NSCP DEFINITION OF TERMS

1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
occupancy.
SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected
For the purpose of this code, certain terms, prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
phrases, words, and their derivatives shall which a legal building permit has been
be construed as specified in this chapter issued.
and elsewhere in this code where specific
definitions are provided. Terms, phrases BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other
and words used in the singular include the designated authority charged with the
plural and the plural, the singular. Terms, administration and enforcement of this code,
phrases and words used in the masculine 0r the building official's duly authorized
gender include the feminine and the representative.
feminine, the masculine.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of
The following terms are defined for use in
proportioning structural element using load
this chapter:
and resistance factors such that no
ADDITION is an extension or increase in
applicable limit state is reached when the
floor area or height of a building or structure.
structure is subjected to all appropriate load
combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a
the design of steel and wood structures.
method of proportioning structural elements
such that computed stresses produced in
STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of
the elements by the allowable stress load
proportioning structural elements such that
combinations do not exceed specified
the computed forces produced in the
allowable stress (also called working
elements by the factored load combinations
stress design).
do not exceed the factored element strength.
The term "strength design" is used in the
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change,
design of concrete and masonry structures.
addition or modification in construction or
occupancy.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or
constructed, an edifice or building of any
APPROVED as to materials and types of
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up
construction, refers to approval by the
or composed of parts joined together in
building official as the result of investigation
some definite manner.
and tests conducted by the building official,
or by reason of accepted principles or tests
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered
by recognized authorities, technical or
Civil Engineer with special qualification in
scientific organizations.
the practice of Structural Engineering as
recognized by the Board of Civil
BUILDING is any structure used or intended
Engineering of the Professional Regulation
for supporting or sheltering any use or
Commission.

SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Buildings and other structures shall be occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for
classified, based on the nature of purposes of applying wind and earthquake
provisions in Chapter 2, and other each independent structural system shall be
provisions. Each building or other structure assigned to the highest applicable category
shall be assigned to the highest applicable based on the occupancy or functions
category. dependent on the particular independent
For buildings or other structures having structural system.
multiple independent structural systems,

Table 103-1 – Occupancy Category (See Notes)

OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS
CATEGORY OF STRUCTURES

Occupancies having surgery and emergency

treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency
vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in
emergency preparedness centers,
I. Essential Aviation control towers,
Facilities Structures and equipment in
communication centers and other facilities required for
emergency response,
Standby power-generating equipment for
Category I facilities,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting
water or other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures.

Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic

or explosive chemicals or substances,
II. Hazardous Non building structures housing, supporting or containing
Facilities quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of

1,000 or more,
Educational buildings with a capacity of
300 or more students,
Buildings used for college or adult
III. Special Occupancy education with a capacity of 500 or
Structures more students,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more
incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,

Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings

where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power- generating stations, and
other public utility facilities not included in Category I or
Category II above and required for continued operation.
IV. Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not
Structures listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.

V. Miscellaneous Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and

Structures fences over 1.8 meters high.

Notes:

1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations.

I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None

II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6

III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I

IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F

V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J

SECTION 201 -GENERAL

201.1 SCOPE
2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
This chapter provides minimum design load
requirements for the design of buildings and ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly
other vertical structures. Loads and consisting of panels mounted on pedestals
appropriate load combinations, which have to provide an under-floor space for the
been developed, to be used together for installations of mechanical, electrical,
strength design and allowable stress design communications or similar systems or to
are set forth. serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.

201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure

designed to house farm implements, hay,
The standards listed below are recognized grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural
standards for wind loads. products. The structure shall not be a place
of human habitation or a place of
1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design employment where agricultural products are
Loads for Buildings and Other processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it
Structures be a place used by the public.
2. ANSI EIA/TIA 222-E, Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
and Antenna Supporting Structures is a method of proportioning structural
3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide elements such that computed stresses
Specifications for the Design Loads of produced in the elements by the allowable
Metal Flagpoles stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress.

ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or

portion of a building for the gathering
together of 50 or more persons for such
purposes as deliberation, education,
instruction, worship, entertainment,
amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting
transportation.

AWNING is a shelter supported entirely

from the exterior wall of a building.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor

system projecting from a structure and
supported by that structure, with no
additional independent supports.

DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all

materials and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.

DECK is an exterior floor system supported

SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS on at least two opposing sides by an
adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or
other independent supports.
environmental loading from wind or
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and earthquakes.
other structures that are intended to remain
operational in the event of extreme FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load
specified in Sections 204 through 208 and a
load factor. See Section 203.3 for STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a
combinations of factored loads. method of proportioning structural elements
such that the computed forces produced in
Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all the elements by the factored load
portions thereof shall resist the most critical combinations do not exceed the factored
effects from the following combinations of element strength. The term "strength
factor load. design" is used in the design of concrete
and masonry structures.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in
which motor vehicle containing flammable WALLS:
or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is
stored, repaired or kept. BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either
of the following classifications:
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a
portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.m. 1. Any metal or wood stud wall that
in area, in which only motor vehicles used supports more than 0.5 kN per linear
by the tenants of the building or buildings on meter of superimposed load.
the premises are kept or stored. 2. Any masonry or concrete wall that
supports more than 1.0 kN per linear
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a meter superimposed loads, or any such
structure or component Is judged either to wall supporting its own weight for more
be no longer useful for its Intended function than one story.
(serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state). EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of
a wall, or any member or group of members,
LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by that defines the exterior boundaries or
the use and occupancy of the building or courts of a building and that has a slope of
other structure and do not include dead load, 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal
construction load, or environmental loads plane.
such as wind load, snow load, rain load,
earthquake load or floor load. NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not
a bearing wall.
LOADS are forces or other actions that
result from the weight of all building PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall
materials, occupants and their possessions, entirely above the roof line.
environmental effects, differential
movements, and restrained dimensional
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to
changes. Permanent loads are those loads
resist the lateral displacement of soil or
in which variations over time are rare or
other materials.
small magnitude. All other loads are
variable loads.
3 – FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure
attached to and supported by the building SECTION 301 - GENERAL
and projecting over public property.
301.1 SCOPE
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a
building, or part thereof, is used or intended This chapter sets forth requirements for
to be used. excavations, fills, footings and foundations
for any building or structure.
302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property.
301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN The requirement for protection of adjacent
property and the depth to which protection
The quality and design of materials used is required shall be defined by prevailing law.
structurally in excavations, fills, footings and Where not defined by law, the following
foundations shall conform to the shall apply:
requirements specified in Chapters 4, S, 6
and 7. 1. Any person making or causing an
excavation shall protect the excavation
301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING so that the soil of adjoining property will
PRESSURES not cave in or settle,

Allowable stresses and design formulas 2. Before commencing the excavation, the
provided in this chapter shall be used with person making or causing the
the allowable stress design load excavation to be made shall notify in
combinations specified in Section 203.4. writing the owners of adjoining building
not less than 10 days before such
excavation is to be made and that the
SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION adjoining building should be protected.

302.1 GENERAL FILLS

Excavation or fills for buildings or structures Fills to be used to support the foundation of
shall be constructed or protected that they any building or structure shall be placed in
do not endanger life or property. Reference
accordance in accepted engineering
is made to Section 109 of this code for
requirements governing excavation, grading practice.
and earthwork construction, including fills
and embankments. No fill or other surcharge loads shall be
CUTS placed adjacent to any building or structure
unless such building or structure is capable
302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces of withstanding the additional vertical and
shall be no steeper than is safe for the
horizontal loads caused by filling or
intended use and shall be no steeper than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope), surcharge.
unless a geo-technical engineering or an Fill slopes shall not be constructed on
engineering geology report, or both, stating natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in
that the site has been investigated and
giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper 2 units horizontal (50% slope).
slope will be stable and not create a hazard
to public or private property, is submitted 302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The
and approved.
ground surface shall be prepared to receive
302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations, fill by removing vegetation, non complying
which may be affected by any excavation, fill, top soil and other unsuitable materials,
shall be underpinned adequately or and by scarifying to provide a bond with the
otherwise protected against settlement and
shall be protected against lateral movement. new fill.
Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1
unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20%
slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5
meters, the ground surface shall be
prepared by benching into sound bedrock or
other competent materials as determined by
the geo-technical engineer. The bench
under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper
than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal
(20% slopes) shall be at least 3 meters
wide.

Study sections 302.3.3 –Fill Material

Also the following:

SETBACKS
DRAINAGE AND TERRACING
EROSION CONTROL

4 – CONCRETE

SECTlON 401 - GENERAL

401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum

requirements for the design and
construction of structural concrete elements aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to
of any building or other structure.
concrete before or during its mixing to
modify its properties.
401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all
matters pertaining to the design,
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as
construction, and material properties of
sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-
structural concrete elements wherever this
furnace slag, and when used with a
chapter is in with requirements contained in
cementing medium forms a hydraulic
other standards referenced in this chapter.
cement concrete or mortar.
401.1.3 For special structures, such as
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is
arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos,
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120
blast-resistant structures, and provisions of
kg/m3 or less.
this chapter shall govern where applicable.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a
401.1.4 This chapter does not govern
lightweight concrete specimen cured for
design and installation of portions of
seven days with neither loss nor gain of
concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded
moisture at 15°C to 27’C and dried for 21
in ground except for structures in regions of
days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at
high risk or assigned to high seismic
23°C +,- 1. 1°C.
performance or categories. See Section
421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning
drilled piers and caissons in structures in
is a device used to anchor tendons to
region high seismic risk or assigned to high
concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a
seismic performance or design categories.
device used to anchor tendons during
hardening of concrete.
401.1.5 This chapter does not govern
design and construction of soil-supported
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned
slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from
members is the portion of the member
other portions of the structure to the soil.
through which the concentrated pre-
stressing force is transferred to the concrete
401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck
and distributed more uniformly across the
Design and construction of structural
section. Its extent is equal to the largest
concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, non-
dimension of the cross section. For
composite steel other governed by this
intermediate anchorage devices, the
chapter.
anchorage zone includes the disturbed
regions ahead of and behind the anchorage
401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the
devices.
design of concrete slabs cast on stay-in-
place, composite deck. Concrete used in
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE
the construction of such governed by
DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable.
any single strand or a single 16 mm or
smaller diameter bar that satisfies section
SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS 418.22.1 and the anchorage device
requirements of the Post-Tensioning
The following terms are defined for general Institute's "Specification for Unbonded
use in this chapter. Specialized definitions Single Strand Tendons".
appear in individual sections.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
multiple strands, bars or wires, or single evaluated in accordance with provision of
bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that Section 405, expressed in megapascals
satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing (MPa). Wherever the quantity f’c is under a
stress and minimum plate stiffness radical sign, square root of numerical value
requirements of AASHTO Bridge only is intended, and result has units of
Specifications, Division I, Sections megapascals.
9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4.
CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT,
BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing is to containing lightweight aggregate that
tendon that is bonded to concrete either conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit
directly or through grouting. weight as determined “Test Method for Unit
Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete”
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3.
materials as specified in Section 403 which In this code, a lightweight concrete without
have cementing value when used in natural sand is termed 'all-lightweight-
concrete either by themselves, such as concrete" and lightweight concrete in which
portland cement, blended hydraulic cements all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight
and expansive cement, or such materials in sand “sand-lightweight concrete."
combination with fly ash, raw or other
calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed,
ground granulated blast-furnace slag. or tooled in a concrete structure to create a
weakened plane regulate the location of
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of cracking resulting from the dimensional
height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or change of different parts of the structure.
greater used primarily to support axial
compressive load.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL from bents & curves in the specified
MEMBERS are concrete flexural members prestressing tendon profile.
of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete
elements, or both, constructed in separate DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is
place but so interconnected that all deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats,
elements respond to load as a unit. deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric
and welded deformed wire fabric.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
is a cross section in which the net tensile DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of
strain in the extreme tension at nominal embedded reinforcement required to
strength is less than or equal to the develop the design strength of
compression-controlled strain limit. reinforcement at a critical section. See
Section 409.4.3.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN
LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced
strain conditions. See 410.4.2.
CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is
or any other hydraulic cement, fine the distance measured from extreme
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with compression fiber to centroid of tension
or without admixtures. reinforcement.

CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress

STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the compressive remaining in pre-stressing tendons after all
strength of concrete in design and losses have occurred, excluding effects of
dead load and superimposed load. to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and
temperature.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of
embedded reinforcement provided beyond a PEDESTAL is an upright compression
critical section. member with a ratio of unsupported height
to average least lateral dimension not
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the exceeding of 3.
reinforcement (prestressed or
nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete'
extreme compression fiber. with no reinforcement or with less
reinforcement than the minimum amount
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between specified for reinforced concrete.
adjoining parts of a concrete structure,
usually a vertical plane, at the designed
location such as to interfere least with PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement
performance of the structure, yet such as to that does not conform to definition of
allow relative movement in three directions deformed reinforcement.
and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in
the concrete and through which all or part of POST-TENSIONING is a method of pre-
the bonded reinforcement is interrupted. stressing in which tendons are tensioned
after concrete has hardened.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force
exerted by device that introduces tension PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural
into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete element cast in other than its final
concrete. position in the structure.

LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural

by a member, as defined by Section 204 concrete in which internal stresses have
(without load factors). been introduced to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied
by appropriate load factors, used to PRETENSIONING is a method of pre-
proportion members by the strength design stressing in which tendons are tensioned
method of this chapter. See Sections before concrete is placed.
408.2.1 and 409.3.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural
LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by concrete reinforced with no less than the
Section 205 (without load factors). minimum amounts of prestressing tendons
or nonprestressed reinforcement specified
LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by in this chapter.
Sections 204 to 207 (without load factors).

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of REINFORCEMENT is material that

normal stress to corresponding strain for conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding
tensile or compressive stresses below prestressing tendons unless specifically
proportional limit of material. See Section included.
408.6.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain under a concrete slab or other structural
at nominal strength exclusive of strains due member after the original forms and shores
have been removed from a larger area, thus members.) See also "tie."
requiring the new slab or structural member
to deflect and support its weight and STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal
existing construction loads applied prior to strength multiplied by a strength-reduction
installation of the reshores. factor, ( ). See Section 409.4.

SHEETING is a material encasing a STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a

prestressing tendon prevent bonding the member or cross section calculated in
tendon with the surrounding concrete, to accordance with provisions and
provide corrosion protection, and to contain assumptions of the strength design method
the corrosion inhibiting coating. of this chapter before application of any
strength-reduction factors. See Section
SHORES are vertical or inclined support 409.4.1.
members’ design to carry the weight of the
formwork, concrete and construction loads STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of
above. a member or cross section required to resist
factored loads or related internal moments
SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span and forces in such combinations as are
length of members not built integrally with stipulated in this chapter. See Section
support shall be considered the clear span 409 .2.1.
plus depth of member, but need not exceed
distance between centers of supports. STRESS is the intensity of force per unit
area.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an
anchorage device that satisfies Section STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete
418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance used for structural purposes, including plain
tests of AASHTO "Standard Specifications and reinforced concrete.
for Highway Bridges", Division II, and
Section 10.3.2.3. TENDON is a steel element such as wire,
cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously such elements, used to impart prestress
wound reinforcement in the form of a forces to concrete.
cylindrical helix.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is cross section in which the net tensile strain
the tensile strength of concrete determined in the extreme tension steel at nominal
in accordance with ASTM C 496 as strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
described in "Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire
C 330). See Section 405.2.4. enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A
continuously wound bar or wire in the form
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
shear and torsion stresses in a structural without re-entrant comers is acceptable.
member; typically bars, wires, or welded
wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located
perpendicular to or at an angle to
longitudinal reinforcement. (The term
"stirrups" is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the
term "ties" to those in compression
TRANSFER is the act of transferring
stress in pre-stressing from jacks or
pre-tensioning bed to concrete
member.

UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon

that is permanently prevented from
bonding to the concrete after
stressing.

WALL is a member, usually vertical,

used to enclose or lie spaces.

WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed

concrete, is friction caused by
unintended deviation of prestressing
sheath or from its specified profile.

YIELD STRENGTH is the specified

minimum yield strength or yield point
of reinforcement in megapascals
(MPa). Yield strength or yield point
shall be determined in tension
according to applicable ASTM
standards as modified by Section
403.6 of this code.
 frame instability is primarily provided by a
diagonal, a K-brace or other auxiliary system of
bracing.

BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with

little or no prior ductile deformation.

BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a

perfectly straight member under compression
assumes a deflected position.
BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of
structural metal elements that are welded
5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL bolted or riveted together.

DEFINITION OF TERMS CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing where

a pair of braces located either above or below a
ALLOWABLE STRESSES that beam terminates at a single point within the
stress that are prescribed in Section clear beam span.
501 through 514 of this Chapter.
CLADDING the exterior covering of the
APPLICATION FACTOR A structural components of a building.
multiplier of the value of moment or
deflection in the unbraced length of COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural members
an axially loaded member to reflect formed from without the application of heat.
the secondary values generated by
the eccentricity of the applied axial COLUMN A structural member whose primary
load within the member. function is to loads parallel to its longitudinal
axis.
ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular
configuration, the ratio of lengths of COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the
the sides. relationship between the column strength and
slenderness ratio.
BEAM A structural member whose
primary function is to carry loads COMBINED MECHANISM A mechanism
transverse to its longitudinal axis. determined by plastic analysis procedures
which combines elementary beam, panel and
BEAM-COLUMN A structural joint mechanisms.
member whose primary function is to
carry loads both transverse and COMPACT SECTION Compact sections are
parallel to its longitudinal axis. capable of developing fully plastic stress
distribution and possess rotation capacity of
BENT A plane framework of beam approximately 3 before the onset of local
or truss member, which support buckling.
loads, and the column, which
support these members. COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally
BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous connected to a concrete slab so that the beam
bending of a member about two and slab respond to loads as a unit. See also
perpendicular axes. Concrete-encased beam.

BRACED FRAME A frame in which COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated

the resistance to lateral load or from rolled or build-up steel shapes and
encased in structural concrete or below are maintained in their same position
fabricated from steel pipe or tubing relative to each other.
and filled with structural concrete.
DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending condition in
CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A which end moments on a member causes the
beam totally encased in concrete member to assume an S-shape.
cast integrally with the slab.
DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building.
DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection to
the height of the building.
CONNECTION Combination of joints
used to transmit forces between two DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total
or more members. A group of deformation at maximum load to the elastic-limit
elements that connect the members deformation.
to the joint. Categorized by the type
and amount of force transferred ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A
(moment, shear, end reaction). See diagonal braced frame in which at least one end
also splices. of each bracing member connects to a beam a
short distance from a beam-to-column
CRITICAL LOAD The load at which connection or from another beam-to-brace
bifurcation occurs as determined by connection.
a theoretical stability analysis.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent length
CURVATURE The rotation per unit KL used in compression formulas and
length due to bending. determined by a bifurcation analysis.

DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between the

(force, moment, and stress, as effective length and the unbraced length of the
appropriate) provided by element or member measured between the centers of
connection; the product of the gravity of the bracing members.
nominal strength and the resistance
factor. EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The
moment of inertia of the cross section of a
DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined member that remains elastic when partial
structural members carrying plastification of the cross section takes place,
primarily axial load employed to usually under the combination of residual stress
enable a structural frame to act as a and applied stress. Also, the moment of inertia
truss to resist horizontal loads. A based on effective widths of elements that
form of bracing that diagonally buckle locally. Also, the moment of inertia used
connects joints at different levels. in the design of partially composite members.

DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a

or roof panel possessing a large in- member computed using the effective moment
plane shear stiffness and strength of inertia of its cross section.
adequate to transmit horizontal
forces to resisting systems. EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a
plate or slab which, with an assumed uniform
DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane stress distribution produces the same effect
action of a floor system (also roofs on the behavior of a structural member as the
and walls) such that all columns actual plate width with its non-uniform stress
framing into the floor from above and distribution.
 approximately equal strength in the head and
ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination body.
of load effects (force, stress as
appropriate) on members and based FACTORED LOAD The product of the nominal
on the assumption that material load and a load.
disappears on removal of the force
that produced it. FASTENER Generic term for welds, bolts,
rivets or other device.

ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting

material which has an idealized from a fluctuating stress cycle.
stress strain curve that varies
linearly from the point of and zero- FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based on
strain and stress up to the yield point first-order deformation in which equilibrium
of the material, and then increases conditions are formulated on the undeformed
in strain at the value of the a yield structure.
stress without any further increases
in stress. FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the
longitudinal edges prepared by oxygen cutting
EMBEDMENT A sled component from a large plate.
cast in a concrete structure to
transmit externally applied loads to FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the
the friction or any combination nominal width minus twice outside comer radius.
thereof. The embedment may be In absence of knowledge of the comer radius,
fabricated of structural steel plates, the flat width may be taken total section width
shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, and minus three times the thickness.
concrete reinforcing bars, shear or
any combination thereof. FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection
permitting a portion but not all, of the simple
ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A beam rotation of a member end.
steel-framed structure in which I
individual frame members are FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural
completely encased in-place- components separating the stories of a building.
concrete.
FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress over
EULER FORMULA The a prescribed reaction that develops in a
mathematical relationship member as a result of load (formerly called total
expressing of the Euler load in terms stress or stress). Generic term signifying axial
of the modulus of elasticity moment loads, bending moment, torque and shears.
of inertia of the cross section and
length of column. FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement of
the ability to absorb energy without fracture.
EULER LOAD The critical load of a Generally determined by impact loading of
perfectly straight centrally loaded specimens containing a notch having a
pin-ended column. prescribed geometry.

EYEBAR A particular type of pin- FRAME BUCKLING A condition under which

connected tension member of bifurcation may occur in a frame.
uniform thickness with forged or
flame cut head of greater than the FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under which
body proportioned to provide a frame deforms with increasing lateral
deflection under a system of Categorized by type of fastener or weld used
increasing applied monotonic loads and method of force transfer.
until a maximum value of the load
called the stability limit is reached, K-BRACING system of struts used in a braced
after which the frame will continue to frame in which the pattern of the struts
deflect without further increase in resembles the letter K, either normal or on its
load. side. That form of bracing where a pair of
braces located on one side of a column
FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A terminates at a single point within the clear
composite beam with sufficient column height.
shear connectors to develop the full
flexural strength of the composite LAMELLAR TEARING Separation in highly
section. restrained base metal caused by through-
GIRDER A horizontal member in a thickness strains induced by shrinkage of
seismic frame. The word beam and adjacent weld metal.
girder maybe used interchangeably.
LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member
HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure utilized individually or as a component of a
resulting from more than 20,000 lateral bracing system to prevent buckling of
applications of cycle stress. members or elements and/or to resist lateral
loads.
HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel
beam composed of flanges with a LATERAL (or lateral-torsional) BUCKING
greater yield strength that that of the Buckling of a member involving lateral
web. Whenever the maximum flange deflection and twist.
stress is less than or equal to the
web yield stress the girder is LIMIT STATE A condition in which a structure
considered homogeneous. or component becomes unfit for service and is
judged either to be no longer useful for its
INCLUSION Nonmetallic material intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
entrapped in otherwise sound metal. be unsafe (strength limit state).

INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of LIMIT STATES Limits of structural usefulness,

union by melting of filler and base such as brittle fracture, plastic collapse,
metal over entire prescribed area. excessive deformation, durability, fatigue,
instability and serviceability.
INELASTIC ACTION Material
deformation that does not disappear LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an
on removal of the force that eccentrically braced frame, which is designed to
produced it. yield shear and/or bending so that buckling of
the bracing members, is prevented.
INSTABILITY A condition reached in
the loading of an element or LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for
structure in which continued unavoidable deviations of the actual load from
deformation results in decrease of the nominal value and uncertainties in the
load-resisting capacity. analysis that transform the load into a load
effect.
JOINT Area where two or more ends,
surfaces, or edges are attached. The LOADS Forces or other actions that arise on
entire assemblage at the structural system from the weight of all
intersections of the members. permanent construction, occupants and their
possession, environmental effects, of the loads specified by the applicable code.
differential settlement and restrained
dimensional changes. Permanent NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity of a
loads are those loads in which structure or component to resist the effects of
variations in time are rare or of small loads, as determined by computations using
magnitude. All other loads are specified material strengths and dimensions
variable loads. See Nominal loads. and formulas derived from accepted principle of
structural mechanics, or by field tests or
LFRD (Loads and Resistance laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for
Factor Design) A method of modeling effects and differences between
proportioning structural components laboratory and field conditions.
(a members, connectors, connecting
elements and assemblages) such NONCOMPACT SECTION Non-compact
that no applicable limit state is sections can develop yield stress in
exceeded when the structure is compression elements before local buckling
subjected to all appropriate load occurs, but will not resist inelastic local buckling
combinations. at strain levels required for a fully plastic stress
distribution.
LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of
a compression element may P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of column
precipitate the failure of the whole axial loads and deflection on the moments in
member. members.

LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to-column

resulting from a relatively high range connection that transmits moments by a shear
resulting in a relatively small number panel.
has to failure.
PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a composite
LOWER BOUND LOAD A load beam for which the shear strength of shear
computed on the basis of an connectors governs the flexural strength.
assumed equilibrium moment
diagram in which the moments are PLANE FRAME A structural system assumed
not greater than Mp, that is, less for the purpose of analysis and design to be
than or at best equal to the true two-dimensional.
ultimate load.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load
MECHANISM an articulated system effects (force, moment, and stress, as
able to deform without increase in appropriate) on members and connections
load used in the special sense that based on the assumption of rigid-plastic
the linkage may include real hinges behavior, i.e., that equilibrium is satisfied
or plastic hinges, or both. throughout the structure yield is not exceeding
anywhere. Second order effects may need to
MECHANISM METHOD A method be considered.
of plastic analysis in which
equilibrium between external forces PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross section
and internal plastic is calculated of a member which can maintain a full plastic
on the basis of an assumed moment through large rotations so that a
mechanism. The failure load so mechanism can develop; the section suitable
determined is an upper bound. for plastic design.

NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which forms
in a structural member when the process which results in the successive
plastic moment is attained. The formation of plastic hinges so that less highly
beam is assumed to rotate as if stressed portions of a structure may carry
hinged, except that it is strained by increased moments.
the plastic moment Mp.
REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect (force,
PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The moment, stress, as appropriate) acting on an
maximum load that is attained when element or connection determined by structural
a sufficient number of yield zones analysis from the factored loads (using most
has formed to permit the structure to appropriate critical load combinations).
deform plasticity without further
increase in load. It is the largest load RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that remains in
a structure will support, when perfect an unloaded member after it has been formed
plasticity is assumed and when such into a finished product. (Examples of such
factors as instability, second-order stresses include, but are not limited to, those
effects, strain hardening and fracture induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling, or
are neglected. welding.)

PLASTIC MODULUS, The section RESISTANCE the capacity of a structure or

modulus of resistance, to bending of component to resist the effects of loads. It is
a completely yielded cross-section. It determined by computations using specified
is the combined static moment about material strengths, dimensions and formulas
the neutral axis of the cross- derived from accepted principles of structural
sectional areas above and below mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests
that axis. of scaled models, allowing for modeling effects
and differences between laboratory and field
PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting conditions. Resistance is a generic term that
moment of a fully yielded cross- includes both strength and serviceability limit
section. states.

PLASTIC STRAIN the difference RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that accounts

between total strain and elastic for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength
strain. from the nominal value and the manner and
consequences of failure.
PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region
of a member. RIGID FRAME a structure in which connections
maintain the angular relationship between
PLASTIFICATION the process of beam and column members under load.
successive yielding of fibers in the
cross section of a member as ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the web
bending moment is increased. of the corner radius termination point or the toe
of the flange-to-web weld. Measured as the k-
PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural distance from the far side of the flange.
beam.
ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental
POST BUCKLING STENGTH the angular rotation that a given shape can accept
load that can be carried by an prior to local failure defined as R=(9u/9p)-1.
element, member or frame after Where 9u is the overall rotation attained at the
buckling. factored load state and 9p is the idealized
rotation corresponding to elastic theory applied
REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A to the case of M = Mp.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS loads or unsymmetrical properties of the
based on second-order deformations, structure.
in which equilibrium conditions are
formulated on the deformed SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling mode of a
structure. multistory precipitated by the relative lateral
displacements of joints, leading to failure by
SERVICE LOAD expected to be sideways of the frame.
supported by the structure under
normal usage; often taken as the
nominal load. SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed shape of a
SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE member having one smooth continuous arc, as
Limiting condition affecting the ability opposed to double curvature, which contains a
of a structure to preserve its reversal.
appearance, maintainability,
durability or the comfort of its SLENDER SECTION the cross sections of a
occupants or function of machinery member which will experience local buckling in
under normal usage. the elastic range.

SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of the
plastic moment to the yield moment, effective length of a column to the radius of
or the ratio of the plastic modulus to gyration of the column, both with respect to the
the section modulus for a cross- same axis of bending.
section.
SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints in which
SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between the slip resistance of the connection is required.
the embedment and the concrete
that transmits shear loads. The SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional structural
relative misplacement in the plane of framework (as contrasted to a plane frame).
the shear load is considered to be
resisted by shear-friction anchors SPLICE the connection between two structural
located perpendicular to the plane of elements joined at their ends to form a single,
the shear load. longer element.

SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs, STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum (theoretical)

bolts and other steel shapes that are loads a structure can support when second-
embedded in the concrete and order instability effects are included.
located transverse to the direction of
the shear force and that transmit STEPPED-COLUMN A column with changes
shear loads introduced into the from one cross section to another occurring at
concrete by local bearing at the abrupt points within the length of the column.
shear lug-concrete interface.
STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own plate, attached to a plate or web of a beam or
plane resists shear forces from girder to distribute load, to transfer shear or to
applied wind, earthquake or other prevent buckling of the member to which it is
loads or provides frame stability. attached.
Also called structural wall.
STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation of a
SIDEWAYS The lateral movement member or structure measured by the ratio of
of a structure under the action of the applied force to the corresponding
lateral loads, unsymmetrical vertical displacement.
 interaction or interdependence.
STORY DRIFT the difference in
horizontal deflection at the top and STUB COLUMN short compression-test
bottom of a story. specimen, long enough for use in measuring
the stress-strain relationship for the complete
STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon cr06s-section but short enough to avoid
wherein ductile steel, after buckling as a column in the elastic and
undergoing considerable plastic ranges.
deformation at or just above yield
point, exhibits the capacity to resist SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated portion of a
substantially higher loading than that structural frame.
which caused initial yielding. SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame which
STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for depends upon adjacent braced or unbraced
structural steels that have a flat frames for resistance to lateral load or frame
(plastic) region in the stress-strain instability. (This transfer of load is frequently
relationship, the value of the strain at provided by the floor or roof system through
the onset of strain hardening. diaphragm action or by horizontal cross bracing
in the roof).
STRENGTH DESIGN method of
proportioning structural members TANGENT MODULUS at any given stress level,
using load factors and resistance the slope of the stress-strain curve of a material
factors such that no applicable limit in the inelastic range as determined by the
state is exceeded (also called load compression test of a small specimen under
and resistance factor design). controlled conditions.

STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT TEMPORARY STRUCTURE a general term for

limiting conditions affecting the anything that is built or constructed (usually to
safety of the structure, in which the carry construction loads) that will eventually be
ultimate load-carrying capacity is removed before or after completion of
reached. construction and does not become part of the
permanent structural system.
STRESS Force per unit area.
STRESS CONCENTRATION TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile
Localized stress considerably higher stress that a material is capable of sustaining.
than average (even in uniformly
loaded cross sections of uniform TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a
thickness) due to abrupt changes in plate girder panel under shear force in which
geometry or localized loading. diagonal tensile stresses develop in the web
and compressive forces develop in the
STRONG AXIS The major principal transverse stiffeners in a manner analogous to
axis of a cross-section. a Pratt truss.

STRCTURAL DESIGN DOCS. TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of fillet

Documents prepared by the weld or of rolled section fillet.
designer (plans, design details and TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term
job specifications). applied to the wrench torque required producing
specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM An
assemblage of load-carrying TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure whereby
components which are joined the specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts
together to provide regular is controlled by rotation of the wrench a
predetermined 'amount after the nut can be used in normal environments (not
has been tightened to a snug fit. marine) and outdoor exposures without
protective paint covering. This steel develops
UNBRACED FRAME a frame in tight adherent rust at a decreasing rate with
which the resistance to lateral load is respect to time.
provided by the bending resistance
of frame members and their WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a web plate.
connections.
WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of a web
UNBRACED LENGTH distance plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated
between braced points of a member, load or reaction.
measured between the centers of WORKING LOAD also called service load.
gravity of the bracing members. The actual load assumed to be acting on the
UNDERCUT a notch resulting from structure.
the melting and removal of base
metal at the edge of a weld. X-BRACING that form of bracing where a pair
of diagonal braces cross near mid-length of the
UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in bracing members.
which the longitudinal edges has
been formed by a rolling process YIELD MOMENT in a member subjected to
during manufacture. Often bending, the moment at which an outer fiber
abbreviated as UM plate. first attains the yield stress.

UPPER BOUND LOAD a load YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the stress-
computed on the basis of an strain curve for uniaxial tension or compression
assumed mechanism which will in which the stress remains essentially constant
always be at best equal to or greater during a period of substantially increased strain.
than the true ultimate load.
YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at
V-BRACING that form of chevron which an increase in strain occurs without an
bracing that intersects a beam from increase in stress, the yield point less than the
above and inverted V-bracing is that maximum attainable stress.
form of chevron bracing that
intersects a beam from below. YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation
VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a from the proportionality of stress to strain.
system of shear walls, braced Deviation expressed in terms of strain.
frames or both, extending
throughout one or more floors of a YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength or
building. yield-stress level as defined.

WARPING TORSION that portions YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress

of the total resistance to torsion that during yielding in the plastic range, the stress
is provided by resistance to warping determined in a tension test when the strain
of the cross section. reaches 0.005 mm per mm.

WEAK AXIS the minor principal

axis of a cross-section.

WEATHERING STEEL A type of

high-strength, low-alloy steel which
 lumber, wood structural panels or wood
structural panels in combination with lumber, all
parts bonded together with adhesive.

GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber

in regard to strength and utility in accordance
with the grading rules of an approved lumber
grading agency.

HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic
6 - WOOD fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in
a hot press to a density not less than 497 kg/m3.
SECTION 602 - DEFINITION NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size
designation of width' and depth, in standard
The following terms used in this sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the
chapter shall have the meanings standard net size of dressed lumber. In
indicated in this section: accordance to Philippine National Standards
(PNS).
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a
diaphragm in which all sheathing NORMAL LOADING, a design load that
edges not occurring on framing stressed a member or fastening to the full
members are supported on and allowable stress tabulated in this chapter. This
connected to blocking. loading may be applied for approximately 10
years, either continuously or cumulatively, and
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME 90 percent of this load may be applied for the
CONSTRUCTION is a type of remainder of the life of the member or fastening.
construction whose primary
structural elements are formed by a
system of repetitive wood-framing PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel
members. product lifting of particles of wood or
combinations of wood fibers and wood fibers
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or bonded together with synthetic or other suitable
nearly horizontal system acting to bonding system by as bonding process, in
transmit lateral forces to the vertical accordance with approved nationally
resisting elements. When the term recognized standard.
"diaphragm” is used, it includes
horizontal bracing systems. PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers
conforming to Philippine National standards
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, (PNS) "Construction and Industrial Plywood"
homogeneous panel made from and UBC Standard 23-3, "Performance for
lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood Wood-based Structural-Use Panels".
or crane) having a density of less
than 497 kg/m3 but more than 160 ROTATION is the torsional movement of a
kg/m3. diaphragm about a vertical axis.

SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood

diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the
structural elements, the sections of main diaphragm.
which are composed of built-up
TREATED WOOD is wood treated
with an approved preservative under
treating and quality control
procedures.

WOOD OF NATURAL
RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR
TERMITES is the heartwood of the
species set forth, corner sapwood is
permitted on 5 percent of the pieces
provided 90 percent or more of the
width of each on which it occurs is
heartwood. Recognized species are:

Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong,

Dao, Tangile.
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a

structural panel product composed
primarily of wood and in meeting the
requirements of Philippine National
Standards (PNS).
Wood structural panels include all-
veneer plywood, composite panels
containing a combination of veneer
and wood-base material, and mat-
formed panel such as oriented
stranded board and wafer board.
7-MASONRY NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional
area minus the area-ungrouted cores,
The materials, design, construction and notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net
quality assurance of masonry shall be in area is the actual surface area of cross
accordance with this chapter. section of masonry.

TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent

DESIGN METHODS
area of one material to a second based on
the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first
Masonry shall comply with the provisions of material to the second.
one of the following design methods in this
chapter as well as the requirements of BOND:
Sections 701 through 705.
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between
 Working Stress Design. Masonry masonry units and mortar or grout.
designed by the working stress design
method shall comply with the provisions REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion
of Sections 706 and 707. between steel reinforcement and mortar or
grout.
 Strength Design. Masonry designed by
the strength design method shall comply BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted
with the provisions of Sections 706 and element within masonry in which
708. reinforcement is embedded.
 Empirical Design. Masonry designed CELL is a void space having a gross cross-
by the empirical design method shall sectional area greater than 967 mm2.
comply with the provisions Sections
706.1 and 709. CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of
a grout space of sufficient size and spacing
 Glass Masonry. Glass masonry shall to allow the removal of debris.
comply with the Provisions of Section
710. COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted
space between wythes of masonry.
DEFINITIONS
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical
For the purpose of this chapter, certain structural member in which both the
terms are defined as lows: reinforcement and masonry resist
AREAS: compression.
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical
of masonry, which is in contact with mortar structural member whose horizontal
in plane of the joint. dimension measured at right angles to the
thickness does not exceed three times the
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT thickness.
is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement
multiplied by the cosine of the angle DIMENSIONS:
between the reinforcement and the direction
for which effective area is to be determined. ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured
dimensions of a designated item. The actual
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional dimension shall not vary from the specified
area of a lined section. dimension by more than amount allowed in
the appropriate standard of quality in area measured in the same plane.
Section 702.
SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units whose net cross-sectional area in any plane
are equal to its specified dimensions plus parallel to the surface containing the cores
the thickness of the joint with which the unit or cells at least 75 percent of the gross
is laid. cross-sectional area measured in the same
plane.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the
dimensions specified for the manufacture or PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units
construction of masonry, masonry units, and mortar with or without grout used as a
joints or any other component of a structure. test specimen for determining property
masonry.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout
height within the total grout pour. REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of
masonry construction in which
GROUT POUR is the total height of reinforcement acting in conjunction with
masonry wall to be grouted prior to the masonry is used to resist forces.
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or more grout lifts. SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow
masonry unit as placed in masonry.
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is
that form of grouted masonry construction in WALLS:
which certain designated cells of hollow
units are continuously filled with grout. BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which
two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is structural unit.
that form of grouted masonry construction in
which the space between the wythes is CAVITY WALL is a wall containing
solidly or periodically filled with grout. continuous air space with a minimum width
of 51 mm and a maximum width of 114 mm
JOINTS: between wythes which are tied with metal
ties.
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is
horizontal at the time masonry units is WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener
placed. which connects wythes of masonry to each
other or to other materials.
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a I
vertical transverse plane. WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-
masonry unit as placed in masonry.

MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one
block or concrete block conforming to the masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is
requirements specified in Section 702. not considered a wythe.

HOLLOW-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry

unit whose net cross-sectional areas (solid
area) in any plane parallel to the surface
containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less
than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional