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Physics Class X Practical Book

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Physics Class X Practical Book

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Ahsan Sanjar
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ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS | err: a PHYSICS — 1IX-X NEW NOTES ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS 2099 ONWARDS tae BIOLOGY PHYSICS oe ONLINE=S. DELIVERY | © wowadrsaifuddin.pk | @ 0321-3961166 | 0313-0551166 seme ee 1X Physics Practical y a Subject matter than forced their predecessors, ask not First is the dash <\°O™ this expended curiosity, but realize that it ERs hes {0 understand the reasons behind'the facts. The cations), Catt Possibly leam everything, why they should ‘Ons of ‘why’ form the basis for this edition of Physics. In spite of my best eff , crept in at places for a ta feel that some shortcomings and discrepancies might have alert and knowledgeable reat sttcism and creative Suggestions are always solicited from “ss Their contributions will duely be acknowledged. pe Jamadi-ul-Awal 1443, December 2021 Promotion Publisher Written by Dr. Saifuddin Designed by Designing wing of Promotion Publish Producein Pakiag "8°" Promotion Pbishr Stockist IPP Book Sho Cell: 0313-05: Price 125/- 1p Urdu Bazar Karachi '51166, 0333-2009191, 0333.2353960 © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE PUBLISHER No part of this book may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or any means, electronic ot ‘mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Iyou have question, suggestions, or comments about this book, we'd like to hear from you 7 I 1 Write to us : [email protected] Cell: 03130551166 No 2 CONTENTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 15 MARKS “Journal 03 Marks —Viva Voce 04 Marks _ “Practical 08 Marks _ Total 15 Marks PRACTICALS Study the effect of increase in length of a simple pendulum on time period. Study the relationship between current and voltage. Study the effect of length of wire on its resistance and plot a graph between the length and resistance, OR Study the resistance in series and parallel combination. Plot magnetic field due to a bar magnet with (a) Its north pole towards geographic north pole and (b) Its north pole towards geographic south To study the laws of reflection of light To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by one pin method. To study the laws of refraction of light. To determine the focal length of a convex lens by two pin method. Trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism and measure the angle of deviation. OR To find the critical angle of glass prism and to calculate the refractive index of the material of prism. Viva voice Hand writing specimen Useful information X Physi cs Prag vl 10 13 16 3 X Physics Practical SOME USEFUL INFORMATION IMPORTANT FORMULAE i ‘Time Period 7 T= Qn & © 2 Sesle vy ———_SysneGity« DEF susan Density of waterataec Specific Gravity Specie Gravity = Weight of substance Lossof weight of substaoein water a ‘Ohm's Law ee 5 Lens Formula a Lens Formula 1 Mirror Formula & Law of Reflection 4iake . Focal Length fet 2 10. Refractive Index L Refractive Index of Prism we a sin 4 2 12, Series Combination of Resistances. © R = Ri+R+R 1441 20, Parallel Combination of Resistances = Bt 4 A PHYS THE SI BASE UNITS itl Quantiy es Nae aantty *: ‘Length meter is kilogram te Time second 5 Eecrc current ampere 4 “Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin KO “Amount of substance mole mi SOME SI DERIVED UNITS Seng Ne Sebel Name of| anti ‘Area 7 Volume e meter a Frequene Hertz He. Density Kilogram per cubic meter Keim! Speed Meter per second mvs Velocity ‘Meter per second Bs ‘Acceleration ‘Meter per second square mist Force Newton N. Pressure Pascal Pa Work Joule J Energy Joule J Quantity of heat Joule J Power Watt, WwW Charge Coulomb c Potential difference Volt Vv Electric resistance ‘Ohm 2 Capacitance Farad F SOME CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS Constant Symbol Value Gravitational acceleration £ 98 me Gravitational constant G 6.67 x10 Ng Mass of Earth Me S.98x10" ke Universal gas constant R 8.13 Jmol K Velocity of light in air or vacuum € 3x10" mvs Refractive index of 70003 Refractive index of water w Refractive index of crown glass iu 7 Refractive index of diamond Ti tar ‘Coulomb’s constant K Ox10" NIC 5 : 10? Navi Charge on one electron or proton E Tele 3 X Physi Practical ‘g1 PREFIXES De ist jo el i s Mega _— M 898 AG Tera_ Gt Pico_ P Sao = Micro _ ces s Deci 7 CONVERSION FACTORS LENGTH sm Meter (m) Km Tneh (in) Foot (ft) Mile ( I centimeter t 107 10> 03937 3.218x10 > 6.21410 Lmeter 100 1 10% 39.37, 3.218 6.214104 Tkilometer 10" 1000 T 3.93710" 38 0.6214 Teh 2510 250K asa Sao STeIO Tt 308 03088 3088107 8 1 T5807 I mile 1.609%10* 1609 1.609 6.336%10" 5280 V MASS: ‘Gram (g) Kilogram (kg) Pound (1b) J gram 1 0.001 2.205x10% Tioga 7000 1 Tpound FG aS me z z i om Second J year 1 365.25 8.7662%10° 5.259x10° 3.156% 10" Iday 2.738%10" 1 24 1440 8.640%10% Thour 114 0% 4167x107 1 60 3600 T minute 1901x100 (6.9442%10) 2.73810" U 0, T second 3.16910" 11572105 2.778107 2.738107 U XP hysicsPge Pa Tuy THE EFFECT OF INCREASE IN LENGTH OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM ON TIME PERjo, EXPERIMENT 1 APPARATUS «Three bobs © Meter scale ‘« Stopwatch ‘¢Tron stand with clamp Split cork THEORY ‘A pendulum is a bob suspend position, Jed by a sting and execute simple harmonic motion when moves to and fro abou may TIME PERIOD . . ‘Time required to complete one vibration is called time period. FORMULA Where ‘I’is the length and ‘t” is the time period of pendulum. METHOD EFFECT OF LENGTH ON TIME PERIOD OF PENDULUM Note radius of bob & connect it with a long thread. Note length of thread. Add radius of bob in length of thread and find total length of pendulum. Place the thread between split cork& clamp it in a stand. Vibrate bob fom ts me position with small amplitude. Note time of 20 vibrations with the help of stopwatch. Find time period. Repeat above procedure twice by changing the length of the pendulum. OBSERVATIONS EFFECT OF LENGTH ON TIME PERIOD OBs | RADIUS OF BOB | LENGTH OF THREAD LENGTH OF TIME FOR 20 TIME PERIOD i PENDULUM VIBRATIONS ont Oman (+!) © 735 em cm sec Seconds a 7 ysis Practical ? ResuLT 2X Physics Pr Observations show that time period increases as length of pendul of pendulum increases, FIGURE SIMPLE PENDULUM Split Cork ns Stand aaneaie Thread + Bob PRECAUTIONS + Amplitude of vibration must be small ¢ The bob must not rotate. © Thread must be inextensible. EXPERIMENT 2 APPARATUS: Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Resistance Key Connecting wire THEORY Oum’s LAW ‘At constant temperature and physical state current flowing throu difference across the ends of the conductor. FORMULA Where *V’ and ‘I’ are electric potential and current respectively and conductor. METHOD: STUDY THE RELATION BE Power supply (dry cell or battery or adopter). 8 rR T TWEEN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE. X Physic ag, zh a conductor is directly proportional othe poten ‘R’ is a constant called resistance of the First make circuit as follows. Connect positive terminal of the battery with key, other terminal of key with positive terminal of the ammeter, negative terminal of the ammeter to the resistor, other end of the resistor to the rheostat and second terminal of the rheostat with the negative terminal of the battery. Connect voltmeter parallel to the resistance Now switch on the circuit by key. Note readings of voltmeter and ammeter. Take three sets of readings by changing the current with the help of rheostat. OBSERVATIONS AMMETER READING VOLT METER READING ConsTANT CURRENT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE v a) ) mer Ampere Volts Ohms 0.2 amp 0.4 volts 04 94220 02 9 RESULT : é Since the ratio of potential difference and current is constant for all readings therefore potential difference *V" is ietly proportional tothe current *T FIGURE Volt Meter Key Ammeter Battery Rheostat Volt Meter Ammeter Resistance 4 key L, | 1|_--——————-ww— Rheostat Battery Circuit diagram PRECAUTIONS * Allthe terminals must be clean. * All the connection must be tight. * Do not pass current for long time XPhyses Pai erance No PLOT A GRAPH BETWEEN THe wr senes 000 PARALLEL compas 10 EXPERIMENT stupy THe EFFECT OF LENGTH OF WIRE ON ITS RESET 3 AND RESISTANCE. (OR) STUDY THE RESIST APPARATUS © A meter bridge * Jockey © Voltmeter + Ammeter ¢ Rheostat © Key © Connecting wire THEORY According to Ohm’s law voltage is directly proportional to current passing through the resistance i.e. Vol Resistance ‘R’ depends upon the length of the resistance *L ReL Hence, V=IL It means for a constant value of current VoL PRoceDURE * Take a meter bridge and make connections as shown in the figure. * Press the key and slide jokey at 10 em, * Take reading of voltage *V’ and current ‘I’. © Calculate resistance ‘R’ by using formula R v 1 ‘* Now again press the key and slide the jokey at 20 em, © Note that current and voltage are also change. With the help of rheostat adjust the voltage to the previous value. * Note voltage and current and calculate resistance ‘R* by using formula R = + Repeat the experiment by changing length to 30, 40, 50 and 60 em with the help of rheostat * For cach resistance keep the voltage constant and note the corresponding value of current. © Calculate ‘'R’ for each case. X Physics Practical i CONSTANT VALUE OF VOLTAGE ™) VALUE OF CURRENT wo LENGTH OF WIREIN | EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF 1 cicurr R 0 R= Youn GRAPH Draw x and y-axis on the graph paper. Take resistance *R* is st . on x-axis and length ‘L’ on y-axis. Suppose suitable scale, Plot values of *R’ and *L’ from observation colu imn. Draw line, which join these points. RESULT Since the graph between ‘R’ proportional to each other. and “L’ is a straight line therefore resistance ‘R’ and length ‘L’ are directly PRECAUTIONS «All the terminals must be clean, + Allthe connection must be tight. ‘* Do not pass current for long time. * Zero of voltmeter and ammeter should be adjusted. + Disconnect the circuit after each reading by taking out key. ‘Ammeter FIGURE Rheostat Meter bridge Voltmeter 12 XPhosics Pg = cy CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1.5 volt Rheostat Plug Bettery = _Ammeter @) Voltmeter + Meter Bridge GRAPH ALTERNATE APPARATUS ¢ Resistances of 5 ohm, Cell or adopter Cell box Key Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Connecting wire THEORY * When two or more resistors resistors. When resistances a * When two or more resistor point and all other ends 10 ohm and 15 ohm resistances are connected in parallel then 2 PROCEDURE FOR SERIES COMBINATION * Connect cell, key, rheostat. figure. ammeter, are joined together, one ie connected in series, t rs are joined in such a way that one en ‘o another point then this combinatio, after the other, X Physies Practical and resistances of 5 ohm, 10 ohm and 15 ohm in Series as shown in Connect voltmeter parallel to the combination of resistances, Complete the circuit by pressing key. Note voltmeter reading *V" and ammeter reading ‘!. Repeat the experiment by changing the value of volta Calculate ¥ for each set of reading, ige and current with different setting of rheostat. © Calculate theoretical (actual) equivalent resistance (52+ 102+ 15Q= 302), v * Compare the theoretical value of resistance with the practical value (@) OBSERVATION (SERIES COMBINATION) | Actual (Theoretical)value of equivalent resistance R = 5+ 10+ 15=30 OBS. the circuit is called series combination of hen equivalent resistance R = Ri+ Ro+ Ry V | ACTUAL VALUE DIFFERENCE alee aie RESISTANCE R OF vat Ampere Ohm RESISTANCE | 4 X Physi Wie Pg cig FIGURE Voltmeter ‘Ammeter Series Combination Battery, Rheostat PROCEDURE FOR PARALLEL COMBINATION Connect cell, key, rheostat, ammeter, and resistances of 5 ohm, 10 ohm and 15 ohm in parallel as showy in figure. Connect voltmeter parallel to the combination of resistances. Complete the circuit by pressing key. Note voltmeter reading *V’ and ammeter reading ‘I’. Repeat the experiment by changing the value of voltage and current with different setting of rheostat Calculate ¢ for each set of reading. 1 2 Ry «Calculate theoretical equivalent resistance *R’ by using formula += = © Compare the theoretical value of resistance with the practical value (9). OBSERVATION (PARALLEL COMBINATION) Calculation of actual (Theoretical) value of equivalent resistance R un 30 VOLi 15 X Physies Practical OBS. | VOLTAGE | CURRI (v) oO V] ACTUAL VALUE DIFFERENCE Volt ne mapere Ohm RESISTANCE — iz KI +—__| de E ae Voltmeter Bi ae Rheostat Rheostat i Parallel PRECAUTIONS All the terminals must be clean. All the connection must be tight Do not pass current for long time. Zero of voltmeter and ammeter should be adjusted. Disconnect the circuit after each reading by taking out key. % Pag ke 1 wit (A) I'S NORTH POLE 7, ie PHIC NORTH POLE, | AR, 16 R MAG! D DUE TO A BAR ARDS GEOGRA EXPERIMENT MAGNETIC FIEL! - cod ) Irs NORTH POLE TOWA! 4 GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH (B) ‘APPARATUS © Drawing board Drawing paper Bar magnet Magnetic compass Scotch tape eee THEORY MAGNETIC FIELD - oe Space around a magnet in which its magnetic effect is felt is called a magnetic field. (OR) It is a regigy within which the magnet can exert its magnetic force. MAGNETIC POLES F called poles. Magnet has maximum power of attraction or repulsion on its opposite ends called poles. MAGNETIC FORCE 5 different from electrostatic force and Magnet attracts other magnetic substance with a force. This force gravitational force called magnetic force. MAGNETIC LINE OF FORCE ‘A magnetic line of force is a curve in a magnetic field such that the tangent at any point on it gives the direction of the magnetic intensity at the point. NON- MAGNETS AND MAGNETS ‘© Substances which are neither attracted nor repelled by a magnet are called non magnet e.g. wood, paper, glass etc. © Substances which attract each other magnetically called magnets e.g. iron,nickel, steel ete. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCES: «Magnetic lines of forces form close path emitting from North Pole and enter into South Pole. «The lines of forces are continuous through the magnet. «Two lines of force cannot pass through a common point. The line of force contract longitudinally. The contraction of lines of force explains the force of attraction between two opposite kinds of magnetic poles. The magnetic line of force can pass more easily through iron than air. Magnetic lines of forces repel each other in horizontal direction. . METHOD (MAGNETIC NORTH POINTING TOWARDS GEOGRAPHICAL SOUTH) Fix the drawing paper on the drawing board. Mark a line in the middle of the paper and place magnel® compass on the paper. Gently move the board such that the magnetic compass eae varallel to the line Mark the position of board. Place bar magnet on the paper parallel to the line such aki its north pointing towards the Geographical south. Take five points on each side of the North Pole. Place compass needle it front of one of the point such that one end of its needle coincide with the point. Place needle in froal & 0 X Physies Practical econd dot such that ri seattle narking up oie Sain a needle coincide with the point and mark other dot. In this manner or aed af forve By ertow ra ‘ole. Join these dots to get a magnetic line of force. Indicate the direction m north to south. In this manner draw five lines on each sid FIGURE f____.. Magnet __- Tape Kw X Physics 18 aS OGRAPHICAL NORTH) METHOD (MAGNETIC NORTH POINTING TOWARDS GE\ i : ds z q Is the geogra hat magnetic north pointing towards the geographical no, Similarly repeat the experiment in such a way l RESULT The magnetic field of a bar magnet is traced by drawing magnetic lines of forces, PRECAUTIONS . sition of board should not be disturbed. + There should be no other magnet or magnetic material near magnet, + Dot must be mark by free hand and with a sharp pencil. 19 EXPERIMENT = TO STUDY THE LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT APPARATUS Drawing board Plane mirror Plane mirror stand Drawing paper Thumb pins Common pins. THEORY REFLECTION Reflection is the turning back Of light from the boundary of the medium. LAWS OF REFLECTION © The incident ray, the reflecte X Physics Practical -d ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. * The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. ie. Zi= Zr MIRROR Any reflecting surface that reflects light is called as mirror, PLANE MIRROR A plane mirror is a flat reflecting surface METHOD. Fix drawing paper on the drawing board by thumb pins. Draw a line on paper and place mirror on the line with the help of mirror stand such that the polished surface coincide with the lin: \¢. Fix two pins at point A and B vertically in front of mirror such that the line joining the two fall obliquely on the mirror. See images | of first two pins in the mirror and place a third pin at point C such that the images of the first two pins and third pin lic in one line. Similarly place the fourth pin behind the third pin such that the images of the first two pins, third pin and the fourth pin lie in one line. Remove pins and mark their positions, Join and extend Aaand B and C and D to the point O, Draw normal at point O. Measure angle of incidence Zi and angle of reflection Zr. Draw two more diagrams by same method. OBSERVATIONS (ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (Zi ) ANGLE OF REFLECTION (2 1) X Phys 20 a Pray RESULT * Incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie on the same plane. © Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. FicureE ——» Board Minor QPoint of Angloop Reflection Angle of Dneidence- Angle of Reflecian PRECAUTION ‘+ Mirror should be place vertically. Use one eye to see the pins and their images. » a X Physics Practical EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE FOCAL LENGTH OF ACONCAVE MIRROR BY ONE PIN METHOD. APPARATUS «Concave mirror «Mirror stand © Meter scale © Optical pin. THEORY CONCAVE MIRROR Ifa spherical mirror is polished such that its reflecting surface is facing towards the center of sphere (center of curvature) is called a concave mirror. RADIUS OF CURVATURE ‘The radius of a sphere of which the mirror is a part is called as the radius of curvature. It is denoted by ‘r’. FOCAL LENGTH The distance of the principal focus from the pole of the mirror is called the focal length of the mirror. It is denoted by ‘?. PRINCIPLE When an object is placed in front of a concave mirror at center of curvature, mirror forms a real , inverted and equal size images at center of curvature. METHOD Fix mirror in mirror stand. Place it on 50 cm mark of the scale, Place one pin (object pin) beside the scale and in front of mirror and by moving it find its real and sharp image. Remove parallax between image and object pin. Note position--f mirror and position of object pin. Find radius of curvature ‘r’. Calculate focal length ‘f. Take two more sets of readings by changing the position of mirror. OBSERVATIONS Oss. POSITION OF MIRROR POSITION OF PIN RADIUS OF CURVATURE (acm, (b) cm, r com, 1 | 2. 3. 1 CALCULATIONS FORMULA eat 2 2 cm MEAN FOCAL LENGTH fis fos fs ResuLT Mean focal length of given concave mirror is found to be - FIGURE Concave Mirror Pin ve Optical Pin Scale PRECAUTIONS © Tip of pin must be sharp. © Tip of pin and optical center lie at same height. © Tip of image and object pin must not overlap. 2 X Physics Practical EXPERIMENT To STUDY THE Laws oF R {EFA 7 OF GLASS WITH THE HELP or een OF SAT (FIND OUT THE VALUE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX ‘APPARATUS © Glass slab © Drawing board «Drawing paper «Thumb pins Common pins. THEORY REFRACTION + When a beam of light is incident upon the boundary separating two transparent medium such as air and ium to another medium is called refraction + The change of velocity of light rays as they pass from one me: of light. + LAWS OF REFRACTION © The incident ray, the normal at the poit * The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of an; from one medium to other. of incidence and the refracted ray all lie on the same plane. gle of refraction is a constant for all rays passing REFRACTIVE INDEX The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is always remain constant for any two medium and this constant ratio is known as the Refractive Index of the second medium with respect to the first medium. METHOD. Fix drawing paper on the drawing board by thumb pins. Place glass slab on the paper and draw its outline. Fix two pins at point A and B vertically in front of glass slab such that the line joining the two fall obliquely on the glass slab. See images of the first two pins in the glass slab and place a third pin at point C on opposite side of first two pins such that the images of first two pins and third pin are in one line. Similarly place a fourth pin behind the third pin such that the images of first two pins, third pin and fourth lie in one Line. Remove pins and mark their position. Join and extend A and B, and C and D to the point O and O/, Join O and O!. Draw normal at point O. Measure angle of incidence Zi and angle of refraction Zr.Draw two more diagrams by same method. X Physic 24 OBSERVATIONS ! SINE Zr | SINE Zi ‘OBS. | ANGLE OF INCIDENCE | ANGLE OF REFRACTION Li Zr iE 2. [ence oat ae Sie | ee ee ‘CALCULATIONS sin Zr _sin Zi sin Zt ny _sinZi _ sin MEAN REFRACTIVE INDEX: ate Mee Me # 3 RESULT Reftactive index of the given glass slab is found to be FIGURE Board + Pin GLASS SLAB DTT ae Tay Te ee 25 X Physies Practical RAY DIAGRAM Angleof Incidence Augle of Dneidence Angle af Refed ton 2 PRECAUTIONS ‘* Use one eye to see pins and their images. * Angle must be measured carefully. Directions of the rays should be shown by the arrows. X Physcg i 26 2 TWO PIN METHOD, EX LENS. BY EXPERIMENT To ocrenwne THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CON APPARATUS * Convex lens © Lens stand * Two pins with stand * Meter rod or optical bench. THEORY Lens a . * ces Ci d lens. A refracting medium bounded by one or two spherical surfaces called TYPES OF LENSES There are two types of lenses. 1. Convex lens 2. Coneave lens PRINCIPLE . OF ofa cave When an object is placed between the principal focus “F’ and center of curvature "= nvex lens, lens formed a real, inverted and magnified image beyond ‘2F" of the lens. LENS FORMULA re Dp tr roa pea METHOD Fix lens in lens stand. Place it on 50 cm mark of the scale. Place one pin (object pin) beside the scale and by moving it find its real and sharp image, Take second pin (image pin) on other side of the lens. Remove parallax between images of object and image pin. Note position of image pin, position of lens and position of object pin. Find image distance ‘q’ and object distance ‘p’. Calculate focal length *f *.Take three readings by changing the position of lens & pins. OBSERVATIONS sete POSITION OF POSITION OF POSITION OF | IMAGE DISTANCE OBJECT IMAGE PIN LENS OBJECT PIN q=b-a DISTANCE a b c em pec-b em cm cm cm pom fom fi 80cm 50-20 = 30cm 80-50 =30 em 7 X Physics Practical CALCULATIONS pa =a ne fr =P he 4 P+ i= P q pa em = MEAN FOCAL LENGTH fishes . 3 RESULT Mean focal length of given convex lens is found to be -- FIGURE ‘ Opticat Pin Scale PRECAUTIONS * Tips of pins must be sharp. * Tips of pins and optical center lie at same height. * Tips of image pin and image must not be overlap. | 8 X Phi Pg EXPERIMENT TRACE THE PATH OF ARAY OF LIGHT THROUGH A GLASS PRISM AND MEASURE THE ANGLE o, 9 DEVIATION. APPARATUS + Prism © Drawing board + Drawing paper + Thumb pins + Common pins THEORY PRISM A prism is a piece of transparent medium bounded by two triangular and three rectangular surfaces. REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM . ond 1 When a ray of light fall on any refracting surface of a prism after refraction bends towards the normal and when this ray pass from the glass it bend away from the normal. ANGLE OF DEVIATION . a The angle through which a ray deviates on passing through a prism is called the angle of deviation, METHOD Fix drawing paper on drawing board buy thumb pins. Place prism on the paper such that its base facing you and draw its out lines. Fix two pins at point A and B vertically in front of any rectangular surface of prism Such that the line joining the two fall obliquely on the surface of the prism, See images of the fist two pins in the prism from other side of the prism and place a third pin at third point C such that the images of first two pins and third pin lie in one line. Similarly place a fourth pin behind the third pin such that the images of fist ‘wo pins, third pin and fourth pin lie in one line. Remove pins and mark their positions. Join and extend A & B, and C and D to the point O and O/. Join O and O’. Draw normal at point 0. Make angle of deviation by extending incident ray and emergent ray. Measure angle of incidence Zi and angle of refraction Zr and angle of deviation 2d. Draw two more diagrams by same method, OBSERVATIONS OBS. ‘ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ANGLE OF REFRACTION ANGLE OF DEVIATION Zi 4r ad | : | ana X Physies Practical ‘SPECIMEN SHEET | Angle of Incidence | opneilent Ray | \ | | | | I | | | | | Anglo af Incidence <— | act? oT) PRECAUTIONS . Use one eye to see pins and their images. Angles must be measured carefully. * Direction of the rays should be shown by the arrows. A Poy Petey 30 GLASS PRISM AND TO CALCULATE THE REFRACTIVE INDEX EXPERIMENT | 10 FIND THE CRITICAL ANGLE OF 9 OF THE MATERIAL OF PRISM ALTERNATE, APPARATUS Glass prism Drawing board Drawing pins Drawing paper Protector Thumb pins THEORY When ray of light travels from denser to lighter medit which the angle of refra ct is 90° i angle of refraction in the rarer medium ium as the angle of refraction in the rare further beyond the critical angle, no light is refracted in the rare mes ref V medium cannot exceed 90°. Hence the ray of light incident at an angle greater than the critical angle is totally reflected back in the same medium. This phenomenon is called total intemal reflection. If the angle of the angle of refraction will be equal to 90° then incidence in denser medium be equal to C the critical angle, 1 um the angle of incidence in the denser medium for is called the critical angle. If angle 1 is increased PROCEDURE 1. Fix drawing paper with the help of a drawing pin on a drawing board. xdge (A) is towards you and draw its boundary ABC. 2. Place the prism on paper such that its refracting e 3. Fix pin Py very close to the face AB. 4. Look for the image of P; through the face AC. 5. Move your eye from C to A and fix P2 and then Ps in line with the faint image of Prwhen it is on the point of fading away. 6. From P; draw PiL perpendicular to BC. 7. Produce PL to N such that PL = LN. 8. Cutoff LN =PiL. 9. Join Psand P2 and produce this to meet AC at M. 10. Now join MN cutting BC at O. 11. Sof ZP)OM js the critical angle ie. C =32P0M. 12. Now calculate refractive index of the material of the prism using formula 1 = = OBSERVATION CRITICAL ANGLE [ os. | eM =i 2PM aI X Physics Practical FIGURE PRECAUTIONS 1. Pins P2, Ps should be fixed 10cm apart and should be vertical. 2. Py should be fixed as near to prism as possible just on line AB. Vv EXPERIMENT Ans. 10. Ans. 11. Ans. 12. Ans. 13. IVA VOCE Study the effect of increase in length of 8 simple pendulum on the time period. 1 Wha js the object of your experiment? To determine the effect of length on the time period of simple pendulum, Whaat is vibratory motio ‘To and fro motion about a mean point is called vibratory motion. 01 which prineipte the motion of simple pendulum is based? ‘The motion or vibration af simple pendulum based on simple harmonic motion. ‘What is the nature of motion executed by simple pendulum? The nature of motion of simple pendulum is simple harmonic, ‘What is simple harmonic motion? ibratory motion in which the acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the distance fiom the mean position and always directed towards the mean position called simple harmonic motion. What are the conditions of simple harmonic motion? Necessary conditions of simple harmonic motion are: ‘© System must have inertia ‘= System must have restoring force ‘« Acceleration of vibratory body always directed towards the mean position. ‘« Acceleration must be directly proportional to the distance from the mean position. What is vibration? ‘One complete round trip of a vibratory body is called vibration. What is frequency? ___ Number of vibrations in one second is called frequency What is the relation between time period and frequency? THA ‘What do you understand by amplitude? Distance between mean and extreme position is called amplitude. Defirre mass. The quantity of material in a body is known as mass. Whaat is simple pendulum? ‘A single isolated particle suspended from frictionless ‘support by a light inextensible string called pendulum, What is second pendulum? Ans. 14. Ans. 15. Ans. 16. Ans. 47. Ans, 18. Ans. 19. Ans, 20. Ans. 21. Ans, 22. Ans, Ans. Ans. Ans, 29. Ans. X Physics Practicat Pendutum whose time period i5 2 seconds called second pendulum, Is the length of Second’s pent No, it depends upon the value of °S'- erature on time period? What is he effect of temperature 0” : Increase in temperature Causes the increase in radius of ob which can increase the effective length and time period of pendulum. Whaat js time period? “The time taken by pen called time period. \dulum constant? idulum to complete one vibration is What isthe formula of time period of simple pendulum? What js the relation between time period and effective length of pendulum? me period is directly proportional to the square root fength. What is the effective le Length from the point of su called effective length. of h of pendulum? ispension to the center of bob is What js the relation between time period and value of ‘e? ‘Time period is inversely proportional tothe square root of value of “2” What is the effect of mass on time period? Time period is independent of mass. What is the cffect on time period if the bob of different material are taken? There will be no according to the formula (T independent of mass 1 on the time period because Ig) time period is What will be the value of *g" at the center of earth? Zero Is'g is Jector or scalar quantity”? vector quantity What do you understand by *g"? * js the acceleration due to gravity. What is the value of 98 mis, What is ‘G"? * is gravitational constant What is the value of 6.6710 “Nm /kg? What The ratio of circumference to the diameter of circle called m, n MKS. system? ? What is the value of x? Ans. 35. Ans. 36. As. 37. Ams. Ans. 39. Ans. a. Ans. a2. Ans. 43. Ans. Ans, 45. Ans. Ans, ‘The value of x is 22/7 oF 3.1428, What is the direction of 'g"? tris always directed toward the center of earth what will bethe weight ofa body tthe center ofeatih? Ze. , s motion of simple pendulum simple harmonic? Yes. What is the effect of length on time period? ‘ime period inereases with the increase in length, Defiire resonance, Increase in amplitude of a vibrating body due to action ofaperiodic force having same time period as that of the body is called resonance Why do we use a spherical bob ? ecause the center of gravity of spherical bal e Beco he gravity of spherical bob is at the Defi're law of conservation of energy. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can change its form. This is called law of conservation of energy’ At which point the velocity of the bob of pendulum is maximum? ‘At mean position, [At which point velocity of the bob of pendulum is ‘minimum? ‘At extreme position. [At which point kinetic energy of the bob of pendulum is, ‘maximum? ‘At mean position At which point the kinetic energy of the bob of pendulum is minimum? ‘At extreme position. ‘At which point the potential energy of the bob of pendulum is maximum? At extreme position ‘At which point the potential energy of the bob of pendulum is minimum? ‘At mean position, What precautions should be taken in calculating the time period? The amplitude should be small. The bob should not rotate. The effective length should be larger. Why should you take the amplitude smaller? 0 Because the formula of time period (T=2n JJ ) is not applicable for large amplitude of vibration. Why should you not take the length smaller’ So that the motion of pendulum may be linear. X Physies Practical 47. Define time. Ans. Interval between two occurrences is called time 48. What is siop-watch? Ans. Iisa device used to measure time interval of an event. 49. What is the unit oftime? ‘Ans. Second. 50. Defire one second, ‘Ans. Earlier second was defined as 1/6400 of a mean solar day. (OR) One second is 9,192,631,770 periods of vibrations of Cs-133, EXPERIMENT |- Study the relationship between current 2&3 6. Ans. T. Ans. and voltage Study the effect of the length of wire on its resistance and plot a graph between the length and resistance. 3. Study the resistances in series and parallel combination. What is the object of your experiment? ‘Study the relationship between current and voltaze. (OR) Study the effect ofthe length of wire on its resistance and plot a raph between the length and resistance. (OR) Study: the resistances in series and parallel combination Defite current. Resultant flow of charge in unit time is called current. Defi're types of current, There are two types of currents, alternating and direct current, What do you mean by direet current? ‘The current, which does not change its direction in the circuit with time, is called direct current. What do you mean by alternating current? ‘The current, which alternates or reverses its direction several times per second, is called an alternating current. What do you mean by time period of A.C? Time required by the alternating current to complete its, one cycle is known as time period. What do you mean by frequency of A.C? ‘Number of eycles completed by A.C. in one second is called frequency of alternating current. ‘Whaat is the value of frequency of A.C supply in Karachi 50 Hertz or 50 cycle/second. What is the formula of current? Current = Charge/time What is the unit of current? Ampere Defire one ampere. Ione coulomb of charge is flow section of a conductor in one second then ampere, What is circuit? Path of electric current is called circuit. Ans, é rent is one 12, Ans, 13. What do you mean by an open circuit? ‘When no current is drawn from a cell itis called an open Ans, circuit 14. What do you mean by a closed circu ‘Ans. An electrical eireuit having closed path is called closed circuit 15. Defirre series combination. Ans. Resistors are said to be connected in series, when they are connected end to end consecutively so that there is only one path tothe flow of current and the same current flows through each of the resistor. 16. Defirre parallel combination of resistors. ‘Ans. Resistors are said to be connected in parallel when each ‘ne of them is connected between two common points 17. Defirre eteciric potential ‘Ans. Change in potential energy per unit charge is called electric potential a 18. State Ohm’s law. Ans. Current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends provided the physical condition of the conductor is, constant. 19° What is the forimula of Ohm's law? Ans. V=IR 20. What is the mutual relational between electric potential and current? ‘Ans. They are directly proportional to each other. 21. What do you mean by direct proportional? ‘Ans. Increase or decrease of interdependent quantities with same ratio is called direct proportion 22. What type of graphs do you get if two quantities are directly proportional to each other? ‘Ans. Straight line graph, 23. What type of graphs do you get if two quantities are inversely proportional to each other? Ans. Parabolic curve graph. 24. What is the use of graph? ‘Ans. With the help of graph we can find the relation between the two quantiti 25. Which variable should be plotted on X-axis? ‘Ans. Independent variable should be plotted on X-axis. 26 Which variable should be plotted on Y-axis? ‘Ans. Dependent variable should be plotted on Y-axis. u4 27. Ans. 28. Ans. 29. Ans. 30. Ans. 31. Ans, 32. Ans, 33. Ans. 36. Ans, 37. Ans, 38. Ans. 39. Ans. 40. Ans, A. Ans. X Physics Preig whic is independent and which s dependent varia e¢ yotential and current sot dependent ric potential i viable. Give some examples in which tWo quantities are dry, ortional to each other. gas are dretly proportional to each other, What do you mean Increase or decrease 0! the reciprocal ratio is cal amples in which (0 quantities arg ich other. inversely proportional to ea Vutume and pressure of a gas at constant Cemperaiae resistance and area of cross section a Wife ate inversely proportional to each other. What is resistance? s itis the property of a substance by which it resists agains, the low of current through it by inverse proportionality? two interdependent quantities wig led inverse proportionality. Give some cx What is Ohm? It is the unit of resistance. Defi're one Ohm. ‘The resistance of a column of mercury of length 106.3 cm having a uniform cross section of one square millimeter and weighing 14.4521 g at 0°C is one Ohm. OR One Ohm is the resistance of a conductor, when a potential difference of one volt, across it maintains a current of Lampere. Or what factors does the resistance depend? Resistance depends upon area of cross section, length and temperature of conductor. What is the relation between resistance and length? Resistance is directly proportional to the length of conductor. What js the relation between resistance and area of cross section of wire? Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross section of wire. What is the effet of temperature on resistance of wire? Resistance of wire increases with the increase in temperature What is ampere? Itis the unit of electric current What is volt? Itis the unit of electric potential difference. What is E.M.F (clectromotive force)? It's the potential difference between the terminal of a cell when the circuit is open. What is conductor? Substance, which conducts electric current, is called conductor. 3 at is meant by insulator? #2 uistane which does not conduct elects A jsut — at is coulomb? 18. patel unit of charge ye wmrat is golvanometer? which is used to detect electric eurren isan ammeter? 45. ©“, low resistance moving coil js a low res ig coil galvanomete as Maou elecric current. er used to isa voltmeter? Oa sh resistance moving coil isa high c 1g coil galvanometer us as Me oure potential difference used to js shunt? as, Ashunt is a low value resistance connected parallel to the coil of galvanometer 4g, Why should te connections be neat, clean an tight in pe experiments of the electricity? ass It should be because loose and dirty connection adds to the resistance ofthe circuits and consequently affects the socuracy of the result. 4g, How do you connect the voltmeter in acireut? jas, The voltmeter is connected in parallel $9, How do you connect the ammeter in a circuit? fos. The ammeter is connected in ser 5. How isa galvanometer converted into an ammeter? fos. By connecting a low resistance in parallel with it. 5, How is galvanometer converted into voltmeter? tus. By connecting a high resistance in series with it. 53. What is cheostat? ‘Ans, Rheostat is a variable resistance. 54. What is the use of rheostat? ‘Ass. Itis used to control and regulate amount of current. 55. What do you mean by motor? ‘As. Itisan electrical device, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. 56. What do you mean by generator? 4s. It is an electrical device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. fe What isthe function of ke "tis used to turn on or off the circuit. - What do you mean by fuse? Itisan electrical device generally used to save the ¢lectrical appliances from the hazards of potential changes, 9, What do you mean by an electrical cell? 35 Ans, 60. Ans, 61. Ans, 62. Ans, 63. Ans, Ans, Ans, 67. Ans, Ans. Ans. n. Ans, 72. Ans. 73. Ans. Kgs 1X Physies Practical Pair of metallic plates in an electrolyte from which electricity ‘city is derived by chemical action is called an electrical eel 4 How ‘many types of electrical cells are there’ here are two types of electrical cell one is primary and other is secondary. What do you mean by primary cell? Acell whose working does not depend upon any external source is called primary cell Give some examples of primary cel Voltaic cell, Daniel cells, Leclanche cell & dry cell is the examples of primary cell What do you mean by secondary cell? A cell whose working dependes upon is called secondary cell. ny external source What do you mean by a battery? A battery is an electrical combination of two or more primary cells. What ‘The direction of flow of electrons in an external circuit is from cathode to anode. the direction of flow of electrons in an external Ifa graph between two quantities is a straight line, then ‘what will be the relation between them? They will be directly proportional to each other. Defire least count. ‘The smnallest measurement, which can be made by an instrument, is called its least count. ‘What is the least count of ammeter? 0.1 ampere (Depends upon scale). What is the least count of voltmeter? 0.1 volt (Depends upon scale), What isa magnet? ‘A magnet is a substance which posses the power of attracting the magnetic substances and when freely suspended it points in the north / south direction. How many types of magnet are there? ‘There are two types of magnet (1) Permanent (2) Temporary or electromagnet How many types of magnets are present in ammeter? ‘Two, Permanent (U-shaped) and Temporary (clectromagnet). What is the function of jokey? The jockey is used to slide on the bridge wire. It is used to measure the potential difference when voltmeter or ¢galvanometer is connected. EXPERIMENT 10. Ans. 11. Ans. 12. ‘Ans. i oa bar Plot magnetic lines (field) due to magnet with (a) Its north pole towards geographic south, (b) Its north pole towards geographic north. 4 What is the object of your experiment? To plot magnetic lines of force by using a bar magnet and a magnetic compass. it is a substance which possesses the power of attracting the magnetic substances and when freely Suspended it point in the north / south direction. How many types of magnet are there? There are two types of magnet (1) Permanent (2) Temporary or electromagnet What are magnetic substane Substances, which attracts each other magnetically. are called magnetic substances Give some examples of magnetic subs Iron, Nickel, Steel ete What are non-magnetic substances? Substances, which are neither attracted nor repelled by @ ‘magnet, are called non-magnet Give some examples of non-magnetic substances Wood, elas, paper ete ‘What is ferro-magnetic substance? A substance, which behaves like a magnet in the presence of a strong magnetic field, is called magnet. What are soft magnetic substances? Ferro magnetic substances, which lose their magnetism when, removed from the magnetic field, are called soft ‘magnetic substances. e.g. Soft Iron, What are hard magnetic substances? Ferro magnetic substances, which retain their magnetism \when, removed from the magnetic field, are called hard Ferro magnetic substances. eg, Steel What is line of force? It is a Fine straight or curved along which an isolated north pole would travel, if itis free t0 do so and itis such that the tangent of it at any point gives the direction of the magnetic field at that point. What are the properties of magnetic lines of fore ¢ Magnetic lines of forces start from a North Pole and end at the South pole. «# The lines of force are continuous through the magnet ‘© Two lines of force cannot pass through a common point. «The lines of force contract longitudinally. # The magnetic lines of force can pass more easily through iron than ait, 36 14. Ans, 15. Ans 16. Ans, 47. Ans, 18. Ans, Ans, 23. Ans, 24, Ans. 25. Ans, 26. Ans, 27. Ans, 28. Ans, 29. Ans, X Physics Pray «Magnetic Hines of forces pel 2h Orin horny direction. Do the magnetic lines of force cross each other? No. int? Whaat is a neutral point ae ae rams point in the magnetic Held WHET Magnetic fp iszero, What is m ‘The two ends of tl property are calle ant by the poles of a magnet? the magnet showing the greatest magnetic of the poles of the magnet. ya te? Jat do you mean by a unit pol bt it pote is that pole which repels an equal and sinily pote placed in air, at distance of one meter from it with, force of one Newton. What is magnetic field? - “Thé space around the magnet within which it influences can be felt is called magnetic field. Ca you obtain an independent North Pole or South Pole ofa ma No, one pole never exists What is the magnetic axi Itis a line joining the two poles of the magnet. Defi're a magnetic median The vertical plane passing through the axis of a freely, suspended magnet is called the magnetic median. Is their any difference in the strength of the two poles of, the magnet? No, they will be equal in strength. What are the magnetic substances? Iron, steel, cobalt, nickel are called magnetic substances, as they are attracted by a magnet. What is magnetisi? Itis the property of attracting small piece of iron, What isthe cause of magnetism?” Iris due to the spin of unpaired ele, rons, Where do you find the maximum mag tis maximum at poles. netism? Whaat is the molecular theory of ma According to mol netism? ular theory the smallest particle of ‘magnet is a complete magnet itself ‘What is a magnetic equator or neutral line ofa magnet? {tis line passing through the center of the magnet and Perpendicular to the magnetic axis or axial line. ‘What is uniform magnetic field? A uniform field is one waunetic field is the and direction, in which the intensity of th same everywhere both in magni Ans. at. Ans 32. As. 33. Ans. Ans. 35. Aas. 36. Ans. 37. Ans. Ans. 39. Defie intensity of magnetic feta Iris the force exerted on a unit North P point What is te unit of magnetic intensity? Iris measured in oersted, ‘ole placed at a Defi're Cersted? ‘A magnetic field is said to be one oerste -d when the force cnerted on unt north pole by itigone mk dyne, Why should two lines of force not intersect? Intersection shows that the field has two directions same point, this is impossible. Thus two lines of will never intersect each other atthe forces Whaat are the necessary precautions in the experiment? «+ All the magnetic substances should be the neighborhood. + No current carrying conductor should be near it + The magnet should be placed in proper direction moved from What is a magnetic compass? ‘A small magnetic needle which can rotate freely & point towards north and south, What is the use of magnetic compass? Itisuse to determine the direction. How can magnet be demagnetized? By heating or hammering, How many types of magnets are there according to shape? According to shape magnets are of three types. 1.Bar magnet 2. U-shaped magnet 3. Needle shaped What are the uses of magnets? ‘Ans. Magnets are used in electric cranes, Electric bell, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Galvanometer, Electric. motor, Generator etc. EXPERIMENT To study the laws of reflection of iat 5 What is the object of your experiment? To verify that the angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection What is mirror? Any reflecting surface is called mirror. How many kinds of mirror are there? There are two kinds of mirror (1) Plane (2) Spherical ritror What is plane mirror? A flat reflecting surface is called a plane mirror. 37 5 Ans, Ans, 8. Ans, 10. Ans, 11. Ans, 12. Ans, 13. Ans, 14. Ans, 15. Ans, 16. Ans. 17. X Physies Practical Mat are the properties of a good plane mirror? The surface should be perfectly plane. The thickness should be stall The thickness should be uniform. The silver polish should be good. iage in a plane mirror? ‘At what distance the image is formed behind the plane mirror? The image is formed at the same distance behind the mirror as the distance of object in front of the mirror. Howe can you identify that the image is real or virtual? the image is vertically inverted with respect to the object itis real and if the image is erect with respect to the object itis viral What is the difference between real and virtual image? Real Inage Virtual Image Real image is always | Virtual image is always inverted. erect. Real image can be brought | It ean not be brought on ‘on sereen, the screen Real image has physical | Virtual image has no existence. physical existence. In case of mirror virtual image always formed behind the reflecting surface of the mirror. The sign of the distance of virtual image is negative. Tn case of mirror real image isalways formed in ront of the reflecting surface of the ‘The sign of the distance of real image is positive. What do you mean by a spherical mirror? A mirror, which is a part of a surface of hollow sphere, is called spherical mirror. How many kinds of spherical mirror are there? There are two kinds of spherical mirrors. (1) Concave (2) Convex What is concave mirror? If a spherical mirror is polished such that its reflecting surface is facing towards the center of sphere is called a concave mirror. What is convex mirror? If a spherical mirror is polished such that its reflecting surface is facing opposite to the center of sphere is called a convex mirror. What is ray of light? a straight line showing the path of light in a medium, Defiire beam of light. A large collection of rays coming from a source of light is called a beam of light Defiire light. Light isa form of energy. What js incident ray? X Physics YI Pci 38 wot jat is a real image? ‘Ans. Incident ray isthe ray of ligit coming from sore of = ee which is formed by the actual intersection 5, light and striking the surface of the second medi called a real imag a Hight and 1% face of th nd medium. reitected rays. is called a real image. }8._ What is normal? ge? " isa virtual imax ‘Ans, Perpendicular to the plane of mirror at the point of 34- ae teary formed by the apparent intersection incidence is called normal I eed rays is called a virtual image. ot 19. What is angle of incidence? elle 3 is angle of incidence size ofa plane mirror in or Ans. Angle between incident ray and normal called angle of | 35. what should be the size of plane mirror inorder 4 incidence, our full size image? 20. Defire point of incidence ‘Ans. itshoutd be half the size of the obje Ans. The point a which incident ay sks the plane mirtor 36, Maw do we see the objects im room where we donathag is called point of incidence. sunlight? . What is reflected ray’? Ans, We see the objects in the room due t0 irregular reflect Reflected ray is the ray’ of light, which is reflected back ort , fiom the surface of the second medium in the first 37. What is the disadvantage of thick mirror medium. ‘Ans, The image is deformed. 22. What do you mean by angle of reflection? 38. Which ype of image formed by a plane mirror? ‘Ans, Itis the angle between reflected ray and normal ‘Ans. Virtual and laterally inverted. 23. Defire reflection 39. What isan image? Ans. Tuming back of light in the fist medium from the — "5 Image isa point where the reflected rays actally intersect boundary of second medium is called reflection. or appears to intersect 24. What is reffaction? AO. What kind of silvering is generally made on the surface? ‘Ans. When a ray of light passes from one medium to another A"S-_Sliveringis done by mercuric oxide or by silver. itchanges its path. This phenomenon is called refraction. 44. What is parallax? 25. What are the laws of reflection? ‘Ans. The relative shift observed in the position of any two ‘Ans. The laws of reflection are: objects at different distances from the eye. when the eye is + The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to en the surface lie in the same plane. PER : «The angle of incidence and the angle of flection are EXPERIMENT To determine the focal length of ou 6 ‘concave mirror by one pin method. 26. What is the relation between angle of incidence and angle of reflection? othe ‘Ans. In case of regular reflection angle of incidence is equal 37, What isthe object ofthis experiment? tothe angle afreflecion. Ans. To find out the focal length ofa concave mirror by one pin method. 27. From where is a ray reflected in a mictor? Ans. Aray is reflected from the silvered surface ofthe mirror, >, WAU isthe principle ofthis experiment? Ans, When an object is placed at center of curvature of a 2B. How many types of reflection are there? concave mirror, mirror forms areal inverted and same size ‘Ans. Two, regular & irregular reflection. image at center of eurvature 29. What is meant by regular reflection? 3. What is one pin method for the determination of focal ‘Ans. Inregular reflection parallel beam of light afierrefle length of a concave mirror? remains parallel Ans, When an object is placed at center of curvature of a concave mirror. Mirror form a real inverte esi 30. Where should an image be formed in a plane mirror? fnmage a center of caneeuias ehLmvental ode ee ‘Ans, The image is formed as far behind the mirror as the _ oa object is in front of it Car you find out the focal length of a concave mirror by two pin method? 2 31. What is the value of angle of incidence and angle of Ans, yarn reflection when the incident ray falls normally to the mirror? 5. Whatis mirror? ‘Ans. The values of both the angles is zero. Ans. Any reflecting surface is ealled mirror. 32. What js the nature of image formed by plane mirror? 6. How many kinds of mirrors are there? ‘Ans. The image is virtual, erect but cqual in size of object. Ans. ae are two kinds of mirror (1) Plane (2) spheri: Z c at is plane mirror? 1. Mic rflectng surfce is elle a plane nitro, 5 tow an you identi thatthe nage is el or itary 5. Hom image is vertically inverted with wen al? yihe zal respect 10 th a [jest iis el and the image is ret withegy og object itis Virtual 0 what isthe difference between real and viet Real Image sal Real image is always inverted. Real image can be brought | onsefeen, Real image has physical existence. jn case of mirror real image is always formed in front of the reflecting surface of the mirror. al image? erect “ the sereen, Virtual image has no physical existence In case of mirror virtual image always formed behind the reflecting surface of the mitror, Virtual Mage Virtual image is aly yee W cannot be brought on The sign of the distance | The sign of the distance ofteal image is positive. | of virtual image is | negative, 40. What do you mean by a spherical mirror? Ans, A mirror, which isa part of a surface of hollow sphere, is called spherical mirror. 14. How many kinds of spherical mirror are there? ‘Ans. There are two kinds of spherical mirrors. (1) Concave (2) Convex 42. What is concave mirror? Ans. Ifa spherical mirror is polished such that its reflecting surface is facing towards the center of sphere is called a ‘concave mirror. 13. What is convex mirror? Ans. Ifa spherical mirror is polished such that its reflecting surface is facing opposite to the center of sphere is called convex mirror. 44. What are the uses of spherical mirrors? Ans. Concave mirrors are used in searchlights, headlights. telescope, Microscope, shaving mirrors etc whereas convex mirror is used in cars as back view mirror. 15. What is ray of light? ‘Ans. Itisa straight line showing the path of light in a medium. 16. Defire beam of light. . ‘Ans. A large collection of rays coming from a source of light is called a beam of light. 1. Defire light? Ans. Lights a form of energy. ~ What is incident ray? "S. Incident ray is the ray of light coming from source of light and striking the surface of the second medium. 19. What is normal? 2” Ans, 20. Ans, 21. Ans, 22. Ans, 23. 24, Ans. 25. Ans, 26. Ans, 27. Ans, 28. Ans. 29. Ans, 30. Ans. Ans. Pe X Physics Practical at the point of pendicular to the plane of mi incidence scale nena °F normal, ‘What is angle oF incidence? gle betwey cider . ineldei "en incident ray and normal is called angle of Define Point of incidence. The point at which incident ray sti at which incident ray strikes the plane mirror is called point of incdenee NP : What js reflected ray? Reflected ray isthe ray of light, which is reflected back Tom the surface ofthe second medium in the first medium ‘What do you mean by angle of reflection? tis the angle between reflected ray and normal. Defire reflection. ‘Turing back of ight called reflection What is refraction? When a ray of light passes from one medium to the other itchanges its path. This phenomenon is called refraction. What are the las of reflection? ‘The laws of reflection * The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface lie in the same plane * The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal. What is focal lengti? ‘The distance between pole and principal focus of mirror is called the focal length, What is principal focus? is the point where a parallel beam of light after reflection, from the mirror either actually converges at that point oF ‘appears to diverge from that point. What do you mean by real focus? In case of concave mirror, parallel incident rays after reflection converge at a single point on the principal axis this is called reat focus. What do you mean by virtual focus? In case of convex mirror, parallel incident rays after reflection appears to come from a single point on the principal axis this is called virtual focus. What is the pole of mirror? The center of the reflecting surface of the mirror is called, pole of mirror. Defire center of curvature. Itis the center of that sphere of which the mirror is a part, Defirte radius of curvature. Itis the radius of that sphere of which the mirror is @ part What is principal axis? Line joining the pole & center of curvature is called principal axis of mirror. 35. Ans, Ans. 40. Ans, at. Ans, 42. Ans. 43. ‘Ans, aA. Ans. 45. Ans. 46. Ans. 47. Ans. AB. Ans. 40 49. Defire aperture of mirror. The diameter of the spherical mirror aperture Ans, What is the difference between the concave and convex mirror? So In concave mirror reflecting surface is on the same side of the center of sphere where as in convex it is on the Ans opposite side of the center of sphere. 51. Man incident ray is coming parallel to the principal axis of concave mirror, then in which direction it will goalter Ans reflection, 52. ‘After reflection it wil pass through the prineipal focus. ” Wan incident ray is passing through the principal focus Ans. of concave mirror then in which direction it will go al of concave mieror then in which dcetion twill goaRer gg Afier reflection it will go parallel to the principal axis g0 parallel to the principal re WF an incident ray is passing through the center of gg curvature of concave mirror then in which direction it 4 will go after reflection? M fier reflection it will come back on the same path, aa Which type of image is formed by convex mirror? gg Virtual image at What are the positions of the objects in a concave mirror to get real or virtual Image? fe For real image the object should be placed between 9° nfinity and the principal focus and to get Virtual image, the object should be placed between principle focus and 57, pole. ‘Ans Ca you get an erect image from a concave mirror? Yes, it can be obtained by placing the object between the 5B. focus and the pole of mirror. Ans. What js the relation b/w focal length and radius of curvature? 59. Ans. Focal length is half of the radius of curvature. f= Where the image is formed ifan object is placed within the focal length of concave mirror? On the same side of object. Which type of imag within the focal length of concave mirror? Virtual and erect. Where the image is formed if in object is placed at the principal focus of concave mirror? At infinity. Which type of image is formed iffan object is placed at the principal focus of concave mirror? Real, inverted and highly magnified. formed if an object is placed ed Where the image is formed if an object is pl between the principal focus and center of curvature of concave mirror? Beyond the center of curvature. 60. Ans. Ans, 62. Ans. 63. Ans, fi X Phi of image is formed if an objec, 4 Which type | Menween the principal focus and center ofc, concave mitror? : = Real, inverted and magnified formed if an object is Where the image is Place Center of curvature of concave mirror? ay ‘At center of curvature. wmich type of image is formed iF an objects pag, curvature of concave mirror? center of Ox Lin size as that of object, Real, inverted and equal Where is the image formed if an objects placed bey, the center of curvature of concave mirror? Between principal focus and center of curvature, Which type of image is formed if an object is pags beyond the center of curvature of concave mirror? Real, inverted and diminished. Where should an object be placed in front of a concaie mirror to get a virtual image? ; The object should be placed between pole and princins focus. What type of image does the convex mirror form? Convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and small size image. Car we geta real image by convex mirror? No. What is parallax? Parallax is the relative shift between the two objects placed at different distances in the line of sight. How can we remove parallax? Parallax. can be removed by making the two object coincident Defire real image. Image, which is formed by actual intersection of reflected is called a real image. Defire virtual image. Image, which is formed by the apparent intersection of reflected rays, called virtual image. What are the characteristics of real images? images are always inverted and can be obtained on the sereen. What are the characteristies of virtual images? Virtual images are erect and can not be obtained on the sereen, What is the magnification of the image? The ratio of the size of the image to the size of the objec is called magnification, What Magnification = fication? t the formula of m: Size of the image ofthe object As 66. Aas 67. As EXPERIMENT 1. As. 2 Ans. . Angle between in: Defi xe magnification in terms of distance of and distance of object, Magnification is the ratio of distance of j distance of object. of image to the image is the formula of magnificati vit i magnification in. terms of distance’ sfcation = DINEE ofthe image Magni Distance othe objet m= P ‘What is the unit of magnification? Since it isa ratio of similar quantities therefore it has no unit To study the laws of refraction of ti ° fraction of light, (Find out the value of refractive index of glass with the help of a glass slab.) 7 What is the object of your experiment? To study the laws of refraction of light, (Find out the value of refractive index of glass with the help of a lass slab.) What is incident ray? Incident ray is the ray of light coming from source of light and striking the surface of the second medium. What is normal? Perpendicular to the plane of medium at the point of incidence is called normal. What is angle of incidence? jent ray and normal called angle of incidence, Defi re point of incidence. ‘The point at which incident ray strikes the plane of medium is called point of incidence. What is refracted ray? Refracted ray is a ray of light, which passes into second medium. What do you mean by angle of refraction? is the angle between refracted ray and normal. What is emergent ray? The ray, which comes out into the first medium from the second medium, is called emergent ray. What is angle of emergence? Itis the angle between emergent ray and normal. Defirte reflection. Turing back of light called reflection. What is refraction? ‘When a ray of light passes from one medium to another itchanges its path. This phenomenon is called refraction. OR The change of direction of light rays as they pass obliquely from one medium, to another is called reftaction of light, OR The change of velocity of light 41 12. Ans, 13. Ans, 14, Ans, 15. Ans, 16. Ans, 47. Ans, 18. Ans, 19. Ans, 20. Ans, 21. Ans. Ans. Ans. 26. Ans, 27. Ans. 28. X Physics Practical aye as they pass from one medium to another medium is called the refraction of light. ‘What will be the path of light raysithey come from rarer medium and incident obli wedi iquely on the surface of denser ‘They will bend towards the normal, ‘What will be the path of light rays if they come from dlenser medium and incident obliquely on the surface of rarer medium? They will bend away from the normal. What is denser medium? ‘The medium of higher density is called denser medium. What is rarer medium? ‘The medium of low density is called rarer medium. Why does light suffer refraction? Light suffers reftaction due to the change in the densities of mediums What is the significance of determination of refractive index of different materials? ‘We can identify the material as well as its purity. Will the refractive index of glass change if we change the size ot volume ofthe glass slab? No. Will the refractive index of glass be changed if light is incident from some other medium instead of air? Yes. Will the refractive index of glass change if we cut it into ‘two equal halves? No, What is meant by refractive index? Itis constant ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction Whaat is the formula of refractive index? sin< Siner What is the unit of refractive index? Ithas no unit. What is absolute reffactive index? If refractive index of a medium is calculated with respect to the vacuum then itis called absolute refractive index, What js the formula of absolute refractive index? ty oflight in vacuum, Absolute refractive index = ye scrtyoflightinmedium What is the unit of absolute refractive index? It has no unit. Why does an object appear near when viewed through a glass slab? It is due to the refraction of light. Differertiate between reflection and refracti Ans, Ans, 32. Ans. Ans. aA. Ans. 35. Ans. 37. Ans. Ans. 39. Ans. 40. Ans. mM. ack in the same In reflection, the ray of lig! mes bi the ray of light comes refraction the ‘medium and does not change media. But it ‘ay of light passing through one medium to another. What is tight? Itis a form of energy What is the velocity of light in air? The velocity of light is 3 x 10¥ m/sec. State laws of refraction The laws of refraction are as follows. © The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at point of incidence lie in the same pla * The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for any two given media, What is Snell’s law? According to Snell's law the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction remains constant for any two given media, What happens when light passes from rare to denser medium? It bends towards the normal at the point of incidence. Defir€ total internal reflection. When the angle of incidence in a denser medium becomes greater than the critical angle, then the rays of light retum back to denser medium. This reflection is called total internal reflection. What is the critical angle? Angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90° called critical angle. What are the conditions for total internal reflection? The conditions are (a) Light should travel from denser to rarer medium. (b) The angle of incidence should be ‘greater than critical angle. What is the value of critical angle for glass? 1s value for glass with respect to air is 41° 10 How can you calculate the refractive index of a medium with the help of critical angle? By sin formula, 1 sin ZC Refractive index = What will happen when a ray of light incident perpendicularly on the glass slab? There will be no deviation (bending) in the path of light. What are the values of angle of incidence (

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