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1. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the process of burning garbage in specialized incinerators. Some countries commonly use incineration to dispose of municipal trash due to land scarcity. 2. There is growing interest in using MSWI ash to produce cement as an alternative to landfilling ash. Researchers examined MSWI ash samples to see if they could be used in cement manufacturing based on mineral content and chloride and alkali levels. 3. Modeling showed MSWI ash could partially replace traditional cement raw materials if chloride and alkali levels were constrained, with bottom ash allowing higher replacement than fly ash. Estimated compositions of ash-amended clinkers met A

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33 views

Review 1

1. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the process of burning garbage in specialized incinerators. Some countries commonly use incineration to dispose of municipal trash due to land scarcity. 2. There is growing interest in using MSWI ash to produce cement as an alternative to landfilling ash. Researchers examined MSWI ash samples to see if they could be used in cement manufacturing based on mineral content and chloride and alkali levels. 3. Modeling showed MSWI ash could partially replace traditional cement raw materials if chloride and alkali levels were constrained, with bottom ash allowing higher replacement than fly ash. Estimated compositions of ash-amended clinkers met A

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY


The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

INTRODUCTION

Waste is an inescapable byproduct of anthropogenic activities, and improving living


standards have increased the quantity and complexity of waste created, while industry
diversification and the availability of expanded medical facilities have added significant amounts
of industrial and biological waste. Waste disposal operations are overburdened, and suitable
dumping places are in short supply. As a result, managing and safely disposing of the rising
volume of garbage is critical.

Every year, the globe produces 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste, with at least
33% of it not being managed in an ecologically sustainable manner. The average amount of
garbage created per person every day is 0.74 kilos, however the ranges from 0.11 to 4.54
kilograms. Despite having only 16 percent of the world's population, high-income nations
produce around 34% of the world's garbage, or 683 million tonnes that is according to an article
published by The World Bank.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) commonly known as garbage includes items including


product packaging, yard clippings, furniture, clothes, bottles and cans, food, newspapers,
appliances, electronics, and batteries. Residential garbage and waste from commercial and
institutional facilities, such as companies, schools, and hospitals, are sources of MSW. MSW,
according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), does not contain industrialized,
hazardous, or construction and demolition (C&D) waste. MSW must be collected and managed
once it has been created. Recycling, composting, burning with energy recovery, and landfilling
are all common management options. Many wastes that are landfilled reflect a waste of materials
that might have been reused, repurposed, or transformed to energy, hence reducing the usage of
virgin materials (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019).

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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is simply the process of burning rubbish. The
incineration process, also known as thermal treatment in the industry, employs specialized
incinerators that convert waste materials to ash, heat, and flue gas. Without any energy or
material recovery, the ash, heat, and gas can be discharged into the surrounding environment.
This was especially true at older plants in the United States and other parts of the world where
environmental regulations were lax. Because of inadequate combustion process management and
gas cleaning, as well as untreated disposal, these older plants are at danger of creating hazardous
compounds. In contrast, in more sophisticated facilities, the leftovers may be collected and
reused, effectively recycling them. For example, the heat generated by the burning process can
be used to generate power, and solid wastes such as fly ash can be used to make bricks, shingles,
or tiles. In countries where land is scarce, such as Singapore, the Netherlands, and Japan, garbage
incineration is common and even popular. Incineration is also used to dispose of municipal trash
in other European nations such as France, Germany, and Luxembourg (Act Enviro, 2021).

There is growing interest in producing cement from municipal solid waste incinerator ash
as an alternative to landfill disposal. The goal of this review was to examine the data collected
concerning the possible use of MSWI ash generation for cement manufacturing based on
mineralogy and chloride and alkali levels.

Act Enviro. (2021, March 1). Solid Waste Incineration. Retrieved from.
https://www.actenviro.com/solid-waste-incineration/

The World Bank. WHAT A WASTE 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.
Retrieved from.
https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, November). Advancing Sustainable Materials


Management: 2017 Fact Sheet. Retrieved from.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_f
act_sheet_final.pdf

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives


Furthermore, the sulfur trioxide concentration of MSWI ash samples was compared
among the three types of ash, as well as against coal fly ash and coal bottom ash. Sulfate is used
to regulate the hydration and setting rates of cements. MSWI fly ash samples had considerably
more SO3 than MSWI mixed and bottom ash samples. SO3 compositions in fly ash samples
reached 13.34 percent, with combined ash samples exceeding 5 percent. The highest SO 3
concentration detected in bottom ash samples was 3.84 percent. The composition results show
that the fly ash stream contributes a significant amount of the SO 3 concentration, which is an
essential concern for the usage of this stream in cement manufacture. The age of the ash had no
effect on the SO3 level of the MSWI mixed and bottom ash samples. MSWI ash samples
contained significantly more SO3 than coal combustion ashes and conventional raw materials
used in cement manufacture, and while analysis of SO 3 in final cement product is beyond the
scope of our study, caution should be exercised to avoid excess SO 3 content in an MSWI ash-
amended cement product.

In the calculation of cement raw mix, MSWI ash modified clinker was modeled by the
researchers by assuming that MSWI ash was included in a raw mix of limestone, sand, iron
oxide, and coal ash. The chemical compositions of raw materials (apart from MSWI ash) that
was employed to imitate ash-modified clinker was shown in Table 3 in their study.

The ash-amended clinker's possible content was projected to produce the same mineral
phases as Portland cement clinker. This calculation is offered to demonstrate that MSWI ash
adjusted cement mixes may yield an appropriate clinker composition within the given restrictions

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives


for regular Portland cement (using Bogue's formulae and the chemical composition of each
MSWI ash and the traditional raw components). This estimate solely takes into consideration the
mineralogy of the cement and does not take into account any conventional chloride or alkali
restrictions. The results show that limiting the alkali content of the ash-amended clinker reduced
the potential amount of MSWI that could be introduced into the kiln to a range of 3.33 percent –
10.10 percent ash replacement in the mix, averaging 5.4 percent replacement with combined,
3.72 percent replacement with fly, and 7.61 percent replacement with bottom ash.

Moreover, the quantity of MSWI ash used in the mixes ranged from 0.21 percent to 10.1
percent after optimizing the ash-amended raw mixes to fulfill mineral composition, alkali
content, and chloride content requirements, as shown in Table 4 of the study. Then, Figure 1
shows that MSWI fly ash has a mineral composition capable of producing a viable clinker with a
substantial quantity of MSWI ash (average of 67.8 percent replacement), but restrictions on
chlorides and alkalis result in a significant decline in viable replacement percentage (3.72 percent
when constrained by alkalis, 0.33 percent when constrained by chlorides and alkalis). Although
bottom ash that is not constrained by chloride and alkali limits can produce a viable clinker with
a much lower replacement percentage (average of 12.8 percent replacement), the lower
concentrations of chlorides and alkalis in the bottom ash stream mean that the allowable amount
of bottom ash is still greater than that of fly or combined ash when these variables are taken into
account. The allowed replacement of mixed ash (a blend of bottom and fly ash) is, as predicted,
between bottom and fly ash.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives


Further to that, although only the clinker composition was estimated in their study, given
that calcium sulfate is added to the clinker in small percentages, having a small effect on the CaO
and SO3 content of the cement, the estimated clinker compositions for all ash samples were
compared to the ASTM requirements. ASTM C150 specifies the composition specifications for
several kinds of cement. Their findings reveal that the estimated Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO
concentrations of the ash-amended clinkers (limited by mineralogy, chloride content, and alkali
content) were lower than the ASTM maximum standards for the various kinds of cement. While
the projected C3A contents of the ash-amended clinkers were below the limitations for cement
Types III and IIIA, and somewhat over the limits for cement Types II and IIA, this proportion is
predicted to decrease significantly when the clinker is turned into cement. ASTM SO3 limitations
are depending on C3A content, and in this case the restrictions would be for C 3A concentration
more than 8%. The SO3 concentration of the simulated ash-modified clinkers was lower than the
maximum applicable limit for all ASTM C150 cement types. MSWI ash-amended clinkers that
are under normal chloride and alkali limits produce cement that is also within ASTM C150
composition specifications.
Lastly, the researchers also done an economic and material flow analysis. The benefits
realized by MSWI generators by the use of MSWI ash would mean availability of more air space
at their landfills, reduced costs of transportation to the landfill, and reduced operation costs to
manage the ash in a landfill. According to the findings of their investigation, MSWI ash
integration into cement manufacturing offers enough potential value to be a feasible enterprise
for ash generators and cement producers to investigate further.

The SO3 concentration of the simulated ash-modified clinkers was lower than the
maximum applicable limit for all ASTM C150 cement types. MSWI ash-amended clinkers that
are under normal chloride and alkali limits produce cement that is also within ASTM C150
composition specifications. Everything considered, MSWI ash integration into cement
manufacturing offers enough potential value to be a feasible enterprise for ash generators and
cement producers to are recommended to investigate further.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

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