040 for the rest of the world;
– Cease all licensing or funding of new oil and gas reserves, consistent with the
findings of the International Energy Agency; stop any expansion of existing
oil and gas reserves;
– Support the preparation of investment-ready energy transition plans consistent
with these actions.
• Address critical bottlenecks to the deployment of renewables in developing
countries by ensuring access to battery storage technology, resilient and
diversified supply chains for critical raw materials, and by tackling the high cost
of capital for renewables in the developing world.
• Triple finance and investment for renewable energy and energy efficiency,
including by shifting fossil fuels subsidies to renewables and reforming the
international financial architecture.
• Mobilizing financing to support the energy compacts; call upon multilateral
development banks, development finance institutions and bilateral agencies to
do their part in taking more risk; and develop/repurpose financial instruments
to lower the cost of capital for renewable technologies – this can help expand
cooperative models on renewable energy transition, such as the Just Energy
Transition Partnerships.
• Strengthen international cooperation and collaboration to ensure transparency,
accountability and credibility surrounding the above-mentioned actions.

Secure food, water and sanitation systems

77. Business-as-usual approaches are neither protecting the right to food and water
for a growing population nor safeguarding the environment to sustain and secure the
provision of these resources. Hunger and food security are falling behind, even as
direct greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are projected to increase by 6 per
cent during the next decade. 21 Furthermore, access to clean water and water
management are at risk as climate disasters increase and several regions face severe
water scarcity. Low access to sanitation and hygiene remains a major and urgent
challenge with devastating impacts on health, human dignity and the situation of
women and girls. Rapid urbanization intensifies these challenges but introduces
opportunities to build cities in a more resilient, cost-efficient and inclusive manner.
The nexus of food, water, sanitation and environment sustainability must factor into
development pathways in a holistic and coherent manner, with adequate human,
technological and financial resources.
78. Since the 2021 Food Systems Summit, 117 countries have developed national
food system transformation pathways – some having already started to implement
their pathways while others need technical and financial assistance to move forward.
System complexities are being built into emerging initiatives using data from
socioeconomic models and biophysical models. The United Nations Water
Conference, held in March 2023, mobilized new commitments to solve the water and
sanitation crisis, with the potential to generate dividends across the Sustainable
__________________
21
See www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/f1b0b29c-en.pdf?expires=1678719176&id=
id&accname=guest&checksum=D46813AB4B74489CA8839EE6843A7CF3 .

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Development Goals. For every dollar invested in water and sanitation, there is a $4.30
return in reduced health-care costs for individuals and society.22

Priority actions:
• Integrate decision-making in the water, energy, food and environment sectors to
ensure good nutrition, strengthen food and water security and sanitation, support
climate action and maintain biodiversity and forests.
• Advance national pathways in follow-up to the 2021 Food Systems Summit and
the outcomes of the 2023 United Nations Water Conference, engaging all sectors
and stakeholders.
• Enable a coordinated policy effort across countries to better meet nutritional
needs while addressing climate change and inefficient water and land use.
• Invest in green infrastructure to upgrade ageing infrastructure for water
management, so as to ensure water efficiencies, access and lower pollution.

Protect biodiversity and natural resources

79. The environmental resources that sustain life are under threat, with trends
moving backward since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda. Yet more than half of the
world’s GDP is moderately or highly dependent on nature. 23 Some 1.6 billion people’s
livelihoods depend on forests, where the highest levels of terrestrial biodiversity are
found, making sustainable land management critical to human well-being and poverty
reduction. Some 680 million people live in coastal megacities, and nearly half of the
world’s population depends on fish for protein, including the population reliant on
aquaculture for their livelihoods. Striking a better balance with nature is also a health
priority. Land degradation and habitat fragmentation drive humans and wildlife into
closer contact, reducing biodiversity and increasing the risk of future pandemics
through the spread of zoonotic disease.
80. Protecting nature is also crucial for climate action, as forests and oceans help
mitigate climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide. Oceans absorb one third of
carbon emissions released into the atmosphere, but increased absorption of carbon
dioxide resulting from climate change in turn leads to ocean warming and acidification,
ice-melting, sea-level rise and marine heatwaves, threatening the natural marine
ecosystems and populations reliant on the oceans for their lives and livelihoods.
81. The recent adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
at the culmination of the 15th United Nations Biodiversity Conference represents a
landmark agreement by Governments to guide actions and funding to safeguard
nature, protect indigenous rights and sustainably manage other critical resources by
2030. The 2018 Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation
and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean
can help facilitate implementation of global sustainable development agreements.

Priority actions:
• Strengthen links between the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
and public health in sectoral policies.
• Raise government and stakeholder awareness, increase monitoring and predict
the impacts of biodiversity loss on human well-being.
__________________
22
See https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/11/484032#:~:text=For%20every%20
dollar%20invested%20in,United%20Nations%20World%20Health%20Organization.
23
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Global
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services (Bonn, Germany, 2019), available from www.ipbes.net/global-assessment.

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• Follow up on the goals and targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global

Biodiversity Framework; and close the $700 billion biodiversity finance gap,
with actions that increase the level of financing from all sources and eliminate
and reform incentives harmful for biodiversity, by at least $500 billi on per year.

Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks

82. COVID-19, conflict and climate disasters have shown just how vulnerable
Goals-related progress can be to shocks. Systematically integrating risk
considerations into planning for the 2030 Agenda can reduce the consequences of
shocks, especially for the vulnerable, and the likelihood of crises. It is also important
to acknowledge that actions in one system can create or reduce risks for another, as
hazards cascade across systems.
83. Countries can shock-proof Goals-related progress by strengthening risk
management governance and adopting a multi-hazard and multisectoral approach to
dealing with pandemics or climate change that can disrupt societal and economic
networks. The integration of disaster risk reduction with climate, sustainable
development and humanitarian action is also needed, shifting the balance from
responding to investing. The United Nations policy brief on an emergency platform
to strengthen the international response to complex global shocks, an input into the
preparations for the Summit of the Future, outlines how a more predictable and
structured response can help mitigate the risks to the most vulnerable countries.
84. Strengthening disaster risk resilience requires leadership at the highest level of
government, engagement from all sectors and multistakeholder participation. My
initiative to ensure universal coverage of multi-hazard early warning systems can ensure
minimal loss of lives and livelihoods when disasters strike. Collaborating to develop
new tracking systems to record and analyse hazardous events and disaster losses and
damages can also help. Greater investments in capacity-building and transformative
action on investments to accelerate Goals-related progress pave the way for greater
strategic foresight and the implementation of national disaster risk reduction financing.

Priority actions:
• Systematically integrate risk considerations into planning for the 2030 Agenda
by fully implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015–2030.
• Ensure universal coverage of multi-hazard early warning systems by 2027.
• Ensure linkages between global data for public health emergencies and other
disasters.

C. Securing a surge in Sustainable Development Goals financing and

an enabling global environment for developing countries

85. The COVID-19 pandemic, impacts of the war in Ukraine on rising food and
energy prices, rising inflation and unsustainable debt burdens have significantly
reduced countries’ fiscal space, undermining their ability to invest in recovery efforts.
Despite increased support from the international community to developing countries,
these efforts have remained inadequate, exacerbated by an international financial
system that is not fit for purpose and that remains plagued with systemic and historic
inequities.
86. In addition, developing countries struggle to gain equitable access to the global
trading system and to the benefits of new technologies and the fruits of science and

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innovation – all of which continue to favour those countries that have benefitted
historically from protectionism and global resource extraction.
87. To reverse course and boost the Sustainable Development Goals, it is essential for
countries to have the resources they need at scale to invest in both their immediate
recovery and in long-term sustainable development outcomes, including climate action.
This requires a two-pronged approach that aims to secure a surge in Goals-related
financing, while simultaneously reforming the international financial architecture to
make it resilient, equitable and accessible for all. It is also critical that developing
countries have better access to global trade, science, technology and innovation.

1. Deliver a Sustainable Development Goals stimulus and reform the international

financial architecture
88. To secure a surge in Goals-related financing in the short-term, I launched a
Sustainable Development Goals stimulus plan that calls for an additional $500 billion
per year in financing for sustainable development, to be delivered through a combination
of concessional and non-concessional finance in a mutually reinforcing way.
89. The Sustainable Development Goals stimulus puts forward three main areas for
immediate action: (a) tackle the high cost of debt and rising risks of debt distress,
including by converting short-term, high interest borrowing into long-term (more than
30-year) debt at lower interest rates; (b) massively scale-up affordable long-term
financing for development, especially through multilateral development banks and by
aligning all financing flows with the Goals; and (c) expand contingency financing to
all countries in need. The Sustainable Development Goals stimulus also aims to
ensure that resources are invested in the areas needed to secure the Goals and just
transitions. At the national level, this calls for the alignment of all forms of finance
with the Goals, including by utilizing tools such as Goals-aligned integrated national
financing frameworks.
90. Urgent action is also needed to prevent tax evasion and avoidance and illicit
financial flows, to boost international tax cooperation and to strengthen national fiscal
capacities to strengthen domestic resource mobilization. 24 Globally agreed concepts
and tested methods now exist and can be used by all countries to curb illicit finance.
Increasing the efficiency of budget execution and achieving greater budget credibility
are also critical.
91. While the Sustainable Development Goals stimulus can be achieved within the
confines of the current financial architecture, adequate long-term financing requires
the reform of the international financial architecture in order to overcome the major
structural barriers that predominantly serve wealthy countries and individuals. As a
starting point, this calls for delivering on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and other
international frameworks. It also calls for ambitious efforts in order to: (a) go beyond
GDP when determining access to concessional finance; (b) create new financing
models for global public goods; (c) change the business models of multilateral
development banks, aligning their mandates and operational models with the Goals;
(d) strengthen the global financial safety net; (e) improve debt ratings; and (f) create
an effective sovereign debt workout mechanism. A reformed international financial
architecture also calls for the reform of global economic governance structures to
make them more inclusive and representative. These and other areas will be
elaborated in forthcoming policy briefs on reforming the international financial
architecture and developing metrics beyond GDP, which will be part of a series of
crucial inputs to Member States as part of preparations for the 2024 Summit of the
Future. The holding of the next International Conference on Financing for
__________________
24
See https://factipanel.org/docpdfs/FACTI_Report_ExecSum.pdf .

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Development in 2025 is also essential and will provide a clear pathway to secure
progress on the full range of issues addressed in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda.
92. International and domestic private investment in emerging and developing
economies must be scaled up. The Global Investors for Sustainable Development
Alliance has put forward a definition of sustainable development investing to gu ide
the private sector. It calls for sustainable development investing in ways that
contribute to sustainable development, using the Sustainable Development Goals as
a basis for measurement. Attracting such investment at scale requires strong
institutions and a conducive regulatory and operating environment. De-risking
mechanisms, guarantees and transparency around key risk markers must be scaled in
order to secure greater levels of private investment in the Goals without saddling
Governments with even more debt.

Priority actions:
• Urge all countries and financial institutions to take the actions necessary to
deliver the Sustainable Development Goals stimulus aimed at massively scaling
up financing for the Goals to at least $500 billion per year.
• Call for the urgent reform of the international financial architecture, and
encourage tangible progress on reform of the multilateral development banks,
including by increasing their capitalization, supporting the re-channelling of
special drawing rights through multilateral development banks, better
leveraging their capital bases, securing increases to grants and concessional
finance, increasing their risk appetites, providing de-risking mechanisms and
guarantees to attract private finance, and reforming their business practices by
explicitly linking their mandates to the Goals, including climate action.
• Encourage the development of fair and effective tax systems, aligned
internationally, to support financing efforts at the national level, including
through Goals-aligned integrated national financing frameworks.
• Decide to convene the Fourth International Conference on Financing for
Development in 2025, building on the 2024 Summit of the Future and my
proposed biennial summit, with the members of the Group of 20 and the
members of the Economic and Social Council, as well as heads of international
financial institutions.

2. Harness trade to work for the Sustainable Development Goals

93. Trade is a critical driver of economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction
in developed and developing countries alike. However, in order to realize those
benefits, countries – especially developing countries – must overcome various
barriers and challenges that prevent their seamless integration in regional and gl obal
value chains and investment networks.
94. One major obstacle to trade is high transport costs, which can make goods
uncompetitive in global markets. Developing countries also face price fluctuations
for primary commodities, which can lead to volatile and unpredictable export
earnings. Unpredictable supply chains can hinder the timely delivery of intermediary
and final goods, a problem clearly illustrated during the COVID -19 pandemic.
Cumbersome customs processes and protectionist policies can further impede trade
flows. Moreover, the shift towards knowledge-intensive services, such as professional
services, government services, information technology services, and
telecommunications, has highlighted the importance of digital infrastructure and
literacy. Data flows, which have been growing at close to 50 per cent annually
between 2010 and 2019, make digital infrastructure fundamental.

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95. Despite those challenges, several recent developments have generated new
momentum for leveraging trade for the Sustainable Development Goals. The
COVID-19 pandemic prompted emergency policies to remove trade and financial
roadblocks in order to accelerate the delivery of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.
The Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports
has helped countries to withstand shocks to trade caused by the war in Ukraine. The
African Trade Exchange Platform is helping to address food, fuel and fertilizer
shortages in developing countries. After more than two decades of negotiations, WTO
members reached the landmark and novel multilateral Agreement on Fisheries
Subsidies. The global system of trade preferences among developing countries is only
one ratification away from entry into force – a move that would allow preferential tariff
treatment, generating shared welfare gains of $14 billion.
96. To maximize the role of trade in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, it
is crucial to strengthen the multilateral trading system and align it with the Goals. This
system should be universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable. At the
same time, developing countries need support to build productive capacity and
infrastructure to connect with regional and global production and supply chains,
including by meeting environmental requirements and using digital trade infrastructures
for e-commerce. Inclusion of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises and women-
owned enterprises to engage in international trade should be embedded in approaches,
and progress should be measured with sex-disaggregated trade and business statistics.
Developing countries also need the policy space to implement coherent industrial,
innovation, trade and investment policies in order to mainstream trade into national and
sector strategies in support of the Goals. Collaboration at the multilateral level is also
essential to address vulnerabilities in supply, transport, distribution chain infrastructure,
and trade finance for micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises to reduce disruptions
from climate change, conflict and future pandemics.

Priority actions:
• Commit to strengthening a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and
equitable multilateral trading system, and call for the alignment of trade regimes
and national complementary policies with the Goals.
• Provide support to developing countries, including by scaling up aid for trade,
to build productive capacity and connect with regional and global production
and supply chains and to implement trade policies that encourage
environmentally friendly production, trade in goods and services that contribute
to the energy transition and decarbonization of supply chains.
• Ensure open, competitive, fair and contestable markets through competition and
consumer policies, and collaborate at the multilateral level to address
vulnerabilities in supply, transport and distribution chain infrastructure to
increase resilience to climate change, conflict and future pandemics.

3. Revolutionize science, technology and innovation capacities and exchanges

97. The capacity for humanity to use science, technology and innovation to confront
crises in transformative ways, and for science, technology and innovation to deliver
for the public good, was clear during the pandemic. The potential for science,
technology and innovation to be applied to the Sustainable Development Goals is
vastly untapped, and institutional and other barriers that stand in the way of science,
technology and innovation progress must be recognized and lowered.
98. Increasing funding for Goals-related research and innovation on underlying
social issues, social policy and grass-roots innovations, in particular in low-income
countries, would provide the data, evidence and analytical tools to better inform

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actions for the Goals. Access to knowledge, technology and opportunities to

contribute to science, technology and innovation development must be improved,
including through strengthened technology transfer. Creative solutions for removing
paywalls and sharing knowledge need to be scaled up, and public-private partnerships
can boost digital infrastructure investments, but Governments need to ensure that
regulatory frameworks are in place. Applying science to solve complex interlinked
challenges calls for cross-disciplinary collaboration. A strong science-policy-society
interface can build trust in science and evidence, as emphasized in the 2023 Global
Sustainable Development Report. Trust in the science behind COVID-19 vaccines
and climate change, for example, needs to be actively built through open and inclusive
deliberations for individuals to use technology solutions or change behaviour.

Priority actions:
• Strengthen the science-policy interface to enable the application of science,
technology and innovation for the achievement of the Goals by taking all steps
necessary to strengthen the linkages between the scientific community and
policymakers.
• Build trust in scientific knowledge by ensuring that information is broadcast
with integrity, including by instituting regulatory mechanisms and codes of
conduct that promote integrity in public information, as recommended by Our
Common Agenda.
• Establish more efficient and effective technology transfer mechanisms and
strengthen existing mechanisms such as the Technology Facilitation
Mechanism, while exploring new avenues of open science and open-source data.
• Increase funding for Goals-related research and innovation on underlying social
issues and build capacity in all regions to contribute to and benefit from this
research.

4. Maximizing the contribution of multilateralism and the United Nations

development system to support acceleration of the Sustainable Development Goals
99. The above sections of the present report have demonstrated the degree to which
multilateralism can support national action to achieve the Goals. My report on Our
Common Agenda includes a wide range of recommendations to that end, many of
which are already under way.
100. The preparations for the Summit of the Future in 2024 provide a critical
opportunity to leverage multilateralism’s capacity to support acceleration of the Goals,
to sustain Goals-related progress by planning for and tackling emerging challenges and
to address gaps and weaknesses in the international architecture that have emerged
since 2015 and that are undermining our efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda. Further
action in a number of areas in the context of the Summit of the Future – including a
global digital compact, progress on reforms of the international financing architecture,
measuring progress by going beyond GDP, ensuring that governance systems protect
the rights of future generations and facilitate the active engagement of young people in
decision-making, and transforming education to better prepare learners of all ages for
the future – will further support acceleration of the Goals.
101. The United Nations development system is the strongest representation to
people across the world of the commitment of the United Nations to the Sustainable
Development Goals. In 2018, the General Assembly, in its resolution 72/279,
embraced my call for an ambitious reform of the United Nations development system
aimed at ensuring that Member States had the transformative support required to
advance their national Goals-related ambitions. At the midpoint of the Goals, the

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United Nations development system is unquestionably better positioned to support

Member States’ action for delivery of the Goals. Our new generation of United
Nations country teams and the reinvigorated resident coordinator system are better
aligning with national priorities, shifting to higher-scale programmes and policy
support. Resident Coordinators are convening in unprecedented ways to help
Governments harness means of implementation, in particular financing. In my 2021
report on the review of the functioning of the resident coordinator system and in my
yearly reporting to the Economic and Social Council at its operational activities for
development segment, I documented in detail the progress achieved, the success
attained and the areas that require further attention. We have come a long way but
some foundational challenges remain, in particular the insufficient implementation of
the funding compact, especially in relation to core and pooled funding; an
underfunded and unsustainably funded resident coordinator system; continued
challenges in mobilizing support on economic and financial issues; and still
insufficient integration from the regional to national levels. If the United Nations
system is to step up to the mark in the second half of the Goals, then targeted and
determined action is needed in these areas.

Priority actions:
• Commit to an ambitious outcome at the Summit of the Future in 2024 to further
revitalize the multilateral system, fill gaps in global governance and boost
implementation of the Goals.
• Commit to fully supporting the United Nations development system to improve
delivery in support of Member States’ efforts to drive transformation of the
Goals for inclusivity and sustainability, including through delivery against the
funding compact, capitalizing the Joint Sustainable Development Goals Fund
by at least $1 billion by September 2024, putting in place an effective model to
fully and sustainably resource the resident coordinator system in 2024 and, in
the interim, taking urgent action to plug gaps in the funding of the system.

IV. Looking ahead: towards a rescue plan for people and planet
102. The world has been rocked by a series of interlinked crises. Together, these have
exposed fundamental shortcomings in the business-as-usual approaches to
sustainability, including the vulnerability and fragility of progress, growing
inequalities, the life-long impacts of adverse events, increasing threats of irreversible
change, risks of ignoring interlinkages, and the geographically imbalanced
distribution of global assets for achieving sustainable development.
103. Tepid responses will not suffice for the millions of people living in poverty and
hunger, the women and girls with unequal opportunities, the communities facing
climate disaster or the families fleeing conflict. We need a full-fledged rescue plan
for people and planet.
104. There are no excuses not to be ambitious. Never before have we had such an
abundance of knowledge, technology and resources to succeed in ending poverty and
saving the planet. Never before have we carried such a responsibility to pivot to a
bold set of actions.
105. At the Sustainable Development Goals Summit, we must match that abundance
and responsibility with global, national and local commitments to deliver the finance,
galvanize the leadership and restore the trust that together will put us on course to
achieve the Goals by 2030.

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