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GENERAL EDUCATION

ART APPRECIATION

Etymology and Definition of Art

 Art is derived from a Latin term “ars”, which means skill, talent or ability.
 Art is the expression of the creative skill and imagination.
 Art is at the center of the seven fields because this provides enhancement of the individual human
potential. 

Functions of Art

 Art as Personal - An artist may create a piece out of a need for self-expression or gratification. They
might also or instead want to communicate a thought or point to the viewer. 
 Art as Social – Art has a social function when it addresses aspects of (collective) life as opposed to
one person's point of view or experience. Viewers can often relate in some way to social art and are
sometimes even influenced by it.
 Art as Physical – Works of art that are created to perform some service have physical functions. If you
see a Fijian war club, you may assume that, however wonderful the craftsmanship may be, it was
created to perform the physical function of smashing skulls.

Three Philosophical Themes in Art

1. Integrity – refers to faithfulness to one’s principles

2. Proportion/Consonance – implies balance or consistency of the elements
3. Radiance/Clarity – has something to do with the impact or meaning upon the observer.

Classifications of Art

1. Verbal – literature and oratory

2. Non-verbal - architecture, fashion, design, weaving, ceramics, and photography.
3. Mixed – theater and drama, opera, cinema, and performing arts.

Applied Art – The term “applied art” refers to the application (and resulting product) of artistic design to
utilitarian objects in everyday use.

Fine Art- Works of fine art have no function other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation to the
viewer.

Three Parts of a Work of Art

1. Subject – It refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork. The subject in art is basically
the essence of the piece. When you are confronted with an art piece, the image that you can easily
identify is the subject of an art.

Two types of subjects of art

 Representational Art - are those that appear to be very much like how people see them in the reality. 
 Non -Representational Art - refers to compositions which do not rely on representation or mimesis to
any extent. This also indicates a departure from reality in the depiction of imagery in art. 

2. Form – the overall organization of the artwork. It is an outcome of the artists’ effort to use elements
of art and arrange them according to aesthetic principles.
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3. Content – emotional and intellectual lesson of the artwork. These are statements,
moods, or interpretations developed by an artist through the artwork.

Elements of Art

1. Line - is an identifiable path created by a point moving in space. It is one-dimensional and can vary in
width, direction, and length.

Types of Line

a. Vertical Lines – Their movement direction is upward or downward.

b. Horizontal Lines – The movement direction is from left to right or vice versa.
c. Diagonal Lines – These are slanted lines creating an impression of rising or falling.
d. Zigzag Lines – These are connected combinations of diagonal lines creating angular perspectives
of lines.
e. Curved Lines – These are lines that appear linear; hence, directions are not clearly established.

Expressions of Lines

a. Contour Lines – these are application o lines to create edges or ridges of an object.
b. Gesture drawing – expressive movements intended to capture motion, activity, and the feeling
found in it.
c. Calligraphy drawing – it means beautiful handwriting.

2. Shape – Shape and form define objects in space. Shape have two dimensions, height and width are
usually defined by lines.

a. Geometric shapes – they are accurately measured shapes, hence, mathematical bases.
b. Free-form shapes – they are irregular in structure and can be characterized by some combinations
of curves and angles.

3. Form – define objects in space. Form exist in three dimensions with height, width, and depth. Applies
to the overall design of a work. It describes the structure or shape of an object.

a. Regular forms – those whose parts are related to one another in a consistent, orderly manner.
b. Irregular forms – those whose parts are dissimilar and unrelated to each other.

4. Space – refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can also refer to artist’s use of the area
within the picture.

a. Positive space – refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork.

b. Negative space – background or the area that surrounds the subject of the artwork.
c. Two-dimensional space – length and width.
d. Three-dimensional space – length, width, depth.

Expressive Qualities of Shape, Form, and Space

 Free-form shapes – express presence of life and fluidity, calmness and comfort or even pleasantness.
 Angular shapes – project the sharp and jagged realities of the world.
 Geometric shapes – suggest aspects of mechanical perfection and project a certain sense of order
and logic.

5. Texture – surface quality of an object that we sense through touch hard, soft, rough, smooth, hairy,
leathery, sharp, etc.
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a. Rough and Smooth textures – a crooked and uneven shadow may provide a rougher
texture than formally shaded ones.
b. Matter and Shiny textures – a matte surface reflect soft and dull light while the shiny surface tends
to reflect light and project some spark of glow.

6. Value – sometimes called, chiaroscuro, refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.

 Tints are values above the normal and shades are below the normal. Pink or red is a tint and
maroon is a shade of red.

7. Color – property of light. When the light goes out color goes with it. Organized on a color wheel with 3
primary colors, 3 secondary colors, and 6 intermediate colors.
 Warm Colors
 Red
 Yellow
 Orange
 Cool Colors
 Blue
 Green
 Violet

Dimensions of Color
a. Hue – name of a color.
b. Intensity – brightness or darkness of a color. Two colors may be blue but one is more intense than the
other.
c. Value
 Primary Colors – red, blue, yellow
 Secondary Colors- made by mixing two primary colors
 Intermediate Colors – mixing primary and secondary color.

Colored lights
Primary Colors Secondary Colors
Blue Red + Green = Yellow
Red Red + Blue = Magenta
Green Blue + Green = Cyan
Colored Pigments
Primary Hues Secondary Hues
Cyan Cyan + Magenta = Blue/Violet
Magenta Yellow + Cyan = Green
Yellow Yellow + Magenta = Red/Orange

Color Meanings

a. Green – fertility, growth, hope, and freshness.

b. Red – passion, energy, sacrifice.
c. Yellow – cheerfulness and happiness.
d. Blue – peace and quietness
e. Violet – luxury and mystery
f. Black – death, despair, and formality
g. White – purity and simplicity

Color Schemes

1. Monochromatic Colors – This is a technique where only one color is used. Even the hue, tints and shade
are consistent all throughout. 
2. Analogous Colors – The hues are usually those that are side by side in the color wheel and operate in a
common hue. 
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3. Complementary Colors – These are used when the theme of art is intended to create strong
expression of contrast. 
4. Color Triads – Art must be focused on three general colors spaced on equal intervals on the color wheel. 
5. Split Complements – Used when you combine a hue with each side of its exact complement
6. Warm and Cool Colors – The warm colors are red, orange and yellow while the cool colors are blue, green
and violet.

Principles of Design

1. Harmony – produces an impression of unity through the selection and arrangement of consistent
objects or ideas.
2. Rhythm – indicates movement, created by careful placement of repeated elements in a work of art to
cause aa visual tempo or a beat.
3. Balance – way of combining elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of art.
 Formal – both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same position.
 Informal – composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the elements of the art.
 Radial – elements are equally spaced around a central point.
4. Emphasis – tends to carry the eyes from the center of interest or dominant part of any composition to
the less important or subordinate parts.
5. Proportion – refers to the relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each other.
6. Variety – concerned with diversity or contrast. Variety is achieved by using different shapes, sizes,
and/or colors in a work of art.
7. Unity – art is supposed to be created and perceived as the sum of its parts. Elements and some
principles of art will cease to become if they do not unite with the rest of the whole piece.

HISTORY OF ART

Famous Renaissance Artists

 Donatello (1386-1466) – was a Renaissance artist born in Florence, Italy. He was famous for his
artwork in bas relief, a type of shadow relief structure.
 Works: St. Mark, Equistrian Monument of Gattamelata, The Feast of Herod, David, Jusith and
Holofernes
 Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) – Bottecelli was an Italian painter of the early renaissance. He hailed
from Florence, Italy.
 Works: Fortitude, The Work of Venus, Temptation of Christ, St. Augustine, Adoration of the
Magi
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) – Da Vinci was someone who was skilled and knowledgeable in many
subjects including science, mathematics, music, and most importantly, art. He was the epitome of a
Renaissance man if there never was one.
 Works: The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, Baptism of Christ, Annunciation.
 Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) – also know as Michelangelo, he was an Italian Renaissance
artist. He is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, alongside
with Leonardo da Vinci.
 Works: Sistine Chapel ceiling, Creation of Adam, The Last Judgment, David, Pieta
 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) – better known just Raphael, an Italian architect and painter of the High
Renaissance. He was best known for the perfection and grace of his artwork. Raphael was considered
as a master, among Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
 Works: School of Athens, The Transfiguration, Madonna and Child, Resurrection of Christ, The
Sistine Madonna.

Naturalism - Naturalism refers to the depiction of realistic object in a natural setting.

Romanticism (1800) - was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in Europe. Partly a
reaction to the industrial revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms.
Impressionism (1820) - It was the product of art critics and members of high society scrutinizing many new
artists about what they can paint. Characterization of styles include small, visible brush strokes that offer the
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bare impression of form, unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural
light.

Realism (1850) - Realism in the virtual arts and literature is the general attempt to depict subject as they are
considered to exist in third person objective reality without establishment or interpretation.
Symbolism (1860) - was a late nineteenth century art movement of French Russian and Belgian origin in
poetry and other arts.
Art Nouveau (1890) - most popular in Europe but its influence is global. Considered now as an important
transition between historicism of neoclassicism and modernisms.
Expressionism - was inspired most heavily by the symbolist currents in late nineteenth century art.
Cubism (1907) - Is a form of art made up of geometrical shapes, interlocking planes, and then collages.
Dadaism (1916) - is a form of art that took place during the first world war when artist from New York, Zurich
and Munich questioned the meaning of art by using crude or simple objects as fine art.
Surrealism (early 1920’s) - Is a form of art when artists create dream-like paintings, especially nightmares,
and are filled with mysterious objects that have been oddly changed in a way you couldn’t see in reality.
Pop Art (1950) - Is a form of art based on modern popular culture and the mass media.
Street Art – evolving from early forms of Graffiti. Street art is a thought-provoking art movement that emerged
in the 1960s and peaked with the spray-painted New York subway train murals of the 1980s.

WORK OF ART: SUBJECT, FORM, AND CONTENT

Subject

Sources and Kinds of Subjects

1. Nature
2. People and World Events
3. Myths and Legends
4. Spiritual and Religious Beliefs
5. Ideas Commissioned by Employers

Form/Composition

1. Two-dimensional Art
 It has mathematical dimensions of width and height
 They can be decorative spaces or plastic faces
 They are only bound to work within the frame

Two-dimensional
A. Drawings – process of moving an instrument over a smooth surface to leave a mark. Line is the most
important element.
B. Paintings – process where the artist applies colors to surfaces using paint brush, painting knives or rollers.
Artists prefer using oil-based paints since it’s easier to blend.

2. Three-dimensional Art
- Distinguishing factor is its actual and real depth
- Depth allows it to be viewed across different angles
- Sometimes called plastic arts not plastic spaces

A. Sculpture – most of the media used are clay, glass, plastics, wood, stone, or metals.
B. Assembling – constructing a sculpture using different materials
C. Modeling – gradually ads more of the material to build the form
D. Carving – sculpture removed, cuts, chips, and drills parts of the solid mass to create the form
E. Casting – soft pliable materials are made into shapes
F. Crafts – made with functions like vase and baskets
G. Architecture – planning and creating infrastructures
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Technological Media

- includes artworks designed and produced by means of new media technologies, comprising virtual art,
computer graphics, computer animation, digital art, etc.

A. Photography – Technique of capturing optical images on light-sensitive camera. The first camera ever
recorded in history was called the daguerreotype in 19th century.
B. Films and Videos - Films are a series of negatives that intend to show motions of pictures. Recent gadgets
can now also perform the functions to produce films and videos.
C. Computer Arts – Computers now also have a plethora of software applications to create art such as
Adobe, Photoshop, Affinity Designer, Clip Studio, Paint Pro, Art Weaver, Art Rage, and etc.

Content
- Emotional and intellectual messages.
- These are statements, moods, or interpretations developed by an artist through the artwork.

A credit line is what you include alongside your art whenever and wherever it is shown. A credit line is
consists of the following:

1. Name of the Artist

2. Title of the work
3. Year/s the work was made
4. Medium
5. Size Dimensions
6. Location

Steps of Art Criticism

Step 1. Description
 – You need to make a list of questions to describe the elements of artwork. Usually, things you can find in
credit line. 
These following questions may help you:
What do you see in the artwork?
What are these images?
When was the work created?
Where was the work created?
For whom is this work made? A specific person or group of persons/audience?

Step 2. Analysis 
 – You may need to observe and identify the different applications of principles of design. Understanding why
these principles were applied. 
These following questions may help you:
How is the work organized?
What principles of design were applied in the artwork?
What is the artist’s individual style and techniques?
What are the distinct features of the artwork that are characteristic of the artist?
What is the rigor of implementation that the artist chooses to portray?
How did that artist express certain emotions and ideas in the artwork?

Step 3. Interpretation
 – In this step, digging into the content is the hallmark of the process.
These following questions may help you:
What is the message of the art?
Why is this message relevant?
What is the mood being conveyed in the art?
How did the artist’s background influence the creating of the art?
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What are the artist’s influences that paved the way to the development of his art?

Step 4. Judgment 
You will examine the merit of the art. Merit is when the artist has successfully accomplished the foundational
and subjective components of art.
These following questions may help you:
What makes the artwork successful?
How is the work significant to the message it seeks to convey?
Does it serve an aesthetic and utilitarian purpose?
Is the artwork effective in communicating its meaning?

Artist Artisan
Learn to sketch and begin with a pencil and sketchpad Are craftsmen who make practical artistic products,
to work with an idea. Aim is to create overall reaction such as earrings, urns, stained glass and other
from a viewer. accessories.

Related Careers to Performing Arts

1. Actor
2. Singer or Musician
3. Dancers
4. Choreographers
5. Directors
6. Set and Exhibit Designers
7. Costume attendants
8. Performance Makeup Artists

Related Careers to Art and Creativity

1. Craft and Fine Artist
2. Multimedia Artist/Animator
3. Art Director
4. Photographer
5. Museum Curator
6. Performing Arts Manager or Arts Administrator

Need Skills and Qualifications of a Career in Art

1. Organization
2. Accounting
3. The Law
4. Fundraising
5. Marketing
6. Public Relations
7. Flexibility

Other Related Careers in Art

1. Art Dealer
2. Art Collectors
3. Art Buyer

R.A. 7355 or Manlilikha ng Bayan Act

SEC 2.  Policy and Objectives. 

– It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to preserve and promote its traditional folk arts whether
visual, performing, or literary. 
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For their cultural value, and to honor and support traditional folk artists for their contribution to the
national heritage by ensuring that the artistic skills which they have painstakingly cultivated and preserved are
encouraged and passed on to future generations of Filipinos.

Qualifications based on the NCCA

1. He/she is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the Philippines that has
preserved indigenous culture
2. He/she must have engaged in a traditional and folk art which has been in existence and documented for at
least fifty (50) years
3. He/she must have consistently produced works of superior quality over significant period
4. He/she mush possess a mastery of tools and materials needed for the traditional, folk art and be a maker of
works of extraordinary technical quality
5. He/she must have transferred and/or willing to transfer to other members of the community the skills in the
traditional and folk arts for which the community has become nationally known.
****Even if the traditional artist is incapable of teaching his/her masterpiece due to advance age or sickness,
he/she can still be awarded if:
1. He/she had created a significant body of works and/or has consistently displayed excellence in the practice
of his/her art, thus achieving important contributions for its development
2. He/she had been instrumental in the revitalization of his/her community’s artistic tradition
3. He/she has passed on to the other members of the community skills in folk art for which the community is
traditionally known.
4. His/her community has recognized him/her as master and teacher of his/her craft.
 Initially receives 100,000; 10,000 monthly financial assistant and a gold medallion
 - By the virtue of R.A. 7355, NCCA board approved an additional monthly personal allowance of 14,000
 - Maximum cumulative amount of 750,000 medical and hospitalization benefits annually
 - A state funeral, the arrangements for and the expenses of which shall be borne by the Government,
upon the death of the Manlilikha ng Bayan

AD Hoc Panel of Experts

To ensure a fair selection of potential awardees, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council shall be
assisted by an Ad Hoc Panel of Expert consisting of experts in the traditional and folk arts categories. 

GAMABA Awardees

1. Ginaw Bilog – An expert in Ambahan poetry from Manlasay, Mindoro. Preserved the Hanunoo
Mangyan language. He accepted the award last 1993.
2. Masino Intaray – Musician and storyteller from Brookes Point, Palawan. Plays the aroding (mouth
hard) and babarak (ring flute) and also well-versed with traditions of basal, kulilal, and bagit. He
accepted the award last 1993.
3. Samaon Sulainman – Musician from Mamasapano, Maguindanao. Excels in kutyapi and also has
extensive repertoire with dinaladay, linapu, minuna, binalig, and other styles. He accepted the award
last 1993.
4. Lang Dulay – T’boli textile dream weaver from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato.  She was awarded last
1998.
5. Salinta Monon – Tagabawa Bagobo textile weaver from Bansalan, Davao del Sur. She was awarded
the same time as Land Dulay in 1998.
6. Alonzo Saclag – Musician and dancer from Lubuagan, Kalinga. He was awarded last 2000.
7. Federico Caballero – Epic chanter from Calinog, Iloilo.  He’s well-versed with Sulod-Bukidnon
(indigenous language). He was awarded last 2000.
8. Uwang Ahadas – Musician of Yakan Muslim tribe from Lamitan, Basilan. Mastered the Yakan musical
instruments: kwintangan (for women) and agung (for men). He was awarded last 2000.
9. Darhata Sawabi – Tausug textile weaver from Parang, Sulu. Mastered the art of Pissyabit weaving.
She was awarded last 2004.
10. Eduardo Mutuc – Proficient metalsmith from Apalit, Pampanga. He was awarded last 2004.
11. Haja Amina Appi – Mat weaver of Santa Tribe from Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi. Known for tabig, sasa, and
kima-kima. She was awarded last 2004.
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12. Teofilo Garcia – Casque maker from San Quintin, Abra. Known for his product called
“Tabungaw”. He was awarded last 2012.
13. Estelita Bantilan – Expert mat weaver from Upper Lasang, Malapatan, Sarangani. She was awarded
last 2016.
14. Magdalena Gamayois – Ilocana textile weaver from Pinili, Ilocos Norte. Taught herself the traditional
patterns of binakol, inuritan (geometric design), kusikos (spiral forms similar to oranges), and sinan-
sabong (flowers). She was awarded last 2012.
15. Ambalang Ausalin – Textile weaver from Parangbasak, Lamitan City, Basilan. Possesses complex
knowledge of the entire weaving process. She was awarded last 2016.
16. Yabing Masalon Dulo – Ikat weaver from Landan, Polomolok, South Cotabato. Her ikat-dyed fabrics
with historical and cultural significance are sought after by people. She was awarded last 2016.

The Order of National Artists

A National Artist is a Filipino who has been given the rank and title of National Artist in recognition of his
or her significant contributions to the Philippine arts and letters.
They are given a Grand Collar as recipients of Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining. This is
administered by National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines
(CCP) and is conferred by the President upon recommendation by both institutions. Established through
Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972.

The Insignia of The Order of National Artists

The insignia of the Order of the National Artists is composed of a Grand Collar featuring circular links
portraying the arts and an eight-pointed conventionalized sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in
green and white enamel. 
The central badge is a medallion divided into three equal portions, red, white, and blue, recalling the
Philippine flag, with three stylized letter Ks, the “KKK” stands for the CCP’s motto: “katotohanan, kabutihan, at
kagandahan” (”the true, the good, and the beautiful”), as coined by then first lady Mrs. Imelda Romuldez
Marcos, the CCP’s founder.

Legal Bases for giving the award (NCCA, 2020)

1. Proclamation No. 1144, s. 1973

 – CCP Board of Trustees as National Artist Awards Committee and is reiterated by Presidential Decree No.
208, s. 1973.
2. Executive Order No. 236, s. 2003 
– Honors Code of the Philippines. It raised the level of Cultural Order that made it equal to Gawad Manlilikha
ng Bayan. Renamed it to Orden of National Artists or Ordern ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Sining.
3. Executive Order No. 435, s. 2005 
– amended Sec. 5 (IV) of EO 236, giving the President the power to name National Artists without
recommendation. This was during President Gloria Arroyo’s term and also led to the controversy of 2009 when
the Supreme Court issued quo ante order against the awardees that year.

Process of Nomination and Conferment

1. Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as those who died after the
establishment of the award in 1972.
2. Artists who have contributed to building a Filipino sense a nationhood.
3. Artists who have pioneered in creative style and made an impact on the succeeding generations.
4. Artists who have consistently created an excellence and substantial body of work.
5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through:
- Gawad CCP Para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award and NCCA Alab ng Haraya
- Critical acclaim and reviews of their works
- Respect and esteem from peers

Orders and Privileges

1. The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines
2. The insignia of a National Artist and a citation
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3. A lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits comparable in value to those
received by the highest officers of the land such as:
a. a cash award of 100,000 net of taxes, for living awardees;
b. cash award of 75,000 net of taxes, for posthumous awardees, payable to legal heir/s;
c. a monthly life pension, and medical/hospital benefits;
d. state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani;
e. a place of honor, in line with protocolar precedence, at national state functions and
recognition at cultural events;

7 New National Artists

Awarded by President Duterte last October 24, 2018

1. Lauro “Larry” Alcala – Famous for his cartoons for 56 years. He created 500 characters and 20 comic
strips. His most iconic work is ”Slice of Life”.
2. Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio – Famous as the Grand Dame of Southeast Asian children’s theater. She is the
founder and playwright-director of the “Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas”. 
3.  Ryan Cayabyab – Famous and most accomplished composer, arranger, and musical director since 1970s.
4. Kidlat Tahimik (Eric de Guia) – Famous for his debut film “Mababangong Bangungot (1977)”.Kidlat’s
“imperfect” film is an exemplar of what is worldwide known as “Third Cinema”.
5. Francisco T. Mañosa – Famous for his 60 years of Architectural life. He is famous for passionately creating
Filipino designs and one of his famous creation is the Sulo Hotel.
6. Resil B. Mojares - He is acknowledged as a leading figure in the promotion of regional literature and
history. He is the founder of the Cebuano Studies Center and also pioneered Cebuano and National identity
formation. 
7. Ramon Muzones – Hiligaynon poet, essayist, short story writer, critic, grammarian, editor, lexicographer
and novelist who authored an unprecedented 61 completed novels.
Some of it are “Bag-ong Maria Clara”, “Maambong Nga Sapat (Magnificient Brute,1940)”, the comic “Si
Tamblot (1946)”, the politically satirical “Si Tamblot Kandidator Man (Tamblot is Also a Candidate,
1949), the longest serialized novel, “Dama de Noche (1982 to 1984, 125 installments)”. Longest
reigning (1938-1972) among the 3 kings of Hiligaynon novel.

Abstract/Non-Objective Arts
It often appears in an unusual image that does not naturally exist and uses shapes, colors, forms and gestural
marks to achieve its effect. 

Installation Arts
Body Installation
Land/Earth Installation
Performance Installation

Music
- Music is a part of art and science. In art, music is considered the highest form of performing art claimed
by Beethoven. 

Music exists because of…

- Religion - Music played a vital role in dealing with religious activities where sacred songs were utilized.
- Entertainment - Music is being used for social activities such as dancing, stage plays and other forms
of entertainment.

Purposes of Music
Religious Purpose
Entertainment
Tribal Identity
Socio-Cultural Occasion
Political Campaign
Earning Prestige
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Music Ensemble
- Otherwise known as music group or musical group of people who perform using musical instruments or
vocals or both. This is cooperation, participation and unity of the group in order to achieve a successful
presentation.

Kinds of Music Ensemble

1. Band
2. Chamber music
3. Chorale
4. Jaz
5. Quarter
6. Quintet
7. Orchestra
8. Symphony

Dance
- Music is always associated with the performing arts like dance and theater.
- It involves choreography of body actions with the company of music.
- Non-verbal communication art that uses primarily body movements with the use of music.

Elements of Dance (B.A.S.T.E.)

1. Body
2. Action
3. Space
4. Time
5. Energy

Classification of Dances
1. Solo Dance
2. Partner Dance
3. Group Dance

Kinds of Dances
- Competitive Dances – ballet, jazz, and hip-hop.
- Dance sport

Textile Art and the Art of Weaving

- Arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to construct practical or decorative objects.
The textile arts are a fundamental human activity, expressing symbolically much of what is valuable in
any culture. 

Techniques in Textile Art

 Crocheting - It is using a single hook to hook the loops together directly on the piece of fabric.
 Embroidery - It is using a thread to stitch the decorative designs onto the fabric.
 Knitting - It is using a pair of long needles to form the loops, moving a set of loops from one after the
other; the stitches are held on the needle.
 Weaving - It is creating or producing fabric by interlacing threads.

The Textile Process of Production

Step 1: Fiber Production
Step 2: Yarn Production
Step 3: Fabric Production
Step 4: Pre-Treatment
Step 5: Dyeing and Printing
Step 6: Finishing Treatments
Step 7: Manufacturing
The Textile Art Process
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1. Exploring, Finding and Collecting – It involves a set of guidelines for picking plants that
can be a good source of generating raw materials in the making thread fibers.
2. Natural Color – The world of textile art focuses on searching the best raw materials from plants that
can be sources for natural colors.
3. Rust Marks – Is like producing an olden art which ideally, is made of the textile process with the
presence of salt water.
4. Foraged Fibers – These are raw materials that can be used for manufacturing the thread fibers for
textile art.
5. Combining Techniques – This includes the mix-and-match of techniques that can be utilized crafts.
6. A Sense of Place – Museums and galleries showcase wonderful masterpieces of textile art.

Other Textile Arts

1. T’nalak – A practice observed by women who were referred to as “dream weavers,” as it is believed
that the designs and patterns were sourced from images in their dreams, as handed by the spirit of the abaca,
Fu Dalu.
2. Pis-yabit or Seputangan – The prized handwoven cloth of the Tausugs of Sulu. Usually used as
head covering, it is made from cotton or silk, square in shape and provided with geometric patterns.
3. Dagmay and Ikmat - A handwoven textile made from abaca. Making it involves a mud-dyeing
technique wherein tribe members soak their tannin-dyed yarns into iron-rich mud for days. 
4. Inaul Textile Art - Inaul, means “weaved”, is a unique fabric woven by Maguindanaon women
weavers in Mindanao. 
5. Banig - Involves folding over strips of materials to make unique geometrical designs. People in
Basey, Samar had been weaving mats long before the Spaniards came.
6. Puso - Connotes the existence of an old method in food preparation. It shows us the wonder of
putting rice into it, and seeing the hardwork of the people and the great ingenuity, craftsmanship and creativity
of the Cebuanos.

Visual Elements in the Philippine Traditional Motifs and Crafts

The Philippine Houses

Torogan - The Kawayan Torogan (also Torogan sa Kawayan) is a traditional Maranao torogan (house) built by
Sultan sa Kawayan Makaantal in Bubung Malanding, Marantao, Lanao del Sur. 
Ifugao Bale - The Ifugao "Bale" or Native House is said to be the "first pre-fabricated house in the world.”
Banaue Ethnic Village features actual Ifugao native houses that have been relocated and preserved.
Bahay Kubo - The Bahay kubo, or nipa hut, is a type of stilt house indigenous to the cultures of the
Philippines. It is also known as payag or kamalig in other languages of the Philippines. 
Bahay na Bato - Bahay na bato (Tagalog, literally "house of stone") also known in Visayan as Balay nga bato,
is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish Colonial period. It is an updated version of the
traditional bahay kubo.
Tree House - Typically a pre-colonial platform or building constructed around, next to or among the trunk or
branches of durable and mature trees while above ground level.
T’boli House - Akin to nipa hut but is larger, wider and more spacious that can accommodate several people
to sleep over. Some of these are built on highland areas in south western Mindanao, centering on Lake Sebu.
Ivatan House - The Batanes houses known as Ivatan House or Stone Houses are famous across the country
because it is sturdy and unique in style. 
Badjao Boat House - The houseboat is decked and provided with a living quarter covered by a plaited nipa
roof that is detachable. Humble abode of Bajau (sea gypsies) which is especially in Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi, and
Bongao.
Stilt House above sea water - Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on
stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection
against flooding.
Multi-story house - A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple storeys, and typically contains
vertical circulation in the form of ramps, stairs and lifts.
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Philippine Urban Housing Community - Townhouses are multi-floor homes that share one to
two walls with adjacent properties but have their own entrances. In the suburbs, townhouses are often uniform
homes built in a distinct community that may have its own homeowners association.
Condo Unit - A condominium, or condo, is an individually owned unit in a complex or building of units. A condo
owner owns the air space inside their condo, sharing an ownership interest in the community property, such as
the floor, walls, sidewalks, stairwells, and exterior areas.

The Philippine Indigenous Arts

The Arts of the Bagobo - The Bagobos wear distinct ceremonial attire made of ikat textiles, which are likely
word as either a costume or a dress. For example, they tend to use kostyom (costume) when speaking to non-
Bagogo, amongst themselves, they use ompak (garment or clothing).

The Arts of the Badjau - The most commonly used material is the pandanus plant which grows abundantly in
the limestone-based island of  Tawi-Tawi. The pandanus grow wild and untended in the shores and sandy
beaches. 

The Arts of the Bontoc - The Bontocs tradition of cloth weaving. The background colors are dark, the favorite
being blue. Geometric designs are diamonds, triangles, hexagons and zigzags. Representational designs are
the dancing man or woman, stars, leaves and rice paddles.

The Arts of the Gaddang - The Gaddang is a tribal group to the north-east of Manila, in the provinces of
Isabel and Cagayan. This is a modern reproduction of the traditional striped Gaddang textiles embroidered with
small white beads.

The Arts of the Ibanag - Textiles are embellished with knotted selvages and seams, floating warps and
complimentary wefts.

The Arts of the Ifugao - Bulul, also known as bul-ul or tinagtaggu, is a carved wooden figure used to guard
the rice crop by the Ifugao (and their sub-tribe Kalanguya) peoples of northern Luzon. The sculptures are
highly stylized representations of ancestors and are thought to gain power and wealth from the presence of the
ancestral spirit.

The Arts of the Illongot - A headdress made of horn bill, shell, wire, rattan, and hair.

The Arts of the Ivatan - One of the endemic clothing of the Ivatans is the vakul. A vakul is a headgear
designed to protect the wearer from sun and rain. It is made from vuyavuy palm fiber. The Ivatans have three
folk song styles: the laji, the kanta, and the kalusan.

The Arts of the Mangyan - Pakudos is a Mangyan design element. It is characterized by its simple
symmetrical organization which places equal stress on both the vertical and horizontal composition. It is said
that the Pakudos is a variation of the Indic swastika.

The Arts of the Manobo - Traditional fabric for clothes was abaca or hemp, weaved by the ikat process, but is
now cotto cloth obatained through trade. Dyes were acquired from plants and trees: the tagum plant and the
bark of the lamud tree produced lack, the turmeric root, yellow, and the keleluza plant, red. Ginuwatan are in
woven representational designs such as flowers. 

The Arts of the Maranao - Sarimanok is stylized representation of an open-winged legendary bird whose
claws clutch a fish. It is a bird- form symbolof the Maranao. You will see the Sarimanok on top of bamboo poles
placed at the center of muslim villages. 

The Arts of the Subanun - The Traditional costumes worn by the Subanen men and women consist of upper
and lower garments with headdress and other accessories. The tight-fitting garment that is generally black
made up the men’s upper garment called the Sub.
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The Arts of the T’boli - T’nalak is a sacred cloth woven by the T'boli people in communities
around Lake Sebu, Mindanao island. Traditionally made by women of royal blood. Fu Dalu, a spiritual
guardian, guides t’nalak weaving, a process that is enriched with taboo and ritual.

The Arts of the Tingguian - The Tigguians or Isnegs, are engaged in bamboo crafts production. This is the
reason why Abra is positioning itself as the “Bamboo Capital of the Philippines”.

Stage Performers
The stage performers include the antagonists, the protagonists, the leading character or one of the
major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional literary works; dancers – individuals who engage
in dancing.

Who are behind the Scenes in a Theater?

 Director, Stage Manager, Music and Sound Effects Person, Musicians (Optional), Prompters, Prop and
Scenery Committee, Light Committee, Make-up Artists, and Wardrobe Mistress.