CE0061

Professional Course 4 – (Specialized 2) StE Track:

Prestressed Concrete Design
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams using Combined
Load Approach
 Module 2
OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Understand the basic assumptions in performing analysis of
Prestressed concrete beams using combined load approach.

− Analyze Prestressed concrete beams subjected to different leading

and tendon profiles.
- Solve the extreme fiber stresses of Prestressed concrete beams using
combined load approach.
ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS USING COMBINED
LOAD APPROACH

Introduction to the
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams
using Combined Load Approach
Basic Assumptions
✓Concrete is a homogenous elastic material

✓Within the range of working stress, both concrete and steel behave elastically, not
withstanding the small amount of creep which occurs in both the materials under
sustained loading

✓A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending, which
implies a linear strain distribution across the depth of the member
Analysis of Prestress
The following notations and sign conventions are used for the analysis of prestress:

P = prestressing force (positive when producing direct

compression)
e = eccentricity of prestressing force
M = Pe ; moment
A = cross – sectional area of the concrete member
I = second moment of area of section about its centroid
Zt and Zb = section modulus of the top and bottom fibers
Analysis of Prestress
The following notations and sign conventions are used for the analysis of prestress:

ft and fb = prestress in concrete developed at the top and

bottom fibers (positive when compressive and negative when
tensile in nature)
yt and yb = distance of the top and bottom fibers from the
centroid of the section
r = radius of gyration
Concentric Tendon
Consider a concrete beam with a concentric tendon shown in the figure below.

𝑃
Uniform prestress in concrete = which is compressive across the depth of
,
𝐴
the beam. Generally, the applied loads and the dead load of the beam induce tensile
stress towards the bottom and are counterbalanced more effectively by eccentric
tendons.
Eccentric Tendon
The figure below shows a concrete beam subjected to an eccentric prestressing force
of magnitude P located at an eccentricity e. The stresses developed at the top and bottom
fibers of the beam are obtained by the relations:

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡 = − +
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑏 = − −
𝐴 𝐼
Eccentric Tendon
Resultant Stress at a Section

The concrete beam, supports uniformly distributed live and dead

loads of intensity “q” and “g”. The beam is prestressed by a straight
tendon carrying a prestressing force “P” at an eccentricity “e”. The
resultant stresses in concrete at any section are obtained by
superposing the effect of prestress and the flexural stresses developed
due to the loads. If Mq and Mg are the live load and dead load
moments at the central span section.
Resultant Stress at a Section
Resultant Stress at a Section
The resultant stresses at the top and bottom fibers of concrete at any given section
are obtained as:

𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑞
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − + − −
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑞
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − − + +
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
Derivation of the Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Sections
INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

Sample Problems to
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams
using Combined Load Approach
Practice Problem #1
A 500mm by 760mm concrete beam of 7.5m simple span is
loaded with a uniform load of 4470 kg/m including its own weight.
The center of gravity of the prestressing tendon is located 220mm
above the bottom of the beam and produces an effective prestress of
164,000 kg.
a. Calculate the stress due to DL and LL.
b. Compute the final top fiber stress in the concrete at the midspan
section.
c. Compute the final bottom fiber stress in the concrete at the
midspan section
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: Compute for the Section Properties:
A. Area
A = 500 ( 760 )
A = 380x10 3 mm2
B. Centroid
Ytop = Ybot = 380mm
C. Moment of Inertia
500 ( 760 )
3

I NA = I NA = 18,290.667x106 mm 4
12
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: Convert WDL+LL in kN/m:
kg æ 9.81 ö kN
w = 4470 x ç ÷ = 43.851
m è 1000 ø m

A. Stresses due to DL+LL

Solve the Mmax:
wL2
M max =
8
43.851( 7.5 )
2

M max = = 308.327kN.m
8
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL+LL
Solving for the top fiber stress:
Mc
ft DL+LL =-
I
308.327 (10 6 ) ( 380 )
ft DL+LL = -
18,290.667x10 6

ft DL+LL =-6.405 MPa

Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL+LL
Solving for the bottom fiber stress:
Mc
fbDL+LL =+
I
fbDL+LL =+
( )
308.327 10 6 ( 380 )
18,290.667 x10 6

fbDL+LL = +6.405MPa
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: B. Stresses due to PS
Given:
Pe = 164,000kg » 1608.84kN
e = 380 - 220 = 160mm
Solving for the Moment due to Prestressing
M = P ( e)
æ 160 ö
M PS = 1608.84 ç
è 1000 ÷ø
M PS = 254.414kN.m
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Always Negative!!!!
Given: B. Stresses due to PS
Moment due to PS
Solving for the top fiber stress:
P Mc
ftPS = - +
A I
1608.84x10 3 254.414x10 6 ( 380 )
ftPS = - 3
+
380x10 18,290.667x10 6

ftPS = +1.052MPa
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: B. Stresses due to PS
Solving for the bottom fiber stress:
P Mc
fbPS =- -
A I
1608.84x10 254.414x10 ( 380 )
3 6
fbPS =- 3
- 6
380x10 18,290.667x10
fbPS = -9.519MPa
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: C. Solve for the Final Stresses
Final Top Fiber Stress:
ftop = ft DL+LL + ftPS
ftop = -6.405 +1.052 = -5.353MPa
Final Bottom Fiber Stress:
fbot = fbDL+LL + fbPS
fbot = +6.405 - 9.519 = -3.114MPa
Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given:
Final Stress Diagram:
Practice Problem #2
A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30cm deep and 20cm
wide is prestressed by means of 15 wires of 5mm diameter located
6.5cm from the bottom of the beam and 3 wires of diameter of 5mm,
2.5cm from the top. Assuming the effective prestress in the steel as 840
N/sq.mm, calculate the stresses at the extreme fibers of the mid-span
section when the beam is supporting its own weight over a span of 6m. If
a uniformly distributed live load of 6 kN/m is imposed, evaluate the
maximum working stress in concrete. The density of concrete is 24
kN/cu.m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: Compute for the Section Properties:
A. Area
A = ( 200 ) ( 300 )
A = 60x10 mm 3 2

B. Centroid
d
ytop = ybot = = 150mm
2
kN C. Moment of Inertia
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m 200 ( 300 )
3

L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m I NA = I NA = 450x10 mm
6 4
12
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL
Solve for the self – weight of the beam:

WDL = g conc ( Area )

2
kN æ 1m ö
WDL
m
(
= 24 3 60x10 mm x ç
3 2
) ÷
è 1000mm ø
kN
kN WDL = 1.44
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 m
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL
Solve for the M due to DL (At Midspan):
wL
2
M midspan = M max = M DL =
8
1.44 ( 6 )
2

M DL =
8

kN
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 M DL = 6.48kN - m
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL
Solve for the top fiber stress due to DL:
6.48x10 6 (150 )
ftDL =-
450x10 6
ftDL = -2.16MPa

Solve for the bottom fiber stress due to DL:

6.48x10 6 (150 )
kN fbDL =+
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 450x10 6
m
fbDL = +2.16MPa
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: B. Stresses due to LL
Solve for the M due to LL (At Midspan):
wLL L2
M midspan = M max = M LL =
8
6 ( 6)
2

M LL =
8
kN M LL = 27kN - m
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: B. Stresses due to LL
Solve for the top fiber stress due to LL:
27x10 6 (150 )
ft = -
LL
450x10 6
ftLL = -9MPa
Solve for the bottom fiber stress due to LL:
27x10 6 (150 )
kN ft LL =+
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 450x10 6
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m ftLL = +9MPa
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: C. Stresses due to PS
✓ For stress due to PS, we need to solve for the
centroid of the layers of tendons in the beam so
that we can compute for the eccentricity “e” that
is utilized to calculate the stresses.
Applying the Varignon’s Theorem:

Use the 15-5mm diameter layer as the

reference point:
kN æ p 2ö æ p 2ö
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 AT = ç 15x x5 ÷ + ç 3x x5 ÷
m è 4 ø è 4 ø
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m AT = 353.429mm 2
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: C. Stresses due to PS
Solve for the location of the centroid of the
tendon layers in the beam:
æ p 2 ö æ p 2 ö
353.429 = ç 15x x5 x0÷ + ç 3x x5 x210÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø

“e” e = 150 - ( 65 + 35 )
e = 50mm
kN Solve for the moment due to PS:
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3 æ 50 ö
m M PS = P ( e) M PS = 296.88 ç
L = 6m 840 ( 353.429 ) è 1000 ÷ø
P = s e ( APS ) = M PS = 14.844kN.m
1000
P = 296.88kN
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: C. Stresses due to PS
Solving for the top fiber stress:
P Mc
ftPS = - +
A I
296.88x10 14.844x10 (150 )
3 6
ftPS = - 3
+
60x10 450x10 6

kN ftPS = 0
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: C. Stresses due to PS
Solving for the bottom fiber stress:
P Mc
fbPS =- -
A I
296.88x10 14.844x10 (150 )
3 6
fbPS =- 3
- 6
60x10 450x10

kN fbPS = -9.896MPa
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: D. Final Stresses
Solving for the final top and bottom fiber
stress:
ftop = ft DL + ftLL + ftPS
ftop = -2.16 - 9.00 + 0 = -11.16MPa
fbot = fbDL + fbLL + fbPS
kN
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m fbot = +2.16 + 9.00 - 9.896 = +1.264MPa
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: D. Final Stresses
Final Stress Diagram:

kN
s e = 840MPa g conc = 24 3
m
L = 6m WLL = 6 kN m
 Subtopic 2:
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete
Beams using Combined Load
Approach Considering Losses
Practice Problem #3
An unsymmetrical I-section beam is used to support an imposed load of
2kN/m over a span of 8m. The sectional details are top flange, 300mm wide
and 60mm thick; bottom flange, 100mm wide and 60mm thick; thickness of
the web = 80mm; overall depth of the beam = 400mm. At the center of the
span, the initial prestressing force is 125 kN is located at 50mm from the soffit
of the beam. Use 24 kN/cu.m as unit weight of concrete. Prestress Loss=20%.
Estimate the stresses at the center of span section of the beam for the following
load conditions:
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load A. Section Properties
Solve for the Area:
A1 = (300)(60) = 18,000 mm2
A2 = (80)(280) = 22,400 mm2
A3 = (100)(60) = 6,000 mm2
AT = A1 + A2+ A3 = 46,400 mm2
Solve for the Centroid of the Section:
*Note: Set the bottom fiber as the reference
point.
46,400(yb) = 18,000(370)+22,400(200)+6,000(30)
yb = 243.966mm
yt = 400 - 243.966 = 156.034 mm
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load A. Section Properties
Solve for the eccentricity:
e = 243.966 – 50 = 193.966mm
Solve for the Moment of Inertia (w/r to the N.A.)
300 ( 60 )
3

= + 18000 (156.034 - 30 )
2
I NA
12
80 ( 280 )
3

+ 22400 ( 200 - 156.034 )

2
        +
12
100 ( 60 )
3

+ 6000 ( 243.966 - 30 )
2
        +
12

I NA = 757.457x106 mm 4
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load B. Stress due to DL
Solve for the WDL:
æ 46400 ö kN
WDL = 24 ç 2 ÷
= 1.114
è 1000 ø m
Solve for the MDL:
1.114 ( 8 )
2

M DL = M midspan = M max = = 8.912kN - m

8
Solve for the top fiber stress:

ft DL = -
Mc
=-
( 8.912x10 6 ) (156.034 )
I 757.457x10 6
ftDL = -1.836MPa
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load B. Stress due to DL
Solve for the bottom fiber stress:

fbDL = +
Mc
=+
(
8.912x10 6
)
( 243.966 )
I 757.457x10 6
fbDL = +2.870MPa
C. Stress due to LL
Solve for the MLL:
2 ( 8)
2

M LL = M max = M midspan =
8
M LL = M max = M midspan = 16kN - m
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load C. Stress due to LL
Solve for the top fiber stress:

ft LL = -
Mc
=-
( )
16x10 6 (156.034 )
I 757.457x10 6
ftLL = -3.296MPa

Solve for the bottom fiber stress:

fbLL =+
Mc
=+
( )
16x10 6 ( 243.966 )
I 757.457x10 6
fbLL = +5.153MPa
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load D. Stress due to PS
Solve for the MPS:
Given: Pe = 125(0.8) = 100 kN
æ 193.966 ö
M PS = P ( e) = 100 ç
è 1000 ÷ø
M PS = 19.397kN - m
Solve for the top fiber stress:
P Mc
ftPS = - +
A I
100x10 3 19.397x10 6 (156.034 )
ftPS = - +
46, 400 757.457x10 6
ftPS = +1.841MPa
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load D. Stress due to PS
Solve for the bottom fiber stress:
P Mc
fb = - -
PS
A I
100x10 3 19.397x10 6 ( 243.966 )
fbPS =- -
46, 400 757.457x10 6
fbPS = -8.403MPa

E. Resultant Stresses (DL+LL+PS)

Solve for the resultant top fiber stress:
ft = ft DL + ft LL + ftPS
ft = -1.836 - 3.296 +1.841 = -3.291MPa
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live load E. Resultant Stresses (DL+LL+PS)
Solve for the resultant bottom fiber stress:
fb = fbDL + fbLL + fbPS
fb = +2.870 + 5.153- 8.403 = -0.38MPa

F. Final Stress Diagrams

Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
The section of a double – tee joist is shown in the figure. The joist is simply
supported on a span of 8m and is pretensioned with one tendon in each stem with an initial
force of 750 kN each. The loss of prestress at service load is 18%. Service dead (including
beam weight) and live loads are 2.50 kPa and 6 kPa, respectively.
Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
a. What is the initial stress at the A. Initial Stress at the Bottom Fiber
bottom fibers of the DT at midspan P Mc
due to the prestressing force alone? fbPS =- -
A I
2 ( 750x10 3 ) 2 ( 750x10 3 ) ( 298 - 75 ) ( 298 )
fbPS = - -
210,000 1,860x10 6

fbPS = -60.735MPa
Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
b. What is the resultant stress at the B. Resultant Stress at the Bottom Fiber
bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due Solve for the Moment due to Service DL and
to the service loads and prestressing LL:
force? kN
w = ( 2.50 + 6 ) ( 2.40 ) = 20.4
m
wL 20.4 ( 8 )
2 2

M= = = 163.2kN - m
8 8
Solve for the Resultant Stress:
fb = fbDL+LL + fbPS
æ 163.2x10 6 ( 298 ) ö é 2 ( 0.82x750x10 ) 2 ( 0.82x750x10 ) ( 298 - 75 ) ( 298 ) ù
3 3

fb = ç + ÷ + ê- - ú
è 1860x10 6
ø êë 210,000 1860x10 6 úû

fb = -23.655MPa
 ASK ANY QUESTION
RELATED TO OUR TOPIC
FOR TODAY.
Do the Exercises about
the Analysis of
Prestressed Concrete
Beams using Combined
Load Approach
Reference:
Raju, N. K. (2006). Prestressed concrete. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Esplana, D.F. (2014). Civil Engineering Review Manual. Esplana Publishing.

E n g r . K e v in L a w r e n c e M . D e J e s u s , M S C E
A s s t. P r o f es s o r 1
D e p a r tme nt o f C i vil E n g i ne er ing