ALITAGTAG COLLEGE, INC.

High School Department Main

Poblacion West, Alitagtag, Batangas 4205

ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

Grade: Grade 11 Semester: First Semester

Specialized Subject Title: Pre – Calculus

MET # 1 Series and Sigma Notation

Lesson #1 Series and Sigma Notation

Prerequisite Content-knowledge:

 Recall concept of a sequence

 Recall the different types of sequence
 Solve problems involving sequence

Prerequisite Skill:

 Plotting of point in Cartesian Coordinate Plane

 Derivation of Formula

Prerequisites Assessment:

Instruction: Determine the next three terms in the following sequence

1. 3, 6, 9 , _, _, _
2. 2, 5, 8, _, _, _
3. 1, 4, 16, _, _, _
4. 5, 10, 15, _, _, _
5. 10, 5, 0, _, _, _

Pre-lesson Remediation Activity:

For Students with Insufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):
o Reading materials or watching videos regarding terms and definitions of essential concepts Video Presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mU76dQpPoFw
For Students with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):
o Ask to give another example of the problem to check the understanding.
o Ask to give another on how they will apply the concept into real-life situation.

Introduction:

This part must articulate the following:

A sequence is a list of numbers or objects in a specific order and may be generated from shapes or patterns. Each number in a sequence is called a term. Each term is
identified by its position in the sequence and is usually denoted as a1, a2, a3, ....

A sequence can be classified as finite or infinite. A finite sequence has a limited number of terms, while an infinite sequence has an unlimited number of terms. There are
four kinds of sequences—arithmetic, geometric, harmonic, and Fibonacci.

Overview of the Lesson

Arithmetic Sequence
An arithmetic sequence (also known as arithmetic progression) is a sequence where each term after the first is obtained by adding a constant d, called the common
difference. To identify the common difference of an arithmetic sequence, subtract any two consecutive terms of the sequence.

Student’s Experiential Learning:

(Note: Use the Flexible Learning Activity Identified for the topic/lesson relative to the General Enabling Teaching Strategy)
This section is intended for the presentation guide of the lesson proper. It must highlight the chunking of the topic into essential concepts through the use of formative questions.

CHUNK 1: STANDARD FORM OF A CIRCLE

Formative Question(s): What is the standard form of a circle?

 o In this lesson, we learned that if a point moves on a plane such that it maintains a fixed distanced r from a fixed point C, then the locus of the point is a circle with center C
and radius r.
o A circle is the locus of a point that moves on a plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed point is always constant. The fixed point is called the center, and the
constant distance is, of course, the radius of the circle.
o To consider its equation, let us look at the figure above. Let C(h,k) be the fixed point, P(x,y) the moving or tracing point, and CP = r the constant distance. Thus, using the
distance formula we get
o Since this equation is satisfied by all points on the circle and by no other points, it is called the equation of a circle with center (h,k) and radius r.

EXAMPLE 1: Find the equation of each of the following circles with the given center C and radius r. (Leave your answer in the standard form.)
a. C(0,0), r = 5
b. C(1,-5), r = 3

CHUNK 2: THE PARABOLA

Formative Question(s): What is a parabola?

o A parabola is the locus of points (x,y) in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point called the focus and a fixed line called the directrix (not on the line). The
midpoint between the focus and the directrix is called the vertex, and the line passing through the focus and the vertex is called the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
o The standard form of the equation of a parabola with vertex at origin (0,0) is as follows.
o x2 = 4py, p 0 Vertical axis of symmetry, directrix: y = -p
o y2 = 4px, p 0 Horizontal axis of symmetry, directrix: x = -p
o Note: the focus lies on the axis p units (directed distance) from the vertex.

Example 1: Find the focus of the parabola whose equation is y = -2x2

Example 2: Write the standard form of the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (2,0).
Example 3: Find the length of the latus rectum of the parabola x2 = 4py

CHUNK 3: THE ELLIPSE

Formative Question(s): What is an ellipse?

o An ellipse is locus of points on a plane such that the sum of the distances from two fixed points is a constant. Each fixed point is called a focus (plural foci) of the ellipse

Example 1: Find the foci, vertices, and the length of the major and minor axes for the following ellipse, and sketch its graph.
o The standard form of the equation of an ellipse with center at the origin and major and minor axes of length 2a and 2b (where 0 < b < a).
o The vertices and foci lie on the major axis, a and c units, respectively, from the center. Moreover, a, b, and c are related by the equation c 2 = a2 – b2

Example 2: Find the standard form of the equation of the ellipse that ha a major axis of length 6 and foci at (-2,0) and (2,0).
Example 3: Sketch the ellipse given by 4x2 + y2 = 36, and identify the vertices.

CHUNK 4: THE HYPERBOLA

Formative Question(s): What is hyperbola?

o A hyperbola is the locus of points (x,y) on a plane for which the absolute value of the difference of the distances from two distinct fixed points, called foci, is constant.
o The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with center (0,0) is
o The vertices are a units from the center, and the foci are c units from the center. Moreover, c2 = a2 + b2.
o Equation of Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
o The hyperbola has two oblique asymptotes: .
o The hyperbola has two oblique asymptotes:

EXAMPLE 1: Find an equation of the hyperbola having one vertex at (0,2) and foci at (0,-3) and (0,3). Graph the equation.

SYNTHESIS:
 Distance on the Number Line
●
The distance, d, between two points in the coordinate plane, (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), can be found using the formula d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2.

The Conic Sections

●
The conic sections are formed from the intersection of the surface of a double right-circular cone and a plane.
●
There are four conic sections—parabola, circle, ellipse, and hyperbola—and three degenerate forms—point, line, and two intersecting lines.
●
The general form of the equation of a conic section is Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0, where A,B,C,D,E, and F are real numbers.
●
We can recognize what type of conic section the equation represents by comparing A and C. (In this chapter, we assume B=0.)
The Geometry of Conic Sections
●
A parabola is a curve such that any point on the curve is equidistant from another point, called the focus, and a line called the directrix.
●
A circle is a set of points that are equidistant from a center point.
●
An ellipse is the set of all points such that the sum of the distances from two fixed points, called foci (the plural of focus), is constant.
●
A hyperbola is the set of all points such that the differences of the distances from the foci are constant.
Graphing Conic Sections
●
To graph a parabola, find the vertex and p. Identify the focus and then count 2p units away from the focus perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Draw a
parabola through the vertex and these two points.
●
To graph a circle, find the center and then count the radius number of units to the right, left, up, and down to get four points on the graph of the circle. Draw a
circle to connect them.
●
To graph an ellipse, we find the center, the vertices, and the co-vertices. The ellipse goes through the vertices and co-vertices.
●
To graph a hyperbola, draw a box using the center, a, and b. Then draw the asymptotes and the vertices. Last, graph the branches of the hyperbola.
Solving Systems of Conic Sections
●
We can solve systems of conic sections by graphing, substitution, and elimination by addition.

RUA of a Student’s Learning:

Take the Challenge!
1. Find k given that the circles x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 4x + k = 0 touch each other externally
2. The cables of a suspension bridge resemble a curve which approximates a parabola. The roadbed passes through the vertex. If the supporting towers are 720 m apart and 60
m high, find:
a. An equation of the parabola
b. The height of the cables at a point 30 m from the vertex.
3. The product of length of perpendicular drawn from the two foci to the tangent at any point on the ellipse 25x2 + 4y2 = 100
4. Two hyperbolas are called conjugate hyperbolas if the transverse axis of one is the conjugate axis of the other.
a. Give an example of the equations of two conjugate hyperbolas.
b. If the equation of a hyperbola is given in standard form, how can you find the equation of the conjugate hyperbola?

Post-lesson Remediation Activity:

Directions: You will each pick a conic section (not everyone can do the same conic section). You need to tell me what conic section you are doing by next class. It is a first come
first serve basis (up to 4 people per conic section). You are to create a visual aid (i.e. poster, mobile, etc...) and a written document including all of the components listed below.
Please be creative and concise.

Prepared by: Checked by:

MR. GIAN CARLO N. ESGUERRA, L.P.T. MISS EVELYN R. MALIGAYA, L.P.T., M.B.A.
STEM Strand Head
MRS. KATHERINE GRACE M. QUIJANO, L.P.T.
Subject Teachers

Noted by:

MRS. LEA MAE ABONG – PANTUA, L.P.T.

Academic Trac Head

Approved by:
ENGR. TEOFILO GERRY B. BANTA, L.P.T., M.A.Ed.
Principal