SCADA Applied to Electrical Systems (ELEG1022)

SCADA Introduction
Undergraduate Program in
Electrical Engineering
Síxifo Falcones
FIEC-ESPOL
 SCADA Definition [1]
• Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
• SCADA systems are defined as a collection of
equipment that will provide an operator at a remote
location with sufficient information to determine the
status of particular equipment or a process and cause
actions to take place regarding that equipment or
process without being physically present.
 Motivation [1]
• The global electricity demand is growing at a rapid pace,
making the requirements for more reliable, environment
friendly, and efficient transmission and distribution systems
inevitable.
• Two major developments led to the advent of distributed
control: the advances in integrated circuits and in
communication systems.
• Power engineering today is an amalgam of the latest
techniques in signal processing, wide area networks, data
communication, and advanced computer applications.
• Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
are widely used for automation of the power sector and
represent an evolving field, with new products and services
added on a daily basis.
• Interoperability with legacy (older) equipment represents a
challenge.
 SCADA Applications [2]
• Both large and small systems can be built using the SCADA
concept. These systems can range from just tens to
thousands of control loops, depending on the application.
Example processes include industrial, infrastructure, and
facility-based processes, as described below:
• Industrial processes include manufacturing, process control,
power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in
continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
• Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and
include water treatment and distribution, wastewater
collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electric
power (generation, transmission and distribution.)
• Facility processes, including buildings, airports, ships, and
space stations. They monitor and control heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), access, and
energy consumption.
SCADA in Manufacturing
SCADA in Oil Industry
SCADA in Home Automation
(Domotics)
SCADA in Building Automation
(Immotics)
Grain Storage
SCADA in Renewable Energy
SCADA in Electrical Power Systems
Celec EP Transelectric Master Station [4]
Celec EP Transelectric Master Station [4]
 SCADA and HMI
• The human-machine interface (HMI) is just a
component of a SCADA system
Another View of a SCADA System
 SCADA Advantages [1]
• Increased reliability, system operated with less severe
contingencies, outages are addressed quickly
• Lower operating costs, less personnel involvement
• Faster restoration of power in case of a breakdown, faults
detected faster
• Better active and reactive power management, values are
accurately captured, appropriate action can be taken
• Reduced maintenance cost, transition from time-based to
condition-based maintenance, continuous monitoring of the
equipment
• Reduced human influence and errors, values are accessed
automatically, meter reading and related errors are avoided
• Faster decision making, wealth of information is available to
the operator about the system, accurate and appropriate
decisions
• Optimized system operation, optimization algorithms,
appropriate performance parameters chosen
 SCADA Implementation Activities [1]
• Data Acquisition (Monitoring
Automation)
o Collect Data from Field
o Convert data and form packets
o Transmit data packets over
communication media
o Receive data at control center
o Decode data
o Display data on the operator’s display
screen
• Control Actions
o The operator initiates the control
command
o Bundle command as data packet
o Transmit data packets over
communication media
o Field device receives and decodes data
o Control action is initiated in the field by
the appropriate actuator
Data Flow: Field -> Control Center [1]

Data acquisition

Bus bar to HMI

• The opposite direction will drive capacitor banks,

• Basic Functions
Distribution Generation
o Data acquisition
o Remote control
o Historical data analysis Distribution Transmission
o Report generation
• Advanced Application Functions
o Generation: AGC, EDC, ITS, TE, UC, STLF, hydrothermal coordination.
o Transmission (EMS): Net config/topology processor, state estimation,
contingency analysis, three-phase and optimal power flow.
o Distribution: Fault identification, network reconfiguration, load
management, P&Q control, PF control, three-phase unbalanced power
flow, CIS, GIS, OMS, power quality.
• Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
• Economic Dispatch Calculation (EDC)
• Interchange Transaction Scheduling (ITS)
• Transaction Evaluation (TE) Terminology
• Unit Commitment (UC)
• Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF)
• Energy Management System (EMS)
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
• Meter Data Management (MDM)
• Billing and Customer Information System (CIS)
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Distribution Management System (DMS)
• Outage Management System (OMS)
• Asset Management System (AMS)
• Mobile Workforce Management System (MWMS)
• Demand Response Management System (DRMS)
• Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS)
 SCADA Components [1]
• Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
o Collects all field data from different field devices and transmits it to
master station
o Distributes the control signals from the master station to the field
devices
o Serial RTUs are being replaced by Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
networked with data concentrators
• Communication System
o Communication channels (protocols)
o Bandwidth limitations
• Master Station
o Collection of computers that collect data and transmit control
commands
o Dedicated Software packages that monitors state of power system
and generate appropriate actions to control it
• Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
o Enables interaction between Master station and operator or system
users
SCADA Components [1]
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) [1]
Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs) [1]
 Communication Protocols [1]

• Modbus
• DNP3 (IEEE1815)
• IEEE C37.118
• IEC 60870
• IEC 61850
• OPC-UA
Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Small Scale (Process Wide)
• Medium Scale (Facility Wide)
• Large Scale (Nation Wide)
SCADA Architecture Development [2]
• First generation (monolithic/stand alone):
Independent systems with proprietary
communication.
• Second generation (distributed): Multiple stations
connected through a LAN.
• Third generation (networked): system spread across
more than one LAN, separated geographically,
called process control network (PCN)
• Fourth generation (Internet of things):
decentralization of data, cloud computing for more
complex control algorithms
Functional Levels of a Manufacturing
Control Operation [2]
 Hierarchical Setup of a
Transmission System [1]
 SCADA Security Issues [2]
• In particular, security researchers are concerned about:
• the lack of concern about security and authentication
in the design, deployment and operation of some
existing SCADA networks
• the belief that SCADA systems have the benefit
of security through obscurity through the use of
specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces
• the belief that SCADA networks are secure because
they are physically secured
• the belief that SCADA networks are secure because
they are disconnected from the Internet
 SCADA Vendors [3]
• Survalent
• Open Systems International (OSI)
• Advanced Control Systems, Inc. (ACS)
• GE Energy (General Electric Energy)
• Schneider Electric
• ABB
• ETAP
 RTU Manufacturers [4], [5]
• Siemens Energy
• Schneider Electric
• Mitsubishi Electric
• Brodersen
• ABB
• Honeywell
• GE Grid Solutions
• Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)
 IEDs Manufacturers [6]
• Siemens Energy
• Schneider Electric
• ABB
• Honeywell
• GE Grid Solutions
• Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)
• S&C Electric
• EATON
 Assignments for Next Week
• Reading of Textbook:
• Chapter 1: Introduction (whole chapter)
• Chapter 2: SCADA Fundamentals (2.1 through 2.3 only)
• Formation of Student Groups:
• 2 students max per group
• Each group must have at most 1 student from another
Engineering program
• Topic Selection for Student Presentations:
• Commercial RTUs
• Commercial IEDs
 References
[1] Thomas and McDonald, “Power System SCADA
and Smart Grids,” CRC Press, 2015
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA
[3] https://energyacuity.com/blog/top-smart-grid-scada-
companies/
[4] http://www.directindustry.com/industrial-
manufacturer/remote-terminal-unit-95772.html
[5]https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170110006
108/en/Top-5-Vendors-Intelligent-Remote-Terminal-Unit
[6] https://www.openpr.com/news/1304002/Intelligent-
Electronic-Devices-Market-Leading-Companies-2018-to-2023-
ABB-Schneider-Electric-Siemens-Amperion-BPL-Global-Cisco-
Systems-EATON-Grid-Net.html
 Useful Links
• https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/sca
da-systems-for-electrical-distribution.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQWJzgbdq1
E