THE STRUCTURE

OF CONVERSATION
ANALYSIS OF PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE
GROUP 10
 OUR MEMBER

Chabib Abdul Rahim Amalia Eka Brilianti

NIM. 22216251173 Zabehullo Sharipov NIM. 22216251168
NIM. 22216251177
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review of
Conversation and Generic Structure
01 Conversation
Analysis
04 of Conversation

Topic Organization Structure in

02 of Conversation
05 Conversation

Discourse Structure
03 of Conversation
 THE CONCEPT OF CONVERSATION

Wright (1936: 85) point out that , Conversation can be said to

conversation is made up of a contain two elements in order
to make the conversation
combination of two Latin roots, meaningful, enjoyable and
‘con,’ and ‘vers.’ ‘Con’ means understandable, as follows:
with, together. ‘Vers’ mean to ● Information
● Phatic communication is
turn about in a given direction. used to establish social
Thus, to engage in conversation relationship
literally means to turn about with
others.
 Topic Organization of Structure ?

CONVERSATION

LANGUAGE RULES TOPIC ORGANIZATION

What is the purpose

Topic Discussed

How They Construct

 Let’s see the conversation text !

Person A: Hi, how are you doing today?

Person B: Hey, I'm good, thanks for asking. How about you?
Person A: I'm great, thanks. By the way, I noticed there's a festival
happening in town this weekend.
Person B: Yes, It's called the Harvest Festival, and it's a significant
event in our community.
Person A: That sounds fascinating! What kind of activities can I
expect to see there?
 Let’s see the conversation text !

Person B: Well, there are various traditional performances, like folk

dances and music that reflect our cultural heritage. You'll also find
local artisans showcasing their crafts, and food stalls serving
delicious regional delicacies.
Person A: Thank you for letting me knows. I'll be sure to keep that in
mind.
Person B: You're welcome! It's always great to see people
embracing and appreciating different cultural traditions. I'm sure
you'll have a wonderful time at the festival!
 What is the purpose of conversation?

“social interaction is the primordial means through which the

business of the social world is transacted, the identities of its
participants are affirmed or denied, and its cultures are
transmitted, renewed and modified” (p. 283) (See also Allan &
Salmani Nodoushan, 2014).

The aim or purpose from conversations is to help others to realize

the cultural norms of a given society and the way people use
express themselves in certain social settings.
example : make some deal about the significance of the festival,
the types of activities and performances, and even touch on the
etiquette and customs to be observed.
 What the topic discussed !

The topic is Culture Festival.

There will be discuss about the significance of the festival, the types
of activities and performances, and even touch on the etiquette and
customs to be observed.

You can adopt another topic discuss. But to make this discussion
more easier so we make topic discuss base on example
Conversation that will be explain.
 How they construct the conversation !

Structure conversation allows for a natural flow of conversation :

1. Person A initiating the topic,

2. Person B providing information,
3. and both participants engaging in a dialogue to explore different
aspects of the topic discuss.

Usually a conversation ends with a positive exchange, highlighting

the value of cultural understanding and appreciation.
DISCOURSE STRUCTURE OF CONVERSATION

The discourse structure of conversations

is generally less easy to predict than in
many other genres. For example,
conversations tend to be more open-ended
and involve more shift in topic than is the case
with some other genres.
GENERIC STURUCTURE OF CONVERSATION

1. Greeting and Opening:

● Participants exchange greetings (e.g., "Hi," "Hello," "Good
morning").
● They establish initial contact and show willingness to engage in
conversation.

2. Introduction and Small Talk:

● Participants introduce themselves (e.g., "My name is..." or "Nice
to meet you").
● They engage in small talk to establish rapport and create a
comfortable atmosphere (e.g., discussing the weather, current
events, or shared interests).
3. Main Body:
● Participants discuss the main topic or purpose of the conversation.
● They share information, opinions, ideas, or personal experiences
related to the topic.
● They ask questions, seek clarification, or offer explanations to
deepen the conversation.
● This part can vary in length and complexity depending on the nature
of the conversation.
4. Closing:
● Participants signal the conclusion of the conversation.
● They summarize key points, express final thoughts, or provide a
resolution if applicable.
● Expressions of gratitude or appreciation for the conversation may be
exchanged.
● Farewells or plans for future interaction are made.

It's important to note that the structure and length of each section can vary
depending on the context, participants, and purpose of the conversation.
Additionally, conversational dynamics such as interruptions, turn-taking,
and topic shifts can influence the flow and structure of a conversation.
STRUCTURE IN CONVERSATION

● Opening Stage
Initiating exchanges that establish social relations
● Middle Stage
Topic negotiation and development
Turn taking
Feedback
● Closing Stage
Pre-closing exchanges
Closings
 OPENING STAGE IN CONVERSATION

Conversation organized the opening stages as the way to begin the

conversation.
● Speakers use adjacency pairs to open a conversation, such as
greeting, salutation
Example: Ani: What’s up Boni?
Boni: Good, what‟s up with you?
Assalamulaikum and Hello as salutation to open speech,
telephone conversation etc.
● Conversation develops from opening stage to the
introduction of main topic in conversation as the first topic.
Example: Caca: Hello, How are you
Dina: I’m Fine, I’m just busy because of many
works in this semester
 OPENING IN TELEPHONE CONVERSATION

The opening sequences in telephone conversation

1. Summons/ 3. Greeting
Answer
4. How are
2. Identification/
Recognition you sequence

5. Reason for call

(Source: Schegloff, 1986)
 MIDDLE STAGE IN CONVERSATION

The middle stage of the conversation is devoted to

the development of range of topics using
conversational strategies for turn taking, ways of
giving feedback, changing a topic, asking for
clarification, correcting what was said, etc.
TOPIC MANAGEMENT IN MIDDLE CONVERSATION

“Topic management also includes an awareness of how speakers

deal with changes in a topic, how they maintain a topic, and how they
repair the interaction when a misunderstanding occurs”, (Burns and
Joyce in Paltridge (2000:94).
The speaker should choice of topic in particular conversational
contexts, depending on the genre, or speech event, situation, and
culture in which they occur. In the topic management, the suitability
of other topics depends on the person one is talking to.
TURN TAKING IN MIDDLE CONVERSATION
Turn taking is a situation when a speaker takes the chance to speak.
Turn-taking gives a chance for speakers to do conversation smoothly, so
there won’t be a dominant speaker in the conversation.

Turn taking develop the norms for who talks, when, and for how long.
Turn taking varies depends on the several aspects, they are :
● Situation, a teacher nominates students who can take a turn in the
classroom.
● Topic, people take a turn when they have a topic or when they want
to change the topic.
● Relationship, A child may be instructed not to speak with adult
guests because of a more formal relationship
● Rank, the right to talk is an indicator of the status of the speaker.
The Way in Signalling The End of
Turn and Holding on to A Turn
Signalling end of turn Holding on to a turn
Not pausing too long and starting
Completion of syntatic unit
straight away.
Pausing during utterence not at the
Use falling intonation
end
Increasing the volume by extending a
Pausing
syllable or a vowel.
Fillers (e.g. Umm, Anyway) Maintaining the pitch
Eye contact, body language, and Speaking over someone else‟s
movement attempt to take our turn.
FEEDBACK IN MIDDLE CONVERSATION

Feedback shows how the listener responds to what is talking

about by the speaker. Paltridge (2000) explained that
feedback refers to to the way in which listeners are attending
and responding to the conversation topic.

Feedback can be done through the use of response tokens,

such as:
● In verbal (e.g. Mmm, Yeah, and OK)
● In non-verbal which signaling response (e.g. Nodded as
gestures, eye contact, body language, and movement).
CLOSING STAGE IN CONVERSATION
Conversation not only need the
opening stage but also it needs
Bye.. closing stage.

“Closing stage may also preceded by a

number of pre-sequences, such as
making arrangement, referring back to
something previously said in the
conversation, the initiation of a new
topic (which may not be responded
to), good wishes, and a restatement of
the reason for calling and thank for
calling” (Paltridge, 2000).
ARCHETYPE CLOSING IN CONVERSATION

Pre-closing Sequences
Two turn units “Ok” or “alright” and
falling intonation.

Closing Sequences
Using “bye bye” or similar
expressions.
PRE-CLOSING SEQUENCES IN CLOSING
STAGE CONVERSATION
1. Referring back to 2. Expressing Good
previous topic Wishes
Example: “You did find Example: “Happy holiday”,
your bags and that’s all “Have a great day”, “Enjoy
that matters” your trip”
3. Restatement of the reason

Example: “Yeah I just

called to make sure you’re
doing well.”
 CLOSING SEQUENCES IN CLOSING
STAGES CONVERSATION

Foreshortened Closing Extended Closing

When the archetype closing is Extended closing may be
skipped over and a extended by continued
foreshortened closing takes repetition of pre-closing and
place. closing items.
Example: “I have to go now,
Example: Fifi: “Bye”
Bye” Gina: “Bye”
Boni: “Good Luck”
Doni: “You Too”
THANK YOU