TOO4TO MODULE

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Sustainability

SECTION 1

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Part 1
The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and AI techniques

Learning objectives of part 1:

• To define artificial intelligence
• To define machine learning (ML) and some of its capabilities
• To define deep learning (DL)

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What is Artificial Intelligence? (I/III)
Intelligence is the ability to obtain knowledge and to
apply it to manipulate one’s environment.

AI is referred to as the ability displayed by machines to

mimic or simulate human and animal intelligence.

(Picture source: Where Does AI Go Next? )

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What is Artificial Intelligence? (II/III)
The European Commission has proposed the following definition of AI:

“Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems that display intelligent behaviour by

analysing their environment and taking actions – with some degree of autonomy – to
achieve specific goals.

AI-based systems can be purely software-based, acting in the virtual world (e.g. voice
assistants, image analysis software, search engines, speech and face recognition
systems) or AI can be embedded in hardware devices (e.g. advanced robots,
autonomous cars, drones or Internet of Things applications).”

(Source: The European Commission's - HIGH-LEVEL EXPERT GROUP ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

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What is Artificial Intelligence? (III/III)
Before continuing, let’s watch two short videos
that broadly describe what is AI and how it
works:

Short Video: What is AI (Artificial

Intelligence)?

Short Video: What is AI?

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 Definition of AI
Some AI researchers define AI as the study of the
rational agent and its environment. Agents sense the
environment through sensors and act using
actuators to modify the environment.
• Sensors: device that detects changes in the
environment (cameras, microphones,
temperature/pressure sensors)
• Reasoning and decision making: this module
takes the input data from the sensors, transforms
it into information, and based on the desired goal
to achieve it performs an action to take.
• Actuation: the ones that perform the action
(software, output signals, mechanical
components).
Suggested reading: pages 1, 2 and 3 of the EU (Source: The European Commission's - HIGH-LEVEL EXPERT
commission document cited on this slide. GROUP ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
 In the upcoming slides
the concepts of
Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and
Deep Learning will be
reviewed.

(Source: What is the difference between AI, machine learning, and deep learning)
Machine learning: what it can and cannot do
What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning (ML) is an AI technique that enables problem solving by creating an

algorithm (“model”) capable to convert a series of data points into single results. The
model “trains” itself by identifying patterns and correlations in the data and then use
them to create predictions which allows it to evolve as it becomes exposed to new data
(source).

Short Video: Machine Learning In 2 Minutes | What Is Machine Learning? | Machine

Learning Basics | Simplilearn

Short Read: What is Machine Learning Course| Its Importance and Types-FORE

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ML: Unsupervised and Supervised learning

(Source: What is Machine Learning? | How it Works, Tutorials, and Examples - MATLAB & Simulink)
Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is the most commonly
used type of ML. It is a type of AI that learns
A to B, or input to output mappings.
A B

Input Output

Supervised learning ML uses labelled

datasets (input) to train algorithms that
accurately classify data and make
predictions (outputs) for the response to new Picture source: Supervised Algorithms
data. The weight of the input data fed into the
model its adjusted until the model has been Short Read: What is Machine Learning? |
properly fitted, or “tuned”, that is part of a How it Works, Tutorials, and Examples -
cross validation process. MATLAB & Simulink
What ML can and cannot do
ML can do: ML cannot do:

• Voice recognition • Generate human-like messages

• Image recognition • Emotion recognition
• Predictive maintenance • Gestures recognition
• Text to speech • Display emotion
• Recommendations • Be creative
• Classification • Be intuitive

Read more: What machine learning can and

can't do

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What is Deep Learning?
“Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which
is essentially a neural network with three or more
layers. These neural networks (or artificial neural
networks) attempt to simulate the behaviour of the
human brain allowing it to “learn” from large amount
of data. While neural network with a single layer can
still make approximate predictions, additional hidden
layers can help to optimize and refine for accuracy.

Deep learning drives many AI applications and

services that improve automation, performing
analytical and physical tasks without human
intervention.” (Deep Learning, link) (Picture source: Research Gate, A State-of-the-
Art Survey on Deep Learning Theory and
Short Video: What is Deep Learning? Architectures)
How does Deep Learning work?
“Deep neural networks consist of multiple layers of interconnected nodes, each
building upon the previous layer to refine and optimize the prediction or categorization.
This progression of computations through the network is called forward propagation.
The input and output layers of a deep neural network are called visible layers. The
input layer is where the deep learning model ingests the data for processing, and the
output layer is where the final prediction or classification is made.” (Deep Learning,
link)

Short Video: Deep Learning In 5 Minutes | What Is Deep Learning? | Deep Learning
Explained Simply | Simplilearn

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 In this section we
review the concepts
of AI, ML and DL,
and we now have a
foundation to
understand how
these technologies
can help us achieve
a sustainable future.

We will review a few

examples of AI and
Sustainability in the
upcoming section.

(Source: What is the difference between AI, machine learning, and deep learning)
 REFERENCES
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence
A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines, European Commission Directorate-General for Communication Definition of Sustainability. Available
at: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_definition_of_ai_18_december_1.pdf

Short Video: What is AI (Artificial Intelligence)? YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=122&v=0oRVLf16CMU&feature=emb_title

Short Video: What is AI? YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbEbs6I3eLw

What is the difference between AI, machine learning and deep learning?, Geospatial World, Meenal Dhande. Available at
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/difference-between-ai%EF%BB%BF-machine-learning-and-deep-learning/
Machine Learning In 2 Minutes: What Is Machine Learning? Machine Learning Basics, Simplilearn. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfSDvPlFFVQ
What is Machine Learning Course: Its Importance and Type, FORE. Available at https://www.fsm.ac.in/blog/an-introduction-to-machine-learning-its-importance-
types-and-applications/
What Is Machine Learning?How it works, why it matters, and getting started by MathWorks. Available at https://www.mathworks.com/discovery/machine-
learning.html
What Machine Learning Can and Can’t Do, Mark Boyd, The New Stack. Available at https://thenewstack.io/what-machine-learning-can-and-cant-do/
Alom, Md. Zahangir & Taha, Tarek & Yakopcic, Chris & Westberg, Stefan & Sidike, Paheding & Nasrin, Mst & Hasan, Mahmudul & Van Essen, Brian & Awwal,
Abdul & Asari, Vijayan. (2019). A State-of-the-Art Survey on Deep Learning Theory and Architectures. Electronics. 8. 292. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030292
Deep Learning In 5 Minutes. What Is Deep Learning? Deep Learning Explained Simply, Simplilearn. YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M5VXKLf4D4

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End of Section 1.

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