PEP 2021 Phase 2 Selection Test 4

Date: 7 February 2022

Time: 10:00 – 13:00

1. [30pts] A phonograph turntable (留聲機轉盤) in the horizontal 𝑥𝑦 plane revolves at constant angular
velocity 𝜔 around the origin. A small body of mass 𝑚 sliding on the turntable has location 𝑟⃗(𝑡) =
,𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡).. Here 𝑥 and 𝑦 are measured in an inertial frame, i.e. the lab frame. There are two forces in
the lab frame: an elastic force of magnitude −𝑘𝑟⃗ towards the origin and a frictional force −𝑐,𝑟⃗̇ − 𝑣⃗.,
where 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑣⃗ is the velocity of the turntable at the body’s location. Initially we have 𝑟⃗(0) =
(𝑥! , 0) and 𝑟⃗̇(0) = (𝑣! , 0).

#
#′
! (⃗
"′ × #′
) "′
!%
"

(a) [2] If the body is observed to stay at a fixed off-center point on the turntable (i.e. it is at rest with
respect to the turntable), how big is the 𝑘?

From now on, we will assume 𝑘 has the value you found in (a).
(b) [4] Write down the equation of motion for 𝑟⃗(𝑡) and obtain two coupled differential equations for 𝑥(𝑡)
and 𝑦(𝑡). You don’t need to solve them in this part.
(c) [4] The differential equations can be solved easily in the rotating frame (𝑥 " , 𝑦′), which rotates with
angular velocity 𝜔 relative to the lab frame. According to the figure on the right, the location of the body
𝑟⃗ can also be labelled by the rotating coordinates ,𝑥 " (𝑡), 𝑦 " (𝑡).. Express 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) in terms of the
rotating coordinates 𝑥′(𝑡) and 𝑦 " (𝑡) and the angle 𝜔𝑡.
(d) [4] Express 𝑥̇ (𝑡), 𝑦̇ (𝑡), 𝑥̈ (𝑡), 𝑦̈ (𝑡) in terms of 𝑥 " , 𝑦 " , 𝑥̇ " , 𝑦̇ " , 𝑥̈ " , 𝑦̈ ′ and 𝜔.
(e) [4] Rewriting the coupled differential equations you found in (b) in terms of 𝑥′(𝑡) and 𝑦′(𝑡).
(f) [6] The coupled differential equation can be solved easily by introducing a new function

𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑥′(𝑡) + 𝑖𝑦′(𝑡).

Derive an ordinary differential equation for 𝑧(𝑡). Solve 𝑧(𝑡) with the given initial conditions.
(g) [6] Determine the motion of the small body in the rotating frame (𝑥 " (𝑡), 𝑦′(𝑡)) in the limit 𝑡 → ∞?

Solution:
(a) The body has angular velocity 𝜔 around the origin so that 𝑚𝜔# |𝑟⃗| = 𝑘|𝑟⃗|, giving 𝑘 = 𝑚𝜔# .

(b) In the lab frame the EOM reads,

𝑚𝑟⃗̈ = −𝑘𝑟⃗ − 𝑐,𝑟⃗̇ − 𝑣⃗. = −𝑚𝜔# 𝑟⃗ − 𝑐,𝑟⃗̇ − 𝜔

>⃗ × 𝑟⃗.

⇒ 𝑚𝑥̈ = −𝑚𝜔# 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑥̇ − 𝑐𝜔𝑦. [1]

 ⇒ 𝑚𝑦̈ = −𝑚𝜔# 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑦̇ + 𝑐𝜔𝑥. [2]

(c) According to the figure, we have

𝑥 = 𝑥 " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦 " sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑦 = 𝑥 " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦 " cos 𝜔𝑡

(d) From part (c), we have

𝑥̇ = 𝑥̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔(𝑥 " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦′ cos 𝜔𝑡)

𝑦̇ = 𝑥̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔(𝑥 " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦 " sin 𝜔𝑡)

𝑥̈ = 𝑥̈ " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦̈ " sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2𝜔(𝑥̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡) − 𝜔# (𝑥 " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦 " sin 𝜔𝑡)

𝑦̈ = 𝑥̈ " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦̈ " cos 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜔(𝑥̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡) − 𝜔# (𝑥 " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦 " cos 𝜔𝑡)

(e) Sub. Into Eqtn. [1], we have

𝑚,𝑥̈ " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦̈ " sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2𝜔(𝑥̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡) − 𝜔# (𝑥 " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦 " sin 𝜔𝑡).
= −𝑚𝜔# (𝑥 " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦 " sin 𝜔𝑡) − 𝑐,𝑥̇ " cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑦̇ " sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔(𝑥 " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦 " cos 𝜔𝑡).
− 𝑐𝜔(𝑥 " sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑦 " cos 𝜔𝑡)

⇒ (𝑚𝑥̈ " − 2𝑚𝜔𝑦̇ " + 𝑐𝑥̇ " + 2𝑐𝜔𝑦′) cos 𝜔𝑡 + (−𝑚𝑦̈ " − 2𝑚𝜔𝑥̇ " − 𝑐𝑦̇ " − 2𝑐𝜔𝑥′) sin 𝜔𝑡 = 0

𝑚𝑥̈ " − 2𝑚𝜔𝑦̇ " + 𝑐𝑥̇ " = 0. [3]

⇒J "
𝑚𝑦̈ + 2𝑚𝜔𝑥̇ " + 𝑐𝑦̇ " = 0. [4]

(f) [3]+i[4] yields,

𝑚𝑧̈ + (𝑐 + 𝑖2𝑚𝜔)𝑧̇ = 0

And the initial condition is 𝑧(0) = 𝑥! and 𝑧̇ (0) = 𝑣! .

Integrating once we find,

&
𝑧̇ = 𝑣! 𝑒 $%'()#*+,

Integrating once again, we have

𝑣! #
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑐 P1 − 𝑒 $%'()#*+, Q + 𝑥!
N𝑚 + 𝑖2𝜔O

(g) In the limit 𝑡 → ∞, we have

𝑣! 𝑚𝑣!
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑐 + 𝑥! = # (𝑐 − 𝑖2𝑚𝜔) + 𝑥!
N𝑚 + 𝑖2𝜔O 𝑐 + 4𝑚# 𝜔 #

𝑚𝑣! 𝑐 2𝑚# 𝜔𝑣!

⇒𝑥= + 𝑥! 𝑎𝑛𝑑. 𝑦 = −
𝑐 # + 4𝑚# 𝜔 # 𝑐 # + 4𝑚# 𝜔 #
We see that the body eventually stops at a fixed point on the turntable.
2. [30 points] Electromagnetic waves propagating in a conductor

In the lecture, we have discussed the EM wave propagates in an insulator. The only effect is to modify the
& *
speed of the EM wave 𝑣 = - and the wave number 𝑘 = . , where 𝜔, 𝑘 are the angular frequency and wave
/0
number of the EM wave and 𝑛 = U/ is the refractive index of the insulator.
! 0!

In this problem, we will explore the physics of EM wave propagates in a conductor. We start from the
differential form of the Maxwell’s equations:

>⃗ ⋅ 𝐷
∇ >⃗ = 0, ∇>⃗ ⋅ 𝐵>⃗ = 0
∂B>⃗ ∂D>>⃗
>⃗ × >E⃗ = − ,
∇ >∇⃗ × H >>⃗ = + 𝚥⃗,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
where 𝚥⃗ is the current density. The curl and div operators are defined by
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸
>∇⃗ × 𝐸>⃗ = 𝑥b c 1 − 2 d + 𝑦b P 3 − 1 Q + 𝑧̂ c 2 − 3 d
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷
>⃗ ⋅ 𝐷
∇ >⃗ = 3 + 2 + 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

The constitutive relationship for the dielectric material or vacuum in relating the different field variables
are expressed as
>⃗ = 𝜖𝐸>⃗
𝐷
>⃗ = 𝜇𝐻
𝐵 >⃗ ≈ 𝜇! 𝐻
>⃗

(a) [5] Starting from the differential form of the Maxwell’s equations, prove that the electric field 𝐸>⃗ inside
the insulator satisfies the wave equation.

Hint: A mathematical identity may be useful:

>∇⃗ × ,∇>⃗ × 𝑉
>⃗ . = ∇
>⃗,∇
>⃗ ⋅ 𝑉
>⃗ . − ∇# 𝑉
>⃗
where
# >⃗
𝜕# 𝜕# 𝜕#
∇ 𝑉 = #𝑉+ #𝑉+ #𝑉>⃗ >⃗ >⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Now we want to understand the EM wave propagates in a conductor where the current density in the
conductor is given by the Ohm’s law 𝚥⃗ = 𝜎𝐸>⃗, where 𝜎 is the conductivity of the conductor.

(b) [10] Derive the partial differential equation for the electric field propagates inside the conductor.
(c) [15] Find the electric field of a plane wave propagating along the +𝑥-direction inside the conductor,
i.e. 𝐸>⃗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒[ 𝚥̂𝐸 (𝑥) 𝑒 )*, ], where 𝐸(𝑥 = 0) = 𝐸! . You will see that the EM wave is decay inside the
conductor.
Determine the wavelength 𝜆 and decay length 𝑙 (called the skin depth) of the EM wave inside the
conductor where 𝜎 ≫ 𝜔𝜖.

Solution:

(a)

∂ 𝜕#
>∇⃗ × ,∇
>⃗ × 𝐸>⃗ . = − ,∇ × 𝐵. = −𝜖𝜇! # 𝐸>⃗
>⃗ >⃗
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
According to the given identity,

>∇⃗ × ,∇
>⃗ × 𝐸>⃗. = >∇⃗,∇
>⃗ ⋅ 𝐸>⃗ . − ∇# 𝐸>⃗ = −∇# 𝐸>⃗

since there is no charge inside the insulator.

𝜕#
⇒ ∇# 𝐸>⃗ = 𝜖𝜇! 𝐸>⃗
𝜕𝑡 #

which is the wave equation for the electric field.

(b) Inside the conductor, we have

# >⃗
∂ 𝜕# 𝜕
>⃗ × ,∇
−∇ 𝐸 = ∇ >⃗ × 𝐸>⃗ . = −µ! ,∇ × 𝐻. = −𝜖𝜇! # 𝐸>⃗ − 𝜇! 𝚥⃗
>⃗ >⃗
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕# 𝜕
⇒ ∇# 𝐸>⃗ = 𝜖𝜇! #
𝐸>⃗ + 𝜇! 𝜎 𝐸>⃗
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

(c) Substituting 𝐸>⃗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝚥̂𝐸 (𝑥) 𝑒 )*, into the PDE, we have
𝜎
∇# 𝐸(𝑥) = −(𝜔# 𝜖𝜇! − 𝑖𝜔𝜇! 𝜎)𝐸(𝑥) = −𝜔# 𝜇! N𝜖 + O 𝐸(𝑥)
𝑖𝜔

⇒ 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝐸! 𝑒 $)43

Where
𝜎 𝜎
𝑘 # = 𝜔# 𝜇! N𝜖 + O = 𝜔# 𝜇! 𝜖 N1 + O
𝑖𝜔 𝑖𝜔𝜖
5
𝜎 # 6 )7 𝜎
⇒ 𝑘 = 𝜔q𝜇! 𝜖 c1 + # # d 𝑒 $ # 𝑎𝑛𝑑. tan 𝛼 =
𝜔 𝜖 𝜔𝜖

𝜔𝜇! 𝜎
⇒𝑘≈U (1 − 𝑖)
2

The electric field becomes

*0! 9 𝜔𝜇! 𝜎
$8 3
𝐸>⃗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝚥̂𝐸 (𝑥)𝑒 )*, = 𝚥̂𝐸! 𝑒 # cos c𝜔𝑡 − U 𝑥d
2

And the amplitude reads,

*0! 9
$8 3
u𝐸>⃗ u = 𝐸! 𝑒 #

Hence the wavelength is

2𝜋√2
𝜆=
q𝜔𝜇! 𝜎
 And the decay length,

2 𝜆
𝑙=x =
𝜔𝜇! 𝜎 2𝜋

3. [20 points] The flow of heat through a material can be described via the thermal conductivity 𝜅. If the
two faces of a slab of material with thermal conductivity 𝜅, area 𝐴, and thickness 𝑑 are held at
temperatures differing by Δ𝑇, the thermal power 𝑃 transferred through the slab is

𝜅𝐴Δ𝑇
𝑃=
013 Semifinal Exam Part A 3𝑑

A heat exchanger is a device which transfers heat between a hot fluid and a cold fluid; they are common
Part A in industrial applications such as power plants and heating systems. The heat exchanger shown below
Question A1consists of two rectangular tubes of length 𝑙, width 𝑤, and height ℎ. The tubes are separated by a metal
he flow of heatwall ofa material
through thicknesscan be𝑑 and thermal
described via the thermal conductivity . 𝜅.
conductivity Originally
If the two faces hot fluid flows through the lower tube at a
speed 𝑣 from right to left, and originally cold fluid flows
a slab of material with thermal conductivity , area A, and thickness d are held at temperatures
↵ering by T , the thermal power P transferred through the slab is
through the upper tube in the opposite direction
(left to right) at the same A T
speed. The heat capacity per unit volume of both fluids is 𝑐.
P =
d
The hot fluid enters the heat exchanger at a higher temperature than the cold fluid and the difference
A heat exchanger is a device which transfers heat between a hot fluid and a cold fluid; they are

between the temperatures of the entering fluids is Δ𝑇 . When the fluids exit the heat exchanger the
ommon in industrial applications such as power plants and heating systems. The heat exchanger
hown below consists of two rectangular tubes of length l, width w, and height h. The tubes)are
difference has been reduced to Δ𝑇 . (It is possible for the exiting originally cold fluid to have a higher
parated by a metal wall of thickness d and thermal conductivity . Originally hot fluid flows
:
hrough the lower tube at a speed v from right to left, and originally cold fluid flows through the
temperature than the exiting originally hot fluid, in which case Δ𝑇: < 0.)
pper tube in the opposite direction (left to right) at the same speed. The heat capacity per unit
olume of both fluids is c.
The hot fluid enters the heat exchanger at a higher temperature than the cold fluid; the di↵erence
etween the temperatures of the entering fluids is Ti . When the fluids exit the heat exchanger
"
he di↵erence has been reduced to Tf . (It is possible for the exiting originally cold fluid to have
higher temperature than the exiting originally hot fluid, in which case Tf < 0.)

h
d Δ"! Δ"# Δ""
h

v
#
v
l 0 "
Temperature profile of the hot and cold fluids along the heat exchanger. The
w hot fluid moves from $ = 0 to $ = ' while the cold fluid moves in opposite
direction.
Assume that the temperature in each pipe depends only on the lengthwise position, and consider
ansfer of heat only due to conduction in the metal and due to the bulk movement of fluid. Under
he assumptions in this problem, while the temperature of each fluid varies along the length of the
Assume that the temperature in each tubes depends only on the lengthwise position, and consider transfer
xchanger, the temperature di↵erence across the wall is the same everywhere. You need not prove
his.
of heat only due to conduction in the metal and due to the bulk movement of fluid. Under the assumptions
Find Tf in terms of the other given parameters.
in this problem, while the temperature of each fluid varies along the length of the exchanger, the
temperature difference Δ𝑇 across the metal wall is the same everywhere. You need not prove this.
Solution;

(a) [4] Find the total heat power transferred across the metal wall between two fluids. Express the answer
To see why the temperature di↵erence across the wall is the same everywhere along the wall,
ote that at every point along the wall, the warmer fluid on one side transfers energy to the colder
in terms of Δ𝑇; , 𝜅, 𝑙, 𝑤, 𝑑, 𝑣, ℎ and 𝑐.
(b)Copyright
[10] Determine Δ𝑇Association
c 2013 American
; . Express the answer in terms of Δ𝑇) , 𝜅, 𝑙, 𝑤, 𝑑, 𝑣, ℎ and 𝑐.
of Physics Teachers

(c) [6] Find Δ𝑇: . Express the answer in terms of Δ𝑇) , 𝜅, 𝑙, 𝑤, 𝑑, 𝑣, ℎ and 𝑐.
Solution:

(a) To see why the temperature difference across the wall is the same everywhere along the wall, note that
at every point along the wall, the warmer fluid on one side transfers energy to the colder fluid on the other.
Since the heat capacities are equal, the temperature of the warmer fluid drops at the same rate the
temperature of the colder fluid rises. But since the fluids move at the same speed in opposite directions, this
means the temperature difference is constant.

Suppose this temperature difference is Δ𝑇! . Since the total area of the wall is 𝑙𝑤, the power transferred
across the wall is

𝜅𝑘𝑤
𝑃= Δ𝑇!
𝑑
(b) In a time 𝑑𝑡, the energy transferred is therefore

𝜅𝑘𝑤
𝑑𝐸 = Δ𝑇! 𝑑𝑡
𝑑

Meanwhile, suppose the hot fluid enters at temperature 𝑇" and the cold fluid at temperature 𝑇# . The hot fluid
exits at temperature𝑇# + Δ𝑇! , so the overall temperature change of the red fluid is

Δ𝑇< = 𝑇< − (𝑇& + Δ𝑇; ) = Δ𝑇) − Δ𝑇;

In a time 𝑑𝑡, a volume of hot fluid 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑣𝑤ℎ𝑑𝑡 enters the pipe, and the same volume leaves, with a

temperature Δ𝑇" lower. Then the total energy lost in the hot is

𝑑𝐸 = 𝑐𝑑𝑉Δ𝑇" = 𝑐𝑣𝑤ℎ𝑑𝑡Δ𝑇" = 𝑐𝑣𝑤ℎ(Δ𝑇$ − Δ𝑇! )𝑑𝑡

We would get the same equation if we considered the cold fluid, as expected by energy conservation.
However, this requires 𝑣𝑤ℎ𝑐 to be the same for both fluids. If this were not true, we would instead get a
contradiction, reflecting the fact that ∆𝑇𝑤 could not be constant.

Equating our two expressions for 𝑑𝐸 gives

𝜅𝑙𝑤 Δ𝑇$ 𝜅𝑙
Δ𝑇! = 𝑣𝑤ℎ𝑐(Δ𝑇$ − Δ𝑇! ) ⇒ Δ𝑇! = , 𝛼 =
𝑑 1+𝛼 𝑑𝑣ℎ𝑐

(c) Because the hot fluid exits at 𝑇& + Δ𝑇! and the cold fluid exits at 𝑇ℎ − Δ𝑇! ,

2
Δ𝑇( = (𝑇& + Δ𝑇! ) − (𝑇" − Δ𝑇! ) = 2Δ𝑇! − Δ𝑇$ = ; − 1< Δ𝑇$
1+𝛼

The performance of the heat exchanger is determined by the dimensionless parameter 𝛼.

There are several ways we can check this result. We can check if 𝛼 is correct by dimensional analysis or
common sense; for example, it’s clear that a long pipe improves performance. We also see that in the limit of
poor performance, α → 0, we find no heat exchange at all, Δ𝑇( = Δ𝑇$ . The best possible performance, attained
for α → ∞, is Δ𝑇( = −Δ𝑇$ , a complete reversal of the temperatures of the fluids. This is much better than the
best possible performance if the two fluids moved the same direction, which would be Δ𝑇( = 0. The general
idea here is called countercurrent heat exchange, and it appears in both biology and practical engineering.

4. [20 points] In a simplified model of a relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision, a nucleus of rest mass 𝑚5
and speed 𝛽5 𝑐 collides head-on with a target nucleus of mass 𝑚# at rest. The composite system recoils at
speed 𝛽! 𝑐 and with center of mass energy 𝐸! (i.e. the total energy measured in the center of mass (CM)
reference frame). Assume no new particles are created during the collision.
 !! !"

"!#

"##

(a) [10] Derive relativistically relations for 𝛽! and 𝐸! respectively. Express the answers in terms of
𝑚5 , 𝑚# and 𝛽5 .

(b) [5] Calculate 𝛽! and 𝐸! (in MeV= 10= eV) for a 40Ar nucleus impinging at 𝛽5 = 0.8 on a 238U
nucleus.

(𝑒 = 1.602 × 10$5> C, mass of a proton/neutron ≈ 1.67 × 10$#? 𝑘𝑔, speed of light 𝑐 = 3 × 10@ 𝑚/𝑠)

(c) [5] In fact, a proton is emitted with 𝛽& 𝑐 = 0.2𝑐 at 𝜃& = 60∘ to the forward direction in the CM frame
of the recoiling Ar+U system during the collision. Find the laboratory speed 𝛽B 𝑐 and laboratory direction
𝜃B of the proton numerically. You can assume that 𝐸! and 𝛽! you have found in part (b) do not change in
the presence of emitted proton.

Solution:

(a) We know that the quantity 𝐸 # − 𝑐 # 𝑝# in invariant under the Lorentz transformation. In the Laboratory
reference frame,

𝐸 # − 𝑐 # 𝑝# = (𝛾5 𝑚5 𝑐 # + 𝑚# 𝑐 # )# − (𝑚5 𝛾5 𝛽5 𝑐 # )#

In the center of mass frame (CM), 𝐸 "# − 𝑐 # 𝑝"# = 𝐸!#

⇒ 𝐸!# = (𝛾5 𝑚5 𝑐 # + 𝑚# 𝑐 # )# − (𝑚5 𝛾5 𝛽5 𝑐 # )# = 𝑚5# 𝛾5# 𝑐 6 + 2𝑚5 𝑚# 𝛾5 𝑐 6 + 𝑚## 𝑐 6 − 𝑚5# 𝛾5# 𝛽5# 𝑐 6
= (𝑚5# + 𝑚## )𝑐 6 + 2𝑚5 𝑚# 𝛾5 𝑐 6

2𝑚5 𝑚#
⇒ 𝐸! = 𝑐 # x(𝑚5# + 𝑚## ) +
q1 − 𝛽5#

We apply the conservation of momentum and energy in the lab. frame,

𝛾5 𝑚5 𝛽5 = 𝛾! (𝑚5 + 𝑚# )𝛽!

𝛾5 𝑚5 + 𝑚# = 𝛾! (𝑚5 + 𝑚# )

𝛾5 𝑚5 𝑚5 𝛽5
⇒ 𝛽! = 𝛽5 =
𝛾5 𝑚5 + 𝑚# 𝑚5 + 𝑚# q1 − 𝛽5#
(b) The masses of the atoms are

𝑚5 = 40 × 0.94 = 37.6 𝐺𝑒𝑉

𝑚# = 238 × 0.94 = 223.7 𝐺𝑒𝑉

⇒ 𝐸! = 282 𝐺𝑒𝑉 = 2.82 × 10C MeV

𝛽! = 0.175

(c) The velocity components are transformed according to,

𝛽&3 + 𝛽!
𝛽B3 = = 0.270
1 + 𝛽&3 𝛽!

𝛽&2 q1 − 𝛽!#
𝛽B2 = = 0.168
1 + 𝛽&3 𝛽!

So the laboratory speed and direction of the emitted proton are

# #
𝛽B = U𝛽B3 + 𝛽B2 = 0.318

𝛽B2
𝜃B = arctan c d = 31.9∘
𝛽B3

~ END OF PAPER ~