Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3A
1a

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 0
𝑝(0) = −3
1b

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 4
𝑝(4) = 5
1c

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 3
𝑝(3) = 0
1d

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = −2
𝑝(−2) = −3
2a

𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = 0
𝑦=5
2b

𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = 5
𝑦 = −10
2c

𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −3
2d

𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = −1
𝑦=4
3a

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(2) = 5
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = −1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = −7

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3b

𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(2) = 0
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = 4
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = 0
3c

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 8
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(2) = 16
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = 8
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = 0
3d

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(2) = 4
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
1
𝑓(−2) =
4
4a

ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = −4
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 1
ℎ(1) = 4
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 5
ℎ(5) = 12
4b
1
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
1
ℎ(−3) =
−3
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 1
ℎ(1) = 1
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 5
1
ℎ(5) =
5

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

4c

ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = −18
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 1
ℎ(1) = 2
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 5
ℎ(5) = −10
4d

ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = 1
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 1
ℎ(1) = √5
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 5
ℎ(5) = 3
5a

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3
5b

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −3
6a

𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 1
𝐿(1) = 4
𝐿(1) − 2 = 2
6b

𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = −1
𝐿(−1) = −2
3𝐿(−1) = 6

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6c

𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 1
𝐿(1) = 4
Let 𝑥 = 2
𝐿(2) = 7
𝐿(1) + 𝐿(2) = 11
6d

𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 9
𝐿(9) = 28
Let 𝑥 = 2
𝐿(2) = 7
𝐿(9)
=4
𝐿(2)
7a

For 𝑥 ≤ 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

Let 𝑥 = −3

𝑓(−3) = −3

Let 𝑥 = −2

𝑓(−2) = −2

Let 𝑥 = −1

𝑓(−1) = −1
Let 𝑥 = 0

𝑓(0) = 0
For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥

Let 𝑥 = 1

𝑓(1) = 1

Let 𝑥 = 2

𝑓(2) = 0

Let 𝑥 = 3

𝑓(3) = −1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

7b

For 𝑥 < 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 1

Let 𝑥 = −1

𝑓(−1) = (−1 − 1)2 − 1 = 22 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3

Let 𝑥 = 0

𝑓(0) = (0 − 1)2 − 1 = 12 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

For 𝑥 ≥ 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2

Let 𝑥 = 1

𝑓(1) = (1 − 1)2 = 02 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 2

𝑓(2) = (2 − 1)2 = 12 = 1
Let 𝑥 = 3

𝑓(3) = (3 − 1)2 = 22 = 4
8a

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 3
Let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 5
1
(𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3)) = 4
2
8b

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = 9
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 3
1
(𝑓(−1) + 4𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)) = 11/3
6
9a

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = 1 + √5
2
𝑃(1 + √5) = (1 + √5) − 2(1 + √5) − 4 = 1 + 2×√5 + 5 − 2 − 2√5 − 4 = 0
9b

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = √3 − 1
2
𝑃(√3 − 1) = (√3 − 1) − 2(√3 − 1) − 4 = 3 − 2×√3 + 1 − 2√3 + 2 − 4
= 2 − 4√3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

10

The initial cost is 50

So, 𝐶 = 50 initially
Cost per person (𝑥), 𝐶 = 20𝑥
Add both costs together.
𝐶 = 50 + 20𝑥
11a

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
4𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 5
−3𝑥 − 5
𝑦=
4
11b

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
3𝑥 = −4𝑦 − 5
−4𝑦 − 5
𝑥=
4
11c

4 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦 = −4
−4
𝑦=
𝑥
11d

𝑉 = 𝑠3
3
Thus, 𝑠 = √𝑉
𝐴 = 6𝑠 2
𝐴
Thus, 𝑠 = √ 6
11e

i) 𝑙𝑏 = 100
100
𝑙=
𝑏
ii) 𝑙𝑏 = 100
100
𝑏=
𝑙
12a

If 𝑥 = 0,
𝐹(0) = √−4
Square roots of negative numbers cannot be found
12b

If 𝑥 = 3,
𝐻(3) = √−8
Square roots of negative numbers cannot be found

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12c

If 𝑥 = −2,
1
𝑔(−2) =
0
Any fraction over zero is undefined
12d

If 𝑥 = 0,
1
𝑓(0) =
0
Any fraction over zero is undefined
13a

𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 2𝑎 − 4
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = −2𝑎 − 4
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2(𝑎 + 1) − 4
= 2𝑎
13b

𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 2 − 𝑎
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = 2 + 𝑎
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2 − (𝑎 + 1)
= −𝑎 + 1
13c

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑎2
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = 𝑎2
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = (𝑎 + 1)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1
13d
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
1
𝑔(𝑎) =
𝑎−1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
1
𝑔(−𝑎) =
−𝑎 − 1
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) =
𝑎+1−1
1
=
𝑎
14a

𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 5𝑡 + 2
𝐹(𝑡) − 2
= 5𝑡
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = 5𝑡 − 8
14b

𝐹(𝑥) = √𝑥

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = √𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) − 2

= √𝑡 − 2

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = √𝑡 − 2
14c

𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) − 2

= 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 2

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = (𝑡 − 2)2 + 2(𝑡 − 2)

= 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4 + 2𝑡 − 4

= 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

14d

𝐹(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 2 − 𝑡 2
𝐹(𝑡) − 2

= 𝑡2

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = 2 − (𝑡 − 2)2

= 2 − (𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4)

= −𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 2
15a

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1)
ℎ
(1 + ℎ)2 + 5(1 + ℎ) − 6
=
ℎ
ℎ2 + 2ℎ + 1 + 5 + 5ℎ − 6
=
ℎ
ℎ2 + 7ℎ
=
ℎ
=ℎ+7
15b

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑝) − 𝑓(𝑞)
𝑝−𝑞
𝑝2 + 5𝑝 − (𝑞 2 + 5𝑞)
=
𝑝−𝑞
𝑝 + 5𝑝 − 𝑞 2 − 5𝑞
2
=
𝑝−𝑞
=𝑝+𝑞+5
15c

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ
(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 5(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
=
ℎ
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 5𝑥 + 5ℎ − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
=
ℎ

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 5ℎ
=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ + 5
16a

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)2 + 3
= 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3
16b
4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +
𝑥
4
𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 −
𝑥
3
4
−𝑔(𝑥) = −( 𝑥 + )
𝑥
3
4
= −𝑥 −
𝑥
𝑥 cannot be zero, as no fraction can have zero as its denominator
16c
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 1
1
ℎ( )
𝑥
1
= 𝑥
2
1
(𝑥) + 1
𝑥
= 2
𝑥 +1
𝑥 cannot be zero, as no fraction can have zero as its denominator
17a
𝑔(5) = 5 + 3 = 8
𝑓(𝑔(5)) = 𝑓(8) = 82 = 64
17b
𝑓(5) = 52 = 25
𝑔(𝑓(5)) = 𝑔(25) = 25 + 3 = 28

17c

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9

17d

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

18
1 1
𝑒(1) = (1 + ) = 21 = 2
1

1 10
𝑒(10) = (1 + 10) = 2.59

1 100
𝑒(100) = (1 + 100) = 2.70

1 1000
𝑒(1000) = (1 + 1000) = 2.72

1 10000
𝑒(10000) = (1 + 10000) = 2.72

Hence it approaches 2.72

19
2 2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝑐(𝑥)) − (𝑠(𝑥))

3𝑥 +3−𝑥 2 3𝑥 −3−𝑥 2
=( 2
) −( 2
)

32𝑥 +3𝑥−𝑥 +3−2𝑥 32𝑥 −3𝑥−𝑥 +3−2𝑥

= −
2 2

32𝑥 +3𝑥−𝑥 +3−2𝑥 32𝑥 −3𝑥−𝑥 +3−2𝑥

= 2
− 2

32𝑥 +30 +3−2𝑥 −32𝑥 +30 −3−2𝑥

= +
2 2

32𝑥 +30 +3−2𝑥 −32𝑥 +30 −3−2𝑥 1+1

= 2
= 2
= 1 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3B
1a

The points (0,3) and (0, −3) have the same 𝑥-coordinate 𝑥 = 0. Thus when 𝑥 = 0
is the input, there are two outputs :𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = −3. The vertical line 𝑥 = 0
meets the graph at 𝑝(0,3) and (0, −3). This is all we need to know about the
graph to understand it is not a function.
1b

Similar to the 1a, there are two points (0,2) and (0, −2) with the same 𝑥-
coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.
1c

The two points (0,2) and (0, −2) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a
function.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1d

The two points (2,0) and (−2,0) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a
function.
1e

(0, −1) and (0,1) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.
1f

(0,3) and (0, −1) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2a

There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is a function
2b

There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation twice.
Thus, it is not a function.
2c

There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is a function.
2d

There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation twice.
Thus, it is not a function.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2e

There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is not a function.
2f

There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is a function.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2g

There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is not a function.
2h

There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than once. Thus, it is
a function.

3a

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
It is noticeable the turning point is (1, −1).
Thus, the range is [−1, ∞).

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3b

Domain:
The end points are labelled; thus the domain is [−2,2]
Range:
The end points are labelled thus, the range is [−2,2]
3c

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
3d

Domain:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The end point is labelled on the graph as (−1,0). The arrow on the line insinuates
the graph goes on until infinity.
[−1, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
3e

Domain:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (−2,0). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (2,0).
[−2,2]
Range:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (0, −3). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (0,3)
[−3,3]
3f

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3g

Domain:
The end point is understood on the graph as (0,0). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (2,0)
[0,2]
Range:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (0, −2). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (0,2)
[−2,2]
3h

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)

The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
(−∞, 1)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
However, it has an asymptote on the line 𝑦 = 1
4a
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

4b
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 3
4c
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2+𝑥
at 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ −2
5a

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

at 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 0
5b

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2

at 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 2
5c

𝑓(𝑥) = √5 + 𝑥

at 𝑥 < −5, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ −5
6a

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 4
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4{
ii

The points on the table which must be plotted are

(3,4), (−2,1), (−1,0), (0,1) and (1,4)
The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

iii

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
[0, ∞)
The graph starts at (0,0) and goes on until infinity.
6b

y = 2𝑥
1
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 =
4
1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
ii

The points on the table which must be plotted are

1 1
(−2, 4 ), (−1, 2), (0,1), (1,2), (2,4)
The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:

iii

Domain:
(−∞, ∞)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The graph goes on until infinity.

Range:
(0, ∞)
The graph has an asymptote at 𝑦 = 0
The graph goes on until infinity.

7a

It is noticeable that (0, −3) and (0,3) are labelled points. They both have the
same 𝑥-coordinate.
7b

It is noticeable that (0, −1) and (0,1) are labelled points. They both have the
same 𝑥-coordinate.
7c

It is noticeable, that point (2,1) is on the relation. It is seen that (2,5) is also on
the relation. The both have the same 𝑥-coordinate of 2.
7d

As the relation is a vertical infinite line on the x point (2,0), all points on this line
have the same coordinate. (2,1) and (2,0) can be seen to be on the relation, and
have the same 𝑥-coordinate.
8a

7 − 3𝑥
Similar to 8a, as it is a linear equation, the natural domain is
(−∞ < 𝑥 < ∞)
8b
3
𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 − 1
1
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 1/2
8c

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4

at 𝑥 < −4, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ −4
8d

f(x) = √4 − 2𝑥
at 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
Thus the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 2
8e
2
𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 ≥ 1, √1 − 𝑥

is undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 < 1
8f
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√2𝑥 − 3
3 3
at 𝑥 = − 2, y is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 ≥ − 2,
3
√2𝑥 − 3 is undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 < − 2
9a

𝑅(𝑥) = √𝑥

at 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 0
9b

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0.7
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1.4
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1.7
let 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 2.2
9c

The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:

10a
2
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥
at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 0
10b

let 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = −1/2

let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

let 𝑥 = −1/2, 𝑦 = −4
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = undefined
let 𝑥 = 1/2, 𝑦 = 4
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 1/2
10c

The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:

11a

The length of the original side is stated as 𝑥, thus the opposite side is 𝑥
11b

The two lengths add to 2𝑥 and the total length of the rectangle is 20
Thus, the remaining length is 20 − 2𝑥
11c
20−2𝑥
The area is the side of x multiplied by the perpendicular side of 2
𝐴 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥)
Thus, 𝐴 = 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2
12a

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

As it is a linear equation, it is a function

12b

xy = 4
4
𝑦=
𝑥
This is a function.
12c

𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 3
𝑦(𝑥 − 2) = 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3
𝑦=
𝑥−2
This is a function.
12d

𝑦 + 2 = √9 − 𝑥 2

𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 − 2

This is a function
12e
𝑥 = 𝑦3 + 1
𝑦3 = 𝑥 − 1
3
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1
This is a function
12f
3+𝑦
𝑥 = 2−𝑦
𝑥(2 − 𝑦) = 3 + 𝑦
2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = 3 + 𝑦
2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦(𝑥 + 1)
2𝑥−3
𝑦 = 𝑥+1
This is a function
13a
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥 + 2
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Furthermore, for 𝑥 ≤ −2, 𝑥 + 2 is undefined.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −2
13b
2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 −4
at 𝑥 = −2 or 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ {−2,2}
13c
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 +𝑥
at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ −1
13d
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)

at 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity

Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ {2,3}
13e

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4

at 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 < −2, 𝑦 is undefined.

Thus the domain of the function is 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]
13f
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥 2
at 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Furthermore, as for 𝑥 2 > 1, √1 − 𝑥 2 is undefined.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
14a
2 + 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 − 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0

let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −1
14b

The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:

15a
1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1

let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 =0
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 =0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 =1
let 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2

15b

There is a break. The proper way to say this is that 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1.

16ai

The curve is defined for all 𝑥 so the domain is (−∞, ∞)

x2 ≥ 0

−x 2 ≤ 0
4 − x2 ≤ 4
y≤4
Thus, the range is (−∞, 4]

16aii

As you cannot take the square root of a negative number

4 − x2 ≥ 0

4 ≥ x2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2
Hence the domain is [−2,2]

From part i

4 − x2 ≤ 4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

√4 − x 2 ≤ 2

But √4 − x 2 ≥ 0

So

0 ≤ √4 − x 2 ≤ 2
0≤y≤2
Thus, the range is [0,2]

16aiii

The domain applies from part ii except that you cannot divide by zero so

√4 − x 2 ≠ 0

4 − x2 ≠ 0

x2 ≠ 4
x ≠ ±2
So, the domain is (-2,2)

1 1
As the range of √4 − 𝑥 2 for is [0,2] from part ii, the range for is [2 , ∞).
√4−𝑥 2

16bi

(1 + x)2 ≥ 0

1 + 2x + x 2 ≥ 0

−1 − 2x − x 2 ≤ 0

3 − 2x − x 2 ≤ 4

0 ≤ √3 − 2x − x 2 ≤ 2
1 1
≤
2 √3−2𝑥−𝑥 2
1
Thus y ≥ 2

3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 > 0 as you cannot divide by 0 and you cannot take the square root of a negative
number

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) < 0

Hence

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−3 < 𝑥 < 1
Thus, the domain is (−3,1)

16bii

(𝑥 + 1)2 ≥ 0

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 2

√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ √2
1 1
0≤ ≤
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 √2
1
0≤𝑦≤
√2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 > 0 as you cannot divide by 0 and you cannot take the square root of a
negative number

But as shown above 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 > 2 and hence 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 > 0 for all 𝑥. So the domain is
all 𝑥.

17a

As you can only take the logarithm of a number greater than or equal to 0.
1+𝑥
>0
1−𝑥

Multiplying (1 − 𝑥)2 in order to ensure multiplying both sides by a positive number.

(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) > 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) < 0

Thus −1 < 𝑥 < 1.

17b
2𝑥
2𝑥 1+
1+𝑥2 1+𝑥 2 +2𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 1+𝑥 2
𝑎𝑡ℎ ( 2 ) = log 2 ( 2𝑥 ) = log 2 (1+𝑥2 −2𝑥) = log 2 ((1−𝑥)2 ) = log 2 ((1−𝑥) ) =
1+𝑥 1−
1+𝑥2
1+𝑥
2 log 2 (1−𝑥) = 2ath(x)

Q. E. D

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3C
1a

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
1b

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2

let 𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 1
1c

Plot both points, as (1,0) and (0, −2)

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2a

𝑦 =𝑥+1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+1
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2b

𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −2

Plot both points

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2c
𝑥+𝑦−1=0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑥+𝑦−1=0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2d

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2e

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6

Plot both points

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2f

𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3/2
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −6

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

3a

𝑦 = −2𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0,𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, both intercepts are zero.
4b
𝑦 = −2𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3b
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2

Plot both points (0,0) and (1, −2)

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

4a

𝑦 = 3𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, both intercepts are zero.
𝑦 = 3𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3

Plot both points

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

4b

𝑥+𝑦 =0
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, both intercepts are zero.
𝑥+𝑦 =0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

4c

𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, both intercepts are zero.
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

5a

𝑥 = 1,

through (1,0) a vertical line.

5b

𝑦=2
through (0,2) a horizontal line.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

5c

𝑥 = −2
through (−2,0) a vertical line

5d

𝑦=0
through (0,0) a horizontal line

5e

2𝑦 = −3
3
𝑦 = −
2
through (0,-3/2) a horizontal line

5f

3𝑥 = 5
5
𝑥 =
3
5
through (3 , 0) a vertical line

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6a

If a vertical line goes through two or more points on the line it is not a function.
a vertical line is by default the penultimate understanding of this theory as it
goes through every point on the line
5a is not a function, as it is a vertical line
5c is not a function, as it is a vertical line
5f is not a function, as it is a vertical line
6b

In 5a, (1,0) and (1,1)

In 5c, (−2,0) and (−2,1)
5 5
In 5f, (3 , 0) and (3 , 1)
7

7c
𝑥 + 𝑦−1 = 0
𝑦 = 1−𝑥
7d
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑥−4
𝑦 =
2
7e
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
2𝑥 − 12
𝑦 =
3
7f
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
−𝑥 − 6
𝑦 =
4
8a

(3,1)
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
let 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = 1
It is part of the line
8b

(7,4)
𝑦 = 20 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 7
𝑦 = 6
It is not part of the line
8c

(1, −2)
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑦 = −2
It is part of the line
8d

(−5,3)
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = −5
𝑦 = 16
It is not part of the line
8e

(−1, −4)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −1
It is not part of the line
8f

(−6, −4)
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 0
It is not part of the line
9a

9b

9c

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
𝑥−𝑦 = 1
thus, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
substitute into the first equation

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 + 𝑥−1 = 5
2𝑥 = 6
𝑥 = 3
substitute into the first equation
3 + 𝑦 = 5
𝑦 = 2
The answer is indeed (3,2)
10a

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −4
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 2−𝑥
substitute into the first equation
𝑥 − (2 − 𝑥) = −4
𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 = −4
2𝑥 = −2
𝑥 = −1
substitute into the first equation
𝑦 = 3
The answer is indeed (−1,3)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

10b

𝑥−𝑦 = 3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = −2𝑥
substitute into the first equation
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 3
3𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 1
substitute into the first equation
1−𝑦 = 3
𝑦 = −2
The answer is indeed (1,-2)
10c

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
substitute into the first equation
𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 + 3) = −4
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6 = −4
5𝑥 = −10
𝑥 = −2
substitute into the first equation
−2 + 2𝑦 = −4
2𝑦 = −2
𝑦 = −1
The answer is indeed (−2, −1)
11a

Cost of initial shirt

𝐶 = 60
Cost of each shirt afterwards
𝐶 = 50𝑛
To find the function, add both costs
𝐶 = 60 + 50𝑛
11bi

Cost of initial delivery

𝐷 = 10
Cost of each delivery afterwards
𝐷 = 2𝑛
To find the function, add both costs
Thus
𝐷 = 10 + 2𝑛
11bii

To find the total function add both functions

𝐶+𝐷 =𝑇
𝑇 = 10 + 2𝑛 + 60 + 50𝑛
𝑇 = 70 + 52𝑛
12ai
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12aii
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
2
12aiii
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
2
12aiv
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
2

To understand how to plot these lines, simply find both intercepts (show on the
graph) and draw a line between them.
12b

What must be understood that all the lines are parallel, this is due to all
equations having the same gradient.
13ai

𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
13aii

𝑦 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 + 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥
13aiii
1
𝑦 − 2 = − (𝑥 − 1)
2
1 5
𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
2 2
13aiv

𝑦 − 2 = 0(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

13b

All of these lines pass through the point (1,2)

13c

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1)
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(0)
𝑦 = 2
thus 𝑦 must always equal 2
14a

The 𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0

𝑥 0
𝑎
+𝑏 = 1
𝑥
𝑎
=1

𝑥=𝑎
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is (𝑎, 0)

The 𝑥-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0

0 𝑦
𝑎
+𝑏 =1
𝑦
=1
𝑏

𝑦=𝑏
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is (0, 𝑏)

The intercepts appear as the denominators of the equation.

14bi

The axis intercepts are (6,0) and (0, −3)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

14bii

The axis intercepts are (−1,0) and (0,2)

14biii

The axis intercepts are (0,5) and (2,0)

15a

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 (1)

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 (2)

(1)+(2)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

4𝑥 − 12 = 0
4𝑥 = 12
𝑥=3 (4)

(4) in (1)

3 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0
2𝑦 = 3
3
𝑦=
2
3
The intersection, 𝑀, is at (3, 2)

15b

Substituting in 𝑀 to the left-hand side.

3 3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (3 + 2 (2) − 6) + 𝑘 (3(3) − 2 (2) − 6)

= 3 + 3 − 6 + 𝑘(9 − 3 − 6)
= 0 + 𝑘(0) = 0
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Thus 𝑀 satisfies the equation for all values of 𝑘.

15c
3 5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −(−1) ( ) 5
2 2
𝑚𝑃𝑀 = = = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 3−2 1 2

5
Thus, the line passes through (2, −1) with 𝑚 = 2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
5
𝑦 − (−1) = 2 (𝑥 − 2)

2𝑦 + 2 = 5𝑥 − 10
5𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
16a

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
Substituting in 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 = 0
Substituting in 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Substituting in 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

16b

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 = 0 (1)

𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶 = 0 (2)

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 (3)

(1)-(3)

𝐴(𝑥1 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑦1 − 𝑦) + 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 0
𝐴(𝑥1 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑦1 − 𝑦) = 0
𝐵(𝑦1 − 𝑦) = −𝐴(𝑥1 − 𝑥) (4)

(2)-(3)

𝐴(𝑥2 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑦2 − 𝑦) + 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 0
𝐴(𝑥2 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑦2 − 𝑦) = 0
𝐴(𝑥2 − 𝑥) = −𝐵(𝑦2 − 𝑦) (5)

(4)x(5)

𝐵(𝑦1 − 𝑦)×𝐴(𝑥2 − 𝑥) = −𝐴(𝑥1 − 𝑥)×−𝐵(𝑦2 − 𝑦)

𝐴𝐵(𝑦1 − 𝑦)(𝑥2 − 𝑥) = 𝐴𝐵(𝑦2 − 𝑦)(𝑥1 − 𝑥)
Hence
(𝑦1 − 𝑦)(𝑥2 − 𝑥) = (𝑦2 − 𝑦)(𝑥1 − 𝑥)

16c

𝑃(1,2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) → 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑦1 = 2
𝑄(3, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) → 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑦2 = −4
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑥) = (−4 − 𝑦)(1 − 𝑥)
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑥) = (4 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 1)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3D
1ai) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 to find the 𝑦-intercept

𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 − 3) = 3
1aii) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

Thus 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3
1+3
1aiii) 𝑥 = average of 𝑥 −intercepts = 2
=2

1aiv) Sub in 𝑥 = 2 to find the vertex

𝑦 = (2 − 1)(2 − 3) = −1
Vertex is at (2, −1)

1av)

1bi) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept

𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 3) = −3
Sub in 𝑦 = 0 for the x-intercepts
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −3
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = average 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 −intercepts
1 + (−3)
𝑥= = −1
2
Sub in 𝑥 = −1 for the vertex
𝑦 = (−1 − 1)(−1 + 3) = −4, vertex is (−1, −4)

1bii) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the 𝑦-intercept

𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 1) = −1
Sub in 𝑦 = 0 for the x-intercepts
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = average of 𝑥 −intercepts
1 + (−1)
𝑥= =0
2
Thus the vertex is the y-intercept, (0, −1)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2a) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑦 −intercept, 𝑦 = −0(0 − 2) = 0

Sub in y = 0 for x-intercepts, 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2

0+2
Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = =1
2

Sub in x = 1 for vertex, 𝑦 = −1(1 − 2) = 1, vertex is at (1,1)

2bi) Sub in x = 0 for y-intercept, 𝑦 = (2 + 0)(2 − 0) = 4

Sub in y = 0 for x-intercepts, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2

2−2
Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 2 = 0
Vertex is y-intercept, at (0,4)

2bii) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑦-intercept, 𝑦 = (0 + 2)(4 − 0) = 8

Sub in 𝑦 = 0 for 𝑥-intercepts, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4

−2+4
Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 2 = 1
Sub in 𝑥 = 1 for vertex, 𝑦 = (1 + 2)(4 − 1) = 9, vertex is (1,9)

3a) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 1)2 = 1

Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The y-intercept (0,1) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 1 to find the point (2,1)

3bi) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 = 1

Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1
The y-intercept (0,1) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1 to find the
point (−2,1)

3bii) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −(0 − 2)2 = −4

Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
The y-intercept (0, −4) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 2 to find the
point (4, −4)

4) Tech-only question, no worked solution

5a) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) such that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1. Expanding the brackets shows the
coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 𝑎, so 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6).

5b) 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3), as in (4𝑎)

5c) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5), as in (4𝑎)

5d) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 1), as in (4𝑎)

6a) Roots at 0 and 3 and concave up, so the equation is 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3).

6b) Roots at -2 and 1 and concave up, so the equation is 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1).

6c) Roots at -1 and 3 and concave down, so the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3).

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6d) Roots at -5 and -2 and concave down, so the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2).

7a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 32 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are at −3 and 3.

Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept, 𝑦 = 02 − 9 = −9

7b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1), so the zeroes are at −5 and 1.

𝑓(0) = 02 + 4×0 − 5 = −5, so the 𝑦-intercept is −5.

−5+1
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = −2
Vertex at 𝑓(−2) = 4 − 8 − 5 = −9

7c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 2), so the zeroes are −6 and 2

𝑓(0) = 0 − 12, so the y-intercept is −12.

−6+2
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = −2
Vertex at 𝑓(−2) = 4 − 8 − 12 = −16

7d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥), so the zeroes are 0 and 4

The y-intercept is also 0

0+4
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = 2
Vertex at 𝑓(2) = 8 − 4 = 4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

7e) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are −1 and 3

𝑓(0) = 0 + 3, so the y-intercept is 3

3−1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = 1
Vertex at 𝑓(1) = −1 + 2 + 3 = 4

7f) 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2), so the zeroes are −4 and 2

𝑓(0) = 8 − 0 so the 𝑦-intercept is 8

2−4
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = = −1
2
Vertex at 𝑓(−1) = 8 + 2 − 1 = 9

8a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 , so the zero is at 𝑥 = 3

Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept, 𝑦 = (−3)2 = 9

Reflect the point (0,9) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 3 for another point (6,9)

8b) 𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 so the zero is at 𝑥 = 1

Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑦 = −(−1)2 = −1

Reflect (0, −1) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 1 for another point (2, −1)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

5
9a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1), so the zeroes are at 𝑥 = − 2 and 𝑥 = −1

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 + 5)(0 + 1) = 5
5
− −1 7
2
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = = −4
2
7 3 3 9
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 4) = (2) (− 4) = − 8

1
9b) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3), so the zeroes are 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −3
2

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 3) = −3
1
−3 5
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 2 = − 4
5 7 7 49
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 4) = (− 2) (4) = − 8

4
9c) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2), so the zeroes are 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −2
3

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 4)(0 + 2) = −8
1 4 1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 (3 − 2) = − 3
1 1 25 1
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 3) = (−1 − 4) (2 − 3) = − = −8 3
3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

9d) 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 32 ) = 2(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are −3 and 3.

Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the y-intercept is −18

The midpoint of the zeroes is 𝑥 = 0, so the y-intercept is also the vertex

4
9e) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) so the zeroes are − 3 and 1.

Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the y-intercept is −4

1 4 1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 (1 − 3) = − 6
1 1 1 49
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 6) = (4 − 2) (− 6 − 1) = − 12

3
9f) 𝑦 = −(4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3) = −(4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) so the zeroes are 4 and 1

Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the 𝑦-intercept is −3

Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 7/8
7 7 7 1
Vertex at 𝑓 (8) = − (2 − 3) (8 − 1) = 16

10a) The zeroes are −1 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2).

The y-intercept is (0, −2), so we sub it in: −2 = 𝑎(0 + 1)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = 1.

Thus the equation is 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
10b) The zeroes are −3 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2).

The y-intercept is (0,6), so we sub it in: 6 = 𝑎(0 + 3)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = −1.

Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
10c) The zeroes are −2 and 4, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4).

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The y-intercept is (0, −24), so we sub it in: −24 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 4), so 𝑎 = 3.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)
10d) The zeroes are −2 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2).
1
The y-intercept is (0,2), so we sub it in: 2 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = − 2.
1
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = − 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
11a) The zeroes are 1 and 3, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3).

The y-intercept is (0,6), so we sub it in: 6 = 𝑎(0 − 1)(0 − 3), so 𝑎 = 2.

Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
11b) The zeroes are −2 and 1, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1).

The y-intercept is (0,4), so we sub it in: 4 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 1), so 𝑎 = −2.

Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
11c) The zeroes are −1 and 5, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5).

The y-intercept is (0,15), so we sub it in: 15 = 𝑎(0 + 1)(0 − 5), so 𝑎 = −3

Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5)
11d) The zeroes are −2 and −4, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4).
1
The y-intercept is (0,2), so we sub it in: 2 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 + 4), so 𝑎 = 4.
1
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)

12a) Expanding the equation shows that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 10𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎.

Thus 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)

12b) Expanding the equation shows that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 10𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎.

Thus 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)

2+8
12c) The midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2
= 5.

The y-value of the vertex −12 = 𝑎(5 − 2)(5 − 8) = −9𝑎

4 4
Thus 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
12d) The equation at the point (1, −20):

−20 = 𝑎(1 − 2)(1 − 8) = 7𝑎

20 20
Thus 𝑎 = − and 𝑦 = − 7 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
7
13a)
As it is monic, the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1 and thus 𝑎 = 1.
The equation at the point (−3,0)
0 = −3(−3 − 𝛼)
0 = −3 − 𝛼
Thus 𝛼 = −3
13b)
One 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 means that the curve touches the axis and has both of its
solutions the same. This means that 𝛼 = 0 as this produces a double root when 𝑥 = 0.
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The equation at the point (2,6)

6 = 𝑎×22
6 = 4𝑎
3
𝑎=2
13c)
The 𝑥-value of the midpoint is halfway between the 2 intercepts, 0 and 𝛼. Hence
0+𝛼
=1
𝛼
2
=1
2
𝛼=2
The equation at the point (1,4)
4 = 𝑎(1)(1 − 2)
4 = −𝑎
𝑎 = −4
13d)
The axis of symmetry is between the 2 intercepts, 0 and 𝛼. Hence
0+𝛼
= −3
2
0 + 𝛼 = −6
𝛼 = −6
The equation is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝛼𝑥 when expanded. As the coefficient of 𝑥 is 12.
𝑎𝛼 = 12.
Substituting in 𝛼 = −6
−6𝑎 = 12
𝑎 = −2
14a)
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑐 = 𝑎(0 − 𝛼)(0 − 𝛽)
𝑐 = 𝑎𝛼𝛽
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛼𝛽
14b)
Expanding the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽) = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎(𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽
As the coefficient of 𝑥 is 𝑏
−𝑎(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑏
𝑏
𝑎 = − 𝛼+𝛽
14c)
The equation at the point (1,2)
2 = 𝑎(1 − 𝛼)(1 − 𝛽)
2
𝑎 = (1−𝛼)(1−𝛽)

15a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) so the zeroes are at −2 and 4

The axis of symmetry is the midpoint, 𝑥 = 1.

15bi) 𝑓(1 + ℎ) = (ℎ + 3)(ℎ − 3) = ℎ2 − 9

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑓(1 − ℎ) = (3 − ℎ)(−3 − ℎ) = ℎ2 − 9
Thus, we see that 𝑓(1 + ℎ) = 𝑓(1 − ℎ)
15bii) The parabola is reflected in the axis of symmetry (it is symmetric on the line 𝑥 = 1).

16a)

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑝2 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 𝑝2 = (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑝)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑝) using the difference

of 2 squares

Hence the x-intercepts are x = −1 − p or p − 1

−1−𝑝+𝑝−1 2
Hence the axis of symmetry is x = = − = −1
2 2

16b)

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 − 1 + 𝑝2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 𝑝)2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 𝑝 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑝 − 1)

using the difference of 2 squares

Hence the 𝑥-intercepts are 𝑥 = 𝑝 − 1 or 𝑝 + 1

𝑝−1+𝑝+1 2𝑝
Hence the axis of symmetry is 2
= 2
=𝑝

16c)

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑝 − 𝑝2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 2𝑝 − 𝑝2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − (1 + 𝑝)2 =
((𝑥 − 1) − (1 + 𝑝))((𝑥 − 1) + (1 + 𝑝)) = (𝑥 − 2 − 𝑝)(𝑥 + 𝑝) using the difference of 2 squares

Hence the 𝑥-intercepts are 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑝 or −𝑝

2+𝑝−𝑝 2
Hence the axis of symmetry is 2
=2=1

17a)
1
LHS = 𝑓 (2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) + ℎ)
1 1
= 𝑎(2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) + ℎ − 𝛼)(2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) + ℎ − 𝛽)
1 1 1 1
= 𝑎(2 𝛼 + 2 𝛽 + ℎ − 𝛼)(2 𝛼 + 2 𝛽 + ℎ − 𝛽)
1 1 1 1
= 𝑎(− 2 𝛼 + 2 𝛽 + ℎ)(2 𝛼 − 2 𝛽 + ℎ)
1
RHS = 𝑓 (2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) − ℎ)

1 1
= 𝑎( (𝛼 + 𝛽) − ℎ − 𝛼)( (𝛼 + 𝛽) − ℎ − 𝛽)
2 2
1 1 1 1
= 𝑎( 𝛼 + 𝛽 − ℎ − 𝛼)( 𝛼 + 𝛽 − ℎ − 𝛽)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= 𝑎(− 2 𝛼 + 2 𝛽 − ℎ)(2 𝛼 − 2 𝛽 − ℎ)

1 1 1 1
= 𝑎( 𝛼 − 𝛽 + ℎ)(− 𝛼 + 𝛽 + ℎ)
2 2 2 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions
1 1 1 1
= 𝑎(− 𝛼 + 𝛽 + ℎ)( 𝛼 − 𝛽 + ℎ)
2 2 2 2

Thus LHS = RHS

17b)

LHS = 𝑓(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝑥)

= 𝑎(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝑥 − 𝛽)
= 𝑎(𝛽 − 𝑥)(𝛼 − 𝑥)
= 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝛽)(𝑥 − 𝛼)
= 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)
= 𝑓(𝑥) = RHS

18)

If 𝛼 is a root

𝑎𝛼 2 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝑐 = 0 (1)

If β is a root

aβ2 + bβ + c = 0 (2)

If 𝛾 is a root

𝑎𝛾 2 + 𝑏𝛾 + 𝑐 = 0 (3)

(2)-(1)

𝑎(𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) + 𝑏(𝛽 − 𝛼) + 𝑐 − 𝑐 = 0 (7)

𝑎(𝛽 − 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝛼) + 𝑏(𝛽 − 𝛼) = 0

(𝛽 − 𝛼)(𝑎(𝛽 + 𝛼) + 𝑏) = 0

Now if α ≠ β then 𝛽 − 𝛼 ≠ 0 and hence it is not a root.

Thus 𝑎(𝛽 + 𝛼) + 𝑏 = 0 (4)

(3)-(1)

𝑎(𝛾 2 − 𝛼 2 ) + 𝑏(𝛾 − 𝛼) + 𝑐 − 𝑐 = 0
𝑎(𝛾 − 𝛼)(𝛾 + 𝛼) + 𝑏(𝛾 − 𝛼) = 0
(𝛾 − 𝛼)(𝑎(𝛾 + 𝛼) + 𝑏) = 0

Now if 𝛼 ≠ 𝛾 then 𝛾 − 𝛼 ≠ 0 and hence it is not a root.

Thus a(γ + α) + b = 0 (5)

(5)-(4)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑎(𝛽 + 𝛼 − (𝛾 + 𝛼)) + 𝑏 − 𝑏 = 0

𝑎(𝛽 − 𝛾) = 0
𝛽−𝛾 =0 (6)

β=γ
Thus, the roots are not distinct and hence there cannot be 3 distinct roots.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3E
1a) The (𝑥 − 2)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

1b) 𝑦 = (0 − 2)2 − 1 = 3

1c) (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) so the 𝑥-intercepts are 1 and 3

1d) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1, so the vertex is (2, −1)

1e)

2a) The (𝑥 + 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 − 4 = −3
2 2
(𝑥 + 1) − 4 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) so the 𝑥-intercepts are −3 and 1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4, so the vertex is (−1, −4)

2b) The (𝑥 − 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (0 − 1)2 − 9 = −8
(𝑥 − 1)2 − 9 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) so the x-intercepts are −2 and 4
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 9, so the vertex is (1, −9)

2c) The −(𝑥 + 2)2 term is negative, so the parabola is concave down.

𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(0 + 2)2 + 4 = 0
𝑦 = 0: 0 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 4 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = −𝑥(𝑥 + 4), so the 𝑥-intercepts are 0
and −4
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 4, so the vertex is (−2,4)

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2d) The – (𝑥 − 2)2 term is negative so the parabola is concave down.

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(0 − 2)2 + 9 = 5

−(𝑥 − 2)2 + 9 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = −(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1), so the x-intercepts are −1
and 5
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 9, so the vertex is (2,9)

3a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 5 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

3b) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 11 = (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) − 9 + 11 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 2

3c) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 8 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 7

3d) 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) − 25 + 1 = (𝑥 − 5)2 − 24

3e) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 5 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6

3f) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 − 1 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 5

4a) The (𝑥 + 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 3, so the vertex is (−1, −3).

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 − 3 = −2
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 + 1)2 − 3 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)2 = 3
𝑥 + 1 = ±√3, 𝑥 = −1 ± √3

4b) The (𝑥 − 4)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 − 7, so the vertex is (4, −7).

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = (0 − 4)2 − 7 = 9
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 − 4)2 − 7 = 0, (𝑥 − 4)2 = 7

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 − 4 = ±√7, 𝑥 = 4 ± √7

4c) The −(𝑥 − 3)2 term is negative, so the parabola is concave down.

𝑦 = 2 − (𝑥 − 3)2 , so the vertex is (3,2).

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 2 − (0 − 3)2 = −7
Let 𝑦 = 0: 2 − (𝑥 − 3)2 = 0, (𝑥 − 3)2 = 2
𝑥 − 3 = ±√2, 𝑥 = 3 ± √2

4d)
The −(𝑥 + 1)2 term is negative, so the parabola is concave down.

𝑦 = 5 − (𝑥 + 1)2 , so the vertex is (−1,5).

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 5 − (0 + 1)2 = 4
Let 𝑦 = 0: 5 − (𝑥 + 1)2 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)2 = 5
𝑥 + 1 = ±√5, 𝑥 = −1 ± √5

5a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 3 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1 = 0

(𝑥 − 2)2 = 1, 𝑥 − 2 = ±1, 𝑥 = 2 ± 1, so 𝑥 = 1 or 3
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3), so 𝑥 = 1 or 3
5b) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 3 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4 = 0

(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4, 𝑥 + 1 = ±2, 𝑥 = −1 ± 2, so 𝑥 = −3 or 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1), so 𝑥 = −3 or 1
1 1 1 2 9
5c) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) − 4 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2) − 4 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1 2 9 1 3 1 3
(𝑥 − 2) = 4, 𝑥 − 2 = ± 2 , 𝑥 = 2 ± 2, so 𝑥 = −1 or 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2), so 𝑥 = −1 or 2
6a) Vertex at (1,2) and concave up: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2
6b) Vertex at (-2,-3) and concave up: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
6c) Vertex at (3,4) and concave down: 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 4
6d) Vertex at (2,-1) and concave down: 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
7a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 5
7b) 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 3
7c) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 7
7d) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − 11
8a) Technology question

8b) All parabolas pass through the vertex (1,-2)

8c) The parabolas with 𝑎 > 0 have 𝑥-intercepts
8d) Parabolas with 𝑎 > 0 are concave up, so the curve will rise up from the vertex
and intersect the 𝑥-axis.
9a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) so the x-intercepts are 0 and 2.

Subbing in 𝑥 = 0 shows that 𝑦 = 0

Complete the square: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 1
Thus, the vertex is (1, −1)

9b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3), so the intercepts are 1 and 3.

Subbing in x = 0 gives 𝑦 = (−1)(−3) = 3

Completing the square: 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 3 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
Thus the vertex is (2, −1)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

9c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 5 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 6 so the vertex is (1, −6)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (−1)2 − 6 = −5
Sub in 𝑦 = 0, (𝑥 − 1)2 = 6, 𝑥 − 1 = ±√6, 𝑥 = 1 ± √6

9d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2, so the vertex is (−1, −2)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (1)2 − 2 = −1
Sub in 𝑦 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)2 = 2, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√2, 𝑥 = −1 ± √2

9e) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (−1,1)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (1)2 + 1 = 2
Parabola is concave up and vertex is above x-axis, so there are no x-intercepts
Reflect (0,2) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1 for the point (−2,2)

9 9 3 2 7 3 7
9f) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 4 = (𝑥 − 2) + 4 , so the vertex is (2 , 4)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0)2 − 3(0) + 4 = 4

Parabola is concave up and vertex is above x-axis, so there are no x-intercepts
3
Reflect (0,4) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 2 for the point (3,4)

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10) Sub ℎ = −4 and 𝑘 = 2 in to the formula 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 to get 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 4)2 + 2.

Therefore, any quadratic with a vertex at (−4,2) will have that formula.
10a) Expanding: 𝑎(𝑥 + 4)2 + 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 8𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎 + 2

In a monic quadratic the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1, so 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2

10b) In (13a) we showed that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 𝑎. So 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 4)2 + 2

10c) We take the expanded formula and let 𝑥 = 0:

7 7
𝑎(0)2 + 8𝑎(0) + 16𝑎 + 2 = 16, 16𝑎 = 14, 𝑎 = 8, 𝑦 = 8 (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2
10d) Sub the point (0,0) into the formula:
1 1
0 = 𝑎(0 + 4)2 + 2, 16𝑎 = −2, 𝑎 = − 8, 𝑦 = − 8 (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2
11a) Vertex at (3, −5) and concave up, so there are 2 𝑥-intercepts.

11b) Vertex at (−1,3) and concave down, so there are 2 𝑥-intercepts.

11c) Vertex at (−2, −1) and concave down, so there are no 𝑥-intercepts.

11d) Vertex at (4,3) and concave up, so there are no 𝑥-intercepts.

11e) Vertex at (−1,0) and concave up, so there is 1 𝑥-intercept.

11f) Vertex at (3,0) and concave down, so there is 1 𝑥-intercept.

12a) −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) = −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 1 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (−1,1)

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 02 − 0 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0: −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = 0, so the 𝑥-intercepts are 0 and -2

12b) −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1) = −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 − 1) = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 5, so the vertex is (2,5)

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(−2)2 + 5 = 1
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 − 2)2 = 5, 𝑥 − 2 = ±√5, 𝑥 = 2 ± √5

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3 3
12c) 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2) = 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (1,1)

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 2(−1)2 + 1 = 3
No 𝑥-intercepts since it’s concave up
Reflect (0,3) in the line 𝑥 = 1 for the point (2,3)

1 1
12d) 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ) = 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + ) = 4(𝑥 − 1)2 − 3, so the vertex is (1, −3)
4 4

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 4(−1)2 − 3 = 1
3 √3 √3
Let 𝑦 = 0: 4(𝑥 − 1)2 = 3, 𝑥 − 1 = ±√4 = ± , 𝑥 = 1±
2 2

9 9 3 2 5 3 5
12e) 2(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) = 2 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 1) = 2 (𝑥 + 2) − 2, so the vertex is (− 2 , − 2)

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 2(0 + 0 + 1) = 2
3 2 5 3 5 √5 −3±√5
Let 𝑦 = 0: 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 2, 𝑥 + 2 = ±√4 = ± , 𝑥=
2 2

11 11
12f) −2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2
) = −2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 2
) = −2(𝑥 + 2)2 − 3, so the vertex is
(−2,3)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −2(2)2 − 3 = −11

No 𝑥-intercepts since it’s concave down
Reflect (0, −11) in the line 𝑥 = −2 for the point (−4, −11)

12g)
−3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1) = −3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2) = −3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 6, so the vertex is
(−2,3)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −3(0)2 + 6(0) + 3 = 3
Let 𝑦 = 0: 0 = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 = 6, (𝑥 − 1)2 = 2, 𝑥 − 1 = ±√2, 𝑥 = 1 ± √2

12h)
5𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 23 = 5(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) + 23 = 5(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 20 + 23 = 5(𝑥 − 2)2 +
3, so the vertex is (2,3)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 5(0)2 − 20(0) + 23 = 23
As the curve is concave up there are no 𝑥-intercepts

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12i)
3𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 21 = 3(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7) = 3(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 2) = 3((𝑥 + 3)2 − 2) =
3(𝑥 + 3)2 − 6, so the vertex is (−3, −6).
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 3(0)2 + 18(0) + 21 = 21
Let 𝑦 = 0: 0 = 3(𝑥 + 3)2 − 6, 3(𝑥 + 3)2 = 6, (𝑥 + 3)2 = 2, 𝑥 + 3 = ±√2, 𝑥 =
−3 ± √2

13a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2 = 0

(𝑥 + 1)2 = 2, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√2, 𝑥 = −1 ± √2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1 + √2)(𝑥 + 1 − √2)
13b) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 3 = 0

(𝑥 − 2)2 = 3, 𝑥 − 2 = ±√3, 𝑥 = 2 ± √3
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2 − √3)(𝑥 − 2 + √3)
13c) −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4) = −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 4) = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 5 = 0

(𝑥 + 1)2 = 5, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√5, 𝑥 = −1 ± √5
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1 + √5)(𝑥 + 1 − √5)
2
14) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑘
14a) Substituting in (0,0)
0 = (0 + 2)2 + 𝑘
𝑘 = −4
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4
14b) Substituting in (5,1)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1 = (5 + 2)2 + 𝑘
𝑘 = 1 − 72 = 1 − 49 = −48
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 48
14c) When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
0 = (1 + 2)2 + 𝑘
𝑘 = −32 = −9
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 9
14d) When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −6
−6 = (0 + 2)2 + 𝑘
−6 = 22 + 𝑘
−6 = 4 + 𝑘
𝑘 = −10
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 10
14e) This means the graph has a minimum when 𝑦 = −2 and thus as (𝑥 + 2)2 ≥ 0,
𝑘 = −2.
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2
14f) 𝑦 ≥ 7
(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑘 ≥ 7
Now as (𝑥 + 2)2 ≥ 0
𝑘=7
Thus 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 7
15a) Vertex at (1,1) so it takes the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3
3 = 𝑎(0 − 1)2 + 1
2 = 𝑎(−1)2
𝑎=2
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1
15b) Vertex at (3,2) so it takes the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 3)2 + 2
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −7
−7 = 𝑎(0 − 3)2 + 2
−9 = 𝑎(−3)2
−9 = 9𝑎
𝑎 = −1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 2
15c) Vertex at (−2, −4) so it takes the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
−2 = 𝑎(0 + 2)2 − 4
2 = 𝑎(2)2
2 = 4𝑎
1
𝑎=2
1
𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4
15d) Vertex at (−1,4) so it takes the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 𝑎(0 + 1)2 + 4
−3 = 𝑎

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
16a) The zeroes occur when 𝑦 = 0
0 = (𝑥 + 𝑑)2 − 𝑒
(𝑥 + 𝑑)2 = 𝑒
(𝑥 + 𝑑) = ±√𝑒
𝑥 = −𝑑 ± √𝑒
Difference between the zeroes is:
−𝑑 + √𝑒 − (−𝑑 − √𝑒) = 2√𝑒
16b)
For the difference between the two zeroes to be 2
2√𝑒 = 2
√𝑒 = 1
𝑒=1
17) Let’s assume 𝑘2 = 𝑘1 .
If ℎ2 = ℎ1 then the two curves are the same. Or the two curves do not intersect at
all. If 𝑘2 = 𝑘1 , then ℎ2 ≠ ℎ1
If 𝑘2 = 𝑘1 and ℎ2 ≠ ℎ1 , then, the two curves intersect for (𝑥 − ℎ1 )2 = (𝑥 − ℎ2 )2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ1 + ℎ1 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ2 + ℎ2 2
2𝑥(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )(ℎ2 + ℎ1 )
(ℎ2 + ℎ1 )
𝑥=
2
Therefore, if 𝑘2 = 𝑘1 , there is either one point of intersection when ℎ2 ≠ ℎ1 and a
infinity of points of intersection when ℎ2 = ℎ1

Let’s assume 𝑘2 ≠ 𝑘1 .
If ℎ2 ≠ ℎ1 then the two curves intersect for (𝑥 − ℎ1 )2 + 𝑘1 = (𝑥 − ℎ2 )2 + 𝑘2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ1 + ℎ1 2 + 𝑘1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ2 + ℎ2 2 + 𝑘2
2𝑥(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2 + 𝑘2 − 𝑘1
2𝑥(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )(ℎ2 + ℎ1 ) + 𝑘2 − 𝑘1
(ℎ +ℎ ) 𝑘 −𝑘
𝑥 = 2 2 1 + 2(ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
2 1
If ℎ2 = ℎ1 and 𝑘2 ≠ 𝑘1 then the two curves do not intersect at all
We can conclude that, for the two curves not to intersect at all, 𝑘2 ≠ 𝑘1 and
ℎ2 = ℎ1

If ℎ2 = ℎ1 , then or 𝑘2 ≠ 𝑘1 , this means the curves would have the same axis of
symmetry but different vertices.

𝑦 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
18a) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + (2𝑎) ) − (2𝑎) + 𝑎
𝑎
𝑦 𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐 4𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (𝑥 + ) − 2 + ( × ) = (𝑥 + ) −
𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎2
𝑏 2 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 −𝑏
18b) 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) − 4𝑎
, so the vertex is ( 2𝑎 , 4𝑎
) and the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 2𝑎

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑏 2 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
18c) 𝑎 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) − 4𝑎
=0

𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑎 (𝑥 + ) =
2𝑎 4𝑎

b b 2 − 4ac √b 2 − 4ac
x+ = ±√ = ±
2a 4a2 2a

−𝑏 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= ± =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
18d)
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Using part (a) the roots are , so in factored form the equation takes the
2𝑎
−𝑏−√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
form 𝑦 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ), 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥 + )(𝑥 + ).
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏+√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Now, as the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 𝑎, 𝐴 = 𝑎 and thus 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + )(𝑥 + )
2𝑎 2𝑎
19)
𝑝2 𝑝2 𝑝 2 𝑝2
𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + − + 𝑞 = (𝑥 + ) + 𝑞 −
4 4 2 4

𝑝 𝑝2
Thus, the parabola has vertex (− 2 , 𝑞 − 4
)

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 02 + 𝑝×0 + 𝑞 = 𝑞

Thus the 𝑦-intercept is 𝑞

19a)
𝑝2 𝑝2
𝑝2 > 4𝑞 → >𝑞→0>𝑞− thus, the vertex lies below the 𝑥-axis and hence it will cross
4 4
𝑝
the axis. Now as 𝑝 > 0, 2 > 0 and hence the vertex of the curve lies to the left of the 𝑦-axis.

19b)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑝2 𝑝2
𝑝2 < 4𝑞 → 4
<𝑞→0<𝑞− 4
thus, the vertex lies above the 𝑥-axis and hence it will not
𝑝
cross the axis. Now as 𝑝 > 0, > 0 and hence the vertex of the curve lies to the left of the 𝑦-axis.
2

19c)
𝑝2 𝑝2 𝑝
𝑝2 = 4𝑞 → =𝑞→0=𝑞− thus, the vertex touches the 𝑥-axis. Now as 𝑝 > 0, > 0
4 4 2
and hence the vertex of the curve lies to the left of the 𝑦-axis.

20a)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(ℎ + 𝑡)

= 𝑎(ℎ + 𝑡 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

= 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑘
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(ℎ − 𝑡)

= 𝑎(ℎ − 𝑡 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

= 𝑎(−𝑡)2 + 𝑘

= 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑘
Thus, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 so, 𝑓(ℎ + 𝑡) = 𝑓(ℎ − 𝑡)

The axis of symmetry lies at the midpoint of any 2 points with the with the same 𝑥-value.
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑥= = =𝑥
2 2
20b)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(2ℎ − 𝑥)

= 𝑎(2ℎ − 𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

= 𝑎(ℎ − 𝑥)2 + 𝑘

= 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
= 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

The axis of symmetry lies at the midpoint of any 2 points with the with the same 𝑦-value.
2ℎ − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2ℎ
𝑥= = =ℎ
2 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3F
1a

i.

If 𝑎 > 0, then 𝑓 is concave upward everywhere,

If 𝑎 < 0, then 𝑓 is concave downward everywhere
𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 1, thus concave upward.
ii.

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is −1.

iii.

𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = 1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
the axis of symmetry is on the value of − 2𝑎. i.e. 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
In this case, 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is 1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −2
v.

𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = −1
4 − 4 × 1 ×−1
Thus ∆= 8
vi.

As the discriminant is greater than 0

vii.

−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
∆= 8
2+√8
2×−2
2 + 2√2
=
−4
−1 − √2
=
2
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2 − 2√2
−4
−1 + √2
=
2
1b

The graph can be sketched easily now, as the t.p. is found and the intercepts. Plot
all know values and draw the natural curve.
The graph will look like the graph shown below:

2a

𝑎 = 1
𝑏 = 2
𝑐 = −2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × 1 ×−2
Thus ∆= 12
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
−2 + √12
2×1

−2 + 2√3
=
2

= −1 + √3
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
−1 − √3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The decimal values are found via a calculator:

−1 + √3 = 0.73
−1 − √3 = −2.73
2b

𝑎 = 1
𝑏 = −4
𝑐 = 1
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
16 − 4 × 1 ×1
Thus ∆= 12
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
4 + √12
2×1

4 + 2√3
=
2

= 2 + √3
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
2 − √3
The decimal values are found via a calculator:
2 + √3 = 3.73
2 − √3 = 0.27
2c

𝑎 =−1
𝑏 = 3
𝑐 = 2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
9 − 4 × −1 ×2
Thus ∆= 17
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
3 + √17
=
2×−1

3 + √17
=
−2
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
3 − √17
−2
The decimal values are found via a calculator:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3 + √17
= −0.56
−2
3 − √17
= 3.56
−2
2d

𝑎 = −1
𝑏 = −2
𝑐 = 4
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × −1 ×4
Thus ∆= 20
Thus there are no roots

2e

𝑎 = 3
𝑏 = −2
𝑐 = −2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × 3 ×−2
Thus ∆= 28
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
−2 + √28
=
2×3
−2 + 2√7
=
6
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
−2 − 2√7
6
The decimal values are found via a calculator:
−2 + 2√7
= 1.22
6
−2 − 2√7
= −0.55
6
2f

𝑎 = 2
𝑏 = 4
𝑐 = −1
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
16 − 4 × 2 ×−1
Thus ∆= 24
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−4 + 2√6
=
2×2

−4 + 2√6
=
4
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
−4 − 2√6
4
The decimal values are found via a calculator:
−4 + 2√6
= 0.23
4
−4 − 2√6
= −2.23
4

3a
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 4
If a>0, then f is concave upward everywhere,
If 𝑎 < 0, then f is concave downward everywhere
𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 1, thus concave upward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 4.
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = −3

The axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = −3. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is −3, the y value must be
𝑦=5

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 20 As the discriminant is greater than 0, two 𝑥 −intercepts exist.

−𝑏+√∆ −𝑏−√∆
2𝑎
= 3 + √5 and 2𝑎
= 3 − √5

3b

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 5
𝑎 > 0, thus concave upward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5, thus the value of the y-intercept is 5.
The axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 2. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 2, the y value must be 𝑦 = 1

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −4 As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥-intercepts exist.

The y-intercept is as follows: let 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = 5

3c

𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 2
a<0, thus concave downward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 2.
-𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1, the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 1, the y value
must be 𝑦 = 3

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 12 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist.

−𝑏−√∆ −𝑏+√∆
2𝑎
= 1 − √3 and 2𝑎
= 1 + √3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3d
𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = −3
a<0, thus concave downward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3, thus the value of the 𝑦 −intercept is −3.
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1, the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 1, the y value
must be 𝑦 = −1

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −8

As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥-intercepts exist.

3e

𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −1
a>0, thus concave upward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, thus the value of the 𝑦 −intercept is −1.
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = −1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = −1. If the x value of the vertex is -1, the y value must be
𝑦 = −4

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 48 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist.

−𝑏+√∆ −6+4√3 −3−2√3 −𝑏−√∆ −3+2√3

2𝑎
= 6
= 3
and 2𝑎 = 3

3f

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1
a>0, thus concave upward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, thus the value of the 𝑦 −intercept is −1.
−𝑏/(2𝑎_ = −1/2
The axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1/2. If the x value of the vertex is -1/2, the y value must be
𝑦 = −3/2

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 12 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist.

−𝑏+√∆ −1+√3 −𝑏−√∆ −1−√3

= and =
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3g

𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = −1, thus concave downward.

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 2.
𝑏
− = −1
2𝑎
the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1. If the 𝑥 −value of the vertex is −1, the 𝑦-value
must be 𝑦 = −3
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = ∆= −12 As the discriminant is less than 0, there are no 𝑥-
intercepts

3h

𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = −1, thus concave downward.

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 5.
𝑏
− = 1
2𝑎
the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is 1, the 𝑦-value must
be 𝑦 = 6
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 24 As the discriminant is greater than 0, there are two 𝑥-
intercepts:
−𝑏 ± √∆
2𝑎
∆= 24
−2 ± √24
= 1 ± √6
2×−1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3i

If 𝑎 > 0, then 𝑓 is concave upward everywhere,

If 𝑎 < 0, then 𝑓 is concave downward everywhere
𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 1, thus concave upward.

let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 3.

𝑏=2
𝑎 = 1
𝑏 2
Thus, − = − = −1
2𝑎 2

𝑏 𝑏
the axis of symmetry is on the value of − 2𝑎. i.e. 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
In this case, 𝑥 = −1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is 1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2

𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = 3
4 − 4 × 1 ×3
Thus ∆= −8 < 0

As the discriminant is less than 0 and thus there are no intercepts in the 𝑥-axis

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

4a

Factoring:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0

𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 4

Completing the Square:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

9 9
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + − − 4 = 0
4 4

3 2 25
(𝑥 − ) − =0
2 4

3 2 25
(𝑥 − ) =
2 4

Square root both sides

3 5
𝑥− =
2 2
3 5
𝑥+ =
2 2

Thus,
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Quadratic Equation:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 ± √9 + 16 −3 ± 5
= =
2𝑎 2×1 2
=1 or 4

4b

Factoring:

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3

Completing the Square:

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0

25 25
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + − +6 =0
4 4

5 2 1
(𝑥 − ) − =0
2 4

5 2 1
(𝑥 − ) =
2 4

Square root both sides

5 1
𝑥− =
2 2
5 1
𝑥+ =
2 2

Thus,
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3

Quadratic Equation:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 5+√25−24

= = 2 or 3
2𝑎 2×1

4c

Factoring:

−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 6) = 0

𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 6

Completing the Square:

−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0

−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 12 = 0

−(𝑥 − 2)2 + 16=0

(𝑥 − 2)2 = 16

Square root both sides

𝑥−2=4

𝑥+2=4

Thus,
𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 6

Quadratic Equation:

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −4±√16+48 −4±√64

2𝑎
= 2×−1
= −2
= −2 or 6

5a

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

i.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −8 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no 𝑥 −intercepts

ii.
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0 , the y-intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)

iii.

iv.
The other point that can thus be used, is (−1,3)

5b

i.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −4 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no 𝑥 −intercept

ii
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0
The 𝑦 −intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)

iii

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

iv

The points of symmetry that can be used are (1,-2) and (-1,2)

5c
i.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −2 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no 𝑥 −intercept

ii

Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0
The 𝑦 −intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)
iii

iv

The points of symmetry that can be used are (2,3) and (−2,3)

6a

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
6±√36−4
2
= 3 ± 2√2

Proofs:

3 − 2√2 + 3 + 2√2 = 6
−𝑏 6
𝑎
= 1 = 6 thus, QED

(3 − 2√2)×(3 + 2√2) = 1
𝑐 1
= = 1 thus, QED
𝑎 1

6b

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
= 1 ± √5

Proofs:

1 − √5 + 1 + √5 = 2
−𝑏 2
= = 2 thus, QED
𝑎 1

(1 − √5)×(1 + √5) = −4
𝑐 −4
= = −4 thus, QED
𝑎 1

6c

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
= −5 ± √10

Proofs:

−10+2√10 −10−2√10 10
−6
+ −6 = 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−𝑏 10
𝑎
= 3
thus, QED

−10+2√10 −10−2√10 10
( −6
)×( −6 ) = 3

𝑐 −5 5
𝑎
= 3
= − 3 thus, QED

7a

a>0, a=1, thus concave upward.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 17 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist, thus 2

zeroes

7b

a>0, thus concave upward.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 0 As the discriminant is equal to 0, one 𝑥 −intercept exists, thus 1 zeroe

7c

a<0, thus concave downward.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −7 As the discriminant is less than 0, 0 𝑥 −intercepts exist, thus no

zeroes

8a

let 𝑦 = 2, 2 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

∆= 8 As the discriminant is less than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist

These 𝑥 −intercepts can be calculated from the quadratic equation

Quadratic Equation:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −2 ± √4 + 4 −2 ± √8
= = = 1 ± √2
2𝑎 2×−1 −2

ii

let 𝑦 = 4, 4 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1

∆= 0 As the discriminant is equal to 0, 1 𝑥 −intercept exists

This x-intercepts can be calculated from the quadratic equation

Quadratic Equation:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
=1
2𝑎

iii

let y=6, 6 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

∆= −8 As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥 −intercept exists

8b

8c

let y=k, 𝑘 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (3 − 𝑘)

∆= 4 − 4 × −1 ×(3 − 𝑘) > 0 thus 4 > 𝑘

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

9a

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= −3 + √5
2𝑎
(𝑥 − (−3 − √5))(𝑥 − (−3 + √5))

9b

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −2 ± √3
=
2𝑎 2

Fraction form:

−2 + √3 −2 − √3
(𝑥 − ( ))(𝑥 − ( ))
2 2

9c

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 + √5
=
2𝑎 −6
Fraction form:

−3 − √5 −3 + √5
(𝑥 − ( ))(𝑥 − ( ))
−6 −6

9d
2 1 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 = 3 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) = 3 ((𝑥 + 1)2 − 3) = 3(𝑥 + 1 + )(𝑥 +1− )
√3 √3
using the difference of 2 squares

9e
3 2 9 3 2 13
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = −(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1) = − ((𝑥 − 2) − 4 − 1) = − ((𝑥 − 2) − 4
) =
3 √13 3 √13
−(𝑥 − 2 + 2
)(𝑥 −2− 2
) using the difference of 2 squares

9f
1 1 1 2 9 1 3
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = −2 (𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 − 2) = −2 ((𝑥 + 4) − 16) = −2 (𝑥 + 4 + 4) (𝑥 +
1 3 1
2
− 4) = −2(𝑥 + 1)(− 2)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

10a
𝑏
The 𝑥 −intercept of vertex point can be found with 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
Substituting 𝑥 into equation
𝑏 2 𝑏
𝑎 (− ) + 𝑏 (− ) + 𝑐
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑏 2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑏 2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 4𝑎
−𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐
= +
4𝑎 4𝑎
−(𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) −∆
= =
4𝑎 4𝑎
10b

In Q6a, −𝑏/(2𝑎) = 3

let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −8

∆= 32
∆ −32
− 4𝑎 = − 4
= −8 QED

In Q6b

−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1

let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −5

∆= 20
∆ 20
− 4𝑎 = − 4
= −5 QED

In Q6c
5
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions
5 10
let 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 3

∆= 40
∆ 40 10
− 4𝑎 = − −12 = 3
QED

11

As 𝐴 lies between 𝑃 and 𝑄, 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑝

Thus 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑝 − 𝑃𝐴

Now 𝑃𝑄×𝑄𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴2

𝑝×(𝑝 − 𝑃𝐴) = 𝑃𝐴2

𝑝2 − 𝑝×𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴2

𝑃𝐴2 + 𝑃𝐴×𝑝 − 𝑝2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula
−𝑝±√𝑝2 −4×1×−𝑝2 −𝑝±√5𝑝
𝑃𝐴 = =
2 2

−𝑝+√5𝑝 𝑝
But as 𝑃𝐴 is a distance 𝑃𝐴 > 0 so the only solution is 2
= 2 (√5 − 1)

12a

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 = 𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 𝑘

∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2ℎ)2 − 4(ℎ2 + 𝑘) = 4ℎ2 − 4ℎ2 − 4𝑘 = −4𝑘

−(−2ℎ)±√−4𝑘 2ℎ±2√𝑘
Using the quadratic formula the zeroes are 𝑥 = 2
= 2
= ℎ ± √𝑘

ℎ+√𝑘+ℎ−√𝑘 2ℎ
The axis of symmetry is at the midpoint of these zeroes 𝑥 = 2
= 2
=ℎ

12b

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) = 𝑥 2 − 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽

2
∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−(𝛼 + 𝛽)) − 4×1×𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼 2 + 2𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 2 − 4𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼 2 − 2𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 2 =
(𝛼 − 𝛽)2
−(−(𝛼+𝛽))±√(𝛼−𝛽)2 𝛼+𝛽±(𝛼−𝛽)
Using the quadratic formula the zeroes are 𝑥 = 2
= 2
= 𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝛽
𝛼+𝛽
The axis of symmetry is at the midpoint of these 2 values 𝑥 = 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛽−𝛼 𝛼−𝛽

The 𝑦-values of the vertex is this 𝑓 ( 2
) =( 2
− 𝛼) ( 2
− 𝛽) = ( 2
)( 2 ) =
𝛼−𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 2
−( 2
)( 2 ) = −( 2
)

𝛼−𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 2
Thus the vertex is at ( 2
, − ( 2
) )

13a
𝑏 𝑏
The axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − 2

𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 1
𝑓 (− 2) = (− 2) + 𝑏 (− 2) + 𝑐 = 4
− 2
+𝑐 =𝑐− 4
= 4 (4𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )
𝑏 1
Thus, the vertex is (− 2 , 4 (4𝑐 − 𝑏 2 ))

13b
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4(1)𝑐 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑐
Using the quadratic formula the zeroes are 𝑥 = 2𝑎
= 2(1)
= 2

−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑐 −𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑐+𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑐

Thus the difference between the zeroes is − = =
2 2 2
2√𝑏2 −4𝑐
2
= √𝑏 2 − 4𝑐

13c

For the difference to be 1

√𝑏 2 − 4𝑐 = 1

𝑏 2 − 4𝑐 = 1
13d

As 𝑏 2 − 4𝑐 = 1

𝑏 2 = 1 + 4𝑐
𝑏 𝑏2 1+4𝑐 1 1
Now the 𝑦-value of the vertex is 𝑦 = 𝑓 (− 2) = 𝑐 − 4
=𝑐− 4
+ 𝑐 − 4 + 𝑐 = − 4 Q.E.D

14

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

14ai
2
1 1 1 3 √5
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝛼 2 = ( (√5 + 1)) = (5 + 2√5 + 1) = (6 + 2√5) = +
2 4 4 2 2

1 3 √5
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝛼 + 1 = 2 (√5 + 1) + 1 = 2 + 2
= 𝐿𝐻𝑆

Thus the equation is true as 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

14aii

Using part i

𝛼2 = 𝛼 + 1
Dividing by 𝛼
1
𝑎 =1+
𝛼
1
𝛼−1=
𝛼
Hence

1
=𝛼−1
𝛼
14aiii

Using the result 𝛼 2 = 𝛼 + 1 from part i

𝛼 6 = (𝛼 2 )3 = (𝛼 + 1)3 = (𝛼 + 1)(𝛼 2 + 2𝛼 + 1) = 𝑎3 + 3𝛼 2 + 3𝛼 + 1 = 𝛼(𝛼 + 1) +

3(𝛼 + 1) + 3𝛼 + 1 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 3𝛼 + 3 + 3𝛼 + 1 = 𝛼 2 + 7𝛼 + 4 = 𝛼 + 1 + 7𝛼 + 4 = 7𝛼 + 5
Q.E.D

14b
𝐴𝐵 𝛼
This ratio means that 𝐵𝐶 = 1
= 𝛼 → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝛼×𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛼×𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛼×𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝐵
1+ =𝛼
𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝐵
=𝛼−1
𝑃𝑄
Thus

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions
𝑃𝐵 1
= using part ii
𝑃𝑄 𝛼

𝑃𝑄 𝛼
=
𝑃𝐵 1
Thus the ratio in rectangle 𝑃𝐵𝐶𝑄 is 𝛼: 1 Q.E.D

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3G
1a.

The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √16 = 4
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1b

The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √49 = 7
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1c

The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
1 1
= √9 = 3
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1d

The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √1.44 = 1.2
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2a

To sketch the graph certain details about the graph needs to be uncovered:
The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √1 = 1
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
The graph is shown below:

2b

To sketch the graph certain details about the graph needs to be uncovered:
The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √9 = 3
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

2c

To sketch the graph certain details about the graph needs to be uncovered:
The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
1 1
= √ =
4 2
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
The graph is shown below:

2d

To sketch the graph certain details about the graph needs to be uncovered:
The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
9 3
= √4 = 2
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3a

𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = −3.375
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = −0.125
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.125
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 3.375
3b

The graph is shown below:

𝑦 = 𝑥4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 5.0625
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 0.0625

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.0625
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 5.0625
The graph is shown below:

5a

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

5b

All three pass through (0,0). This point does not need a calculator to be
understood, and should be an obvious understanding.
The other can be found using a graphing calculator and are:
(1,1) and (−1, −1)
5c

i)
𝑥 5 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
ii)
𝑥 3 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
5d

i)
𝑥 5 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
ii)
𝑥 3 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
5e

It should be noticed that each curve will look like it has been reflected on the 𝑦-
axis.
5f

Other powers of x that have the properties shown in 5e, are 𝑥 7 , 𝑥 9 and so forth.
If it has an odd power it must shares these properties.
6a

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6b

All three pass through (0,0). This point does not need a calculator to be
understood and should be an obvious understanding.
The other can be found using a graphing calculator and are:
(1,1) and (−1,1)
6c

i)
𝑥 6 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
ii)
𝑥 2 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
6d

i)
𝑥 6 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
ii)
𝑥 2 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
6e

It should be noticed that each curve will look like it has been reflected on the 𝑦-
axis.
However, unlike the previous question it also looks the same.
6f

Other powers of 𝑥 that have the properties shown in 5e, are 𝑥 8 , 𝑥1 and so forth.
If it has an even power it must shares these properties.
7a

This is a polynomial, as it is a collection of algebraic terms.

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The degree is 1
The coefficient of 𝑥 is 2
7b

This is a polynomial, as it is a collection of algebraic terms.

The degree is 3
The coefficient of 𝑥 is 0
7c

This is not a polynomial, as it is not a collection of algebraic terms.

7d

This is not a polynomial, as it is not a collection of algebraic terms.

7e

This is a polynomial, as it is a collection of algebraic terms.

The degree is 3
The coefficient of 𝑥 is -1
7f

This is not a polynomial, as it is not a collection of algebraic terms.

8a

The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting y = 0

Thus
(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1
(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥 = 5
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

8b

The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0

Thus
(𝑥 + 4) = 0
𝑥 = −4
𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
The graph is shown below:

8c

The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Thus
𝑥2 = 0
𝑥 = 0
(3 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 3
The graph is shown below:

9a

As all points are with a radius of 2, the RHS must be 4.

Thus,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
9b

As all points are with a radius of √5, the RHS must be 5.

Thus,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
9c

The radius can be found, by finding the hypotenuse.

32 + 42 = 52
Thus, all points are with a radius of 5, the RHS must be 4.
Thus,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
9d

The radius can be found, by finding the hypotenuse.

√(−3)2 + 12 = √10
Thus, all points are with a radius of √10, the RHS must be 4.
Thus,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10
10a

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 ≥ 0:√5
𝑦 ≤ 0:−√5

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 = 1
𝑦 ≥ 0: 2
𝑦 ≤ 0: −2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 ≥ 0: √3
𝑦 ≤ 0: −√3
𝑥 = 3
𝑦 ≥ 0: √2
𝑦 ≤ 0: −√2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 ≥ 0: 1
𝑦 ≤ 0: −1
𝑥 = 5
𝑦 ≥ 0: 0
𝑦 ≤ 0: 0
10b

The graph is shown below:

10c

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

11a

𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.25
𝑦 = 0.5
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 2.25
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 6.25
𝑦 = 2.5
11b

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

11c
𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.25
𝑦 = −0.5
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 2.25
𝑦 = −1.5
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 6.25
𝑦 = −2.5

12a

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12b A concave-right parabola

12c As 𝑦 = ±√𝑥, squaring both sides we get 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 which is the equation
of a parabola.

13a

The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2.

The graph is shown below:

13b

The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2.

In this case, the graph is reflected on the 𝑥-axis
The graph is shown below:

13c

The 1 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 1.

In this case, the graph is reflected on the 𝑥-axis
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

13d
25 5
The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2 .
The graph is shown below:

13e
9 3
The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2 .
In this case, the graph is reflected on the 𝑥-axis
The graph is shown below:

13f

The 0.64 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 0.8.
The graph is shown below:

14a

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The zeroes of the polynomial, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0

Thus
(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = −2
𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
14b

𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥 + 2)2

The zeroes of the polynomial, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0
Thus
(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = −2
14c

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 − 4)
The zeroes of the polynomial, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0
Thus
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 4
15ai

The graph is shown below:

15aii

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

15aiii

The graph is shown below:

1
15bi When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 (0)3 + 2 = 2
1 1
15bii When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 6×02 + 9×0) = 2 ×0 = 0
1 1
15biii When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 2×02 − 5×0 + 6) = 2 ×6 = 3
1 8
15ci The 𝑥-intercept is given as (−2,0). When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 4 (−2)3 + 2 = − 4 + 2 = −2 + 2 =
0.
15cii The 𝑥-intercepts are given as (0,0) and (3,0).
1 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 6×02 + 9×0) = 2 ×0 = 0
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 (33 − 6×32 + 9×3) = 2 ×(27 − 54 + 27) = 2 (0) = 0
15ciii The 𝑥-intercepts are given as (−2,0), (1,0) and (3,0).
1 1
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 2 ((−2)3 − 2×(−2)2 − 5×(−2) + 6) = 2 ×(−8 − 8 + 10 +
1
6) = 2 ×0 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 ((1)3 − 2×(1)2 − 5×(1) + 6) = 2 ×(1 − 2 − 5 + 6) = 2 ×0 =
0
1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 ((3)3 − 2×(3)2 − 5×(3) + 6) = 2 ×(27 − 18 − 15 + 6) =
1
×0 = 0
2
1
15di 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 2
1
𝑎 = 4, 𝑑 = 2
𝑑 2
= 1 =8
𝑎 ( )
4
1 3 9
15dii 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 + 0
1
𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 0
𝑑 0
= 1 =0
𝑎 ( )
2
1 3 5
15diii 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 + 3
1
𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
𝑑 3
= 1 =6
𝑎 ( )
2
𝑑
You will find that the product of the zeroes (from part c) gives − 𝑎.
16a
The points it goes through are: (−1,0), (1,0) and (4,0)
Thus the equation so far is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
Use point (0, −12)
Sub in for 𝑥 and 𝑦, to get a.
−12 = 𝑎(1)(−1)(−4)
𝑎 = −3
𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
16b

The points it goes through are: (−1,0), (1,0) and (3,0)

At point (−1,0) the degree is 2.
At point (3,0) the degree is 2.
At point (1,0) the degree is 3.
Thus, the equation so far is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)2
Use point (0,9)
Sub in for x and y, to get a.
9 = 𝑎(1)2 (−1)3 (−3)2
𝑎 = −1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)2
17a
𝑟 2 = 5, hence the circle has radius √5
This has domain −√5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √5
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = ±2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = √5
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = ±2
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = ±1
Thus (−2, ±1), (−1, ±2), (1, ±2) and (2, ±1) are points. This can be written as
(±2, ±1) and (±1, ±2).
17b
𝑟 2 = 2, hence the circle has radius √2
This has domain −√2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √2
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = √2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
Thus, the points are (±1, −1)
17c
𝑟 2 = 10, hence the circle has radius √10
This has range −√10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √10
When 𝑦 = −3, 𝑥 = 1
When 𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 = √6
When 𝑦 = −1, 𝑥 = 3
When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = √10
When 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 3
When 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 = √6
When 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 = 1
Thus, the points are (1, ±3) and (3, ±1)
17d
𝑟 2 = 17, hence the circle has radius √17
This has domain −√17 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √17
When 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = ±√8
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = ±√13
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = ±4
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = ±√17
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = ±4
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = ±√13
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = ±√8
When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = ±1
Thus, the points are (±4, ±1) and (±1, ±4)
18a
The height of the ladder on the wall (𝑦-coordinate of 𝐵) can be found using the
Pythagorean theorem.
(2𝜆)2 − (2𝛼)2 = ℎ2
ℎ2 = 4𝜆2 − 4𝛼 2 = 4(𝜆2 − 𝛼 2 )
ℎ = 2×√𝜆2 − 𝛼 2
And the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝐵 is 0 as it lies on the 𝑥-axis. Thus the coordinate of 𝐵 is
(0, 2√𝜆2 − 𝛼 2 ).

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

18b
2𝛼 2√𝜆2 −𝛼2
𝑃=(2 , ) = (𝛼, √𝜆2 − 𝛼 2 )
2
2
𝑂𝑃 = √𝛼 2 + (√𝜆2 − 𝛼 2 ) = √(𝛼 2 + 𝜆2 − 𝛼 2 ) = √(𝜆2 ) = 𝜆
As the length of 𝑂𝑃 is constant 𝑃 lies on a circle with centre origin and radius 𝜆.
18c
2𝜆
Lie the ladder on the ground and the midpoint is = 𝜆 from the wall
2
19a

i)
The graph is shown below:

ii)
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

iii)
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19b

i)
Each graph shows the x value increases in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.
ii)
Each graph looks the exact same.
iii)
This is due to the odd indexes within the polynomials.
19c

The graph will have a different slope as to how it enters the origin
19di

The graph is reflected on the y-axis

19dii

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The graph is reflected on the y-axis

19diii

The graph is reflected on the y-axis

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3H
1ai
2
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
−1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −2
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 4
1
𝑦 =
2
1aii

The graph is shown below:

1aiii

The graph is recognized to be in the 1st and 3rd quadrants

1iv

The asymptotes can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0

1v

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The domain can be recognized to be 𝑥 ≠ 0

The range can be recognized to be 𝑦 ≠ 0
1bi
4
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −4
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −8
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 4
The graph is shown below:

The graph is recognized to be in the 1st and 3rd quadrants

The asymptotes can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0
The domain can be recognized to be 𝑥 ≠ 0
The range can be recognized to be 𝑦 ≠ 0
1bii
3
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
−3
𝑦 =
4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 = −2
−3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −3
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = 2
3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 4
3
𝑦 =
4
The graph is shown below:

The graph is recognized to be in the 1st and 3rd quadrants

The asymptotes can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0
The domain can be recognized to be 𝑥 ≠ 0
The range can be recognized to be 𝑦 ≠ 0
2a
1
𝑦=
𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The hyperbola lies in quadrants 1 and 3

4
𝑦=
𝑥

The hyperbola lies in quadrants 1 and 3

9
𝑦=
𝑥

The hyperbola lies in quadrants 1 and 3

2b

Each hyperbola has asymptote 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0

2c

Each hyperbola has domain 𝑥 ≠ 0 and range 𝑦 ≠ 0

2d

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1
𝑦 =
𝑥
The points can be located to be (−1, −1) and (1,1)
4
𝑦 =
𝑥
The points can be located to be (−2, −2) and (2,2)
9
𝑦 =
𝑥
The points can be located to be (−3, −3) and (3,3)
What can be noticed is that the smaller the numerator, the closer the hyperbola
is to the origin.
Furthermore, each point that is found is a variant of the square root of the
numerator.
3ai

𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 0.1
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = −0.2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −0.3
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = −0.6
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1.7
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 5.2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 9
3aii

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

3aiii

(0,1)
3aiv

let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 31
Thus, 𝑦 = 3
3av

It can be recognized that the asymptote is 𝑦 = 0

3avi

The domain of the function is (−∞, ∞)

The range of the function is (0, ∞)
3bi

𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 1/16
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 1/8
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 1/4
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 1/2
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 16

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The graph is shown below:

The 𝑦-intercept is (0,1)

let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 41
Thus, 𝑦 = 4
It can be recognized that the asymptote is 𝑦 = 0
The domain of the function is (−∞, ∞)
The range of the function is (0, ∞)
3bii

𝑦 = 1.5𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 0.4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 0.5
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 0.7
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 0.8
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1.2
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 1.8
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2.3
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The 𝑦-intercept is (0,1)

let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1.51
Thus, 𝑦 = 1.5
It can be recognized that the asymptote is 𝑦 = 0
The domain of the function is (−∞, ∞)
The range of the function is (0, ∞)
4a

(0,1) is common to all three graphs

4b

Each exponential curve has asymptote 𝑦 = 0

4c

Each exponential curve has domain: (−∞, ∞)

and range: (0, ∞)
4d

𝑦 = 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 3𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑦 = 3
𝑦 = 4𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
4e

4𝑥 increases most rapidly to the right of the 𝑦-axis, this due to the base of the
exponential.

4f

4𝑥 approaches the asymptote the quickest, this due to the base of the exponential.

5a

i)
−2
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 4
1
𝑦 = −
2
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

ii)
−4
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 4
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −8
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = −1
The graph is shown below:

iii)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

−3
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = 4
−3
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 = 2
3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 3
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = Undefined
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −3
𝑥 = 2
−3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 4
−3
𝑦 =
4
The graph is shown below:

5b

Unlike questions 1 and 2, the graph now lies in quadrant 2 and 4

The sign in front of the traditional hyperbola equation has created a reflection
through the 𝑥-axis.
6ai
𝑦 = 3−𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 9
𝑥 = −1.5

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑦 = 5.20
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 1.73
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.58
𝑥 = 1
1
𝑦 =
3
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 0.19
𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 =
9
The graph is shown below:

6aii

𝑦 4−𝑥
=
𝑥 =
−2
𝑦 =
16
𝑥 =
−1.5
𝑦 =
8
𝑥 =
−1
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 =
−0.5
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 =
0
𝑦 =
1
𝑥 =
0.5
1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 = 1.5
1
𝑦 =
8
𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 =
16
The graph is shown below:

6aiii

𝑦 = 1.5−𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 2.25
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 1.84
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 1.22
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.82
𝑥 = 1
2
𝑦 =
3
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 0.54
𝑥 = 2
4
𝑦 =
9
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6b

the 𝑦-intercept has not changed

The asymptote has not changed
let 𝑦 = 4
4 = 4−2𝑥
1
𝑥 = −
2
The 𝑦-coordinate gets smaller and smaller; however it does not reach zero as
there is an asymptote
The sign in front of the exponent has caused a reflection in the 𝑦-axis
7a
1
𝑥𝑦 =
2
1
𝑦 =
2𝑥
The graph is shown below:

7b

𝑥𝑦 = −6
−6
𝑦 =
𝑥
The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

8i
For equation 𝑎, this point lies on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1
Substituting this into 𝑥𝑦 = 2
1
𝑥×𝑥 = 2
1
𝑥2 =
2
1
𝑥=±
√2
1 1
When 𝑥 = − ,𝑦 = −
√2 √2
1 1
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
√2 √2

For equation 𝑏, this point lies on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥.

Substituting this into 𝑥𝑦 = −6
𝑥×−𝑥 = −6
𝑥2 = 6
𝑥 = ±√6
When 𝑥 = −√6, 𝑦 = √6
When 𝑥 = √6, 𝑦 = −√6
8ii
For 𝑎, there are none as 2 integers always multiply to a number greater than or
equal to 1.
For 𝑏, (−1,6), (1, −6), (6, −1), (−6,1), (−2,3), (2, −3), (3, −2) and (−3,2)

9a

The graph is shown below:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

9b

The graph is shown below:

10a

𝑃∝𝐴
Thus 𝑃 = 𝑘𝐴
10b

48 = 𝑘576
1
Thus 𝑘 = 12
10c
1
𝑃 = × 668
12
Thus 𝑃 = 55.7 litres
10d

55.7 litres ≈ 40 litres + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4

Thus 1 bucket and 4 tines
11a

𝑝𝑞 = 𝑇
𝑝 = 6
𝑞 = 400000
Thus 𝑇 = 24000000
11b

𝑝 = 8
𝑇 = 24000000
𝑇
Thus 𝑞 = 𝑝
𝑞 = 3000000
11c

𝑝 = 12
𝑇 = 24000000
𝑇
Thus 𝑞 = 𝑝

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑞 = 2000000
11d

The graph is shown below:

12a

As 𝑦-gets closer to zero, x gets closer to negative infinity

𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
12b

As y gets closer to zero, x gets closer to infinity

y → 0 as x → ∞.
12c

As 𝑦 gets closer to zero, 𝑥 gets closer to infinity

As 𝑥 gets closer to negative infinity, 𝑦 gets closer to infinity, while 𝑥 gets closer to
zero (in the positive region). Furthermore, 𝑦 gets closer to negative infinity,
while 𝑥 gets closer to zero (in the negative region).
𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 0+
𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → 0−
13a
1 𝑥
𝑦 = (2)

𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 2.8
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1
1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 0.4
𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 =
4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

The graph is shown below:

13b

1 𝑥
( ) = (2−1 )𝑥
2
1 𝑥
so (2) = (2)−𝑥
14a

let 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥2 = 𝑐2
Thus the hyperbola would intersect the line at (𝑐, 𝑐) and (−𝑐, −𝑐)
14b

The graph is shown below:

15
𝑙×𝑏 = 48
𝑙≥4
𝑏≥4
Thus all combinations are
4𝑚 × 12𝑚 or 6𝑚 × 8𝑚
16
𝑥𝑦 = 0 does not represent a hyperbola. In reality it represent nothing except
the origin.
As if 𝑥𝑦 = 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 must equal to zero, 𝑦 must equal to zero. Or both of them at the same time
must equal to zero.
17a
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 4
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 4
4𝑥𝑦 = 4
𝑥𝑦 = 1
1
𝑦=𝑥
Which is the equation of a hyperbola

17b
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 4
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 4
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2
Which is the equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius √2

17c
𝑥𝑦 = 1 (1)
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 (2)

(2)-2x(1)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 − 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 0
𝑥−𝑦 =0
𝑥=𝑦 (3)

Substituting (3) in (1)

𝑥×𝑥 = 1
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 1
1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1 = −1
Thus the intersections are (1,1) and (−1, −1)
17d

18a
2𝑥
𝑦 =
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 = −8
−16
𝑦 =
65
𝑥 = −4
−8
𝑦 =
17
𝑥 = −2
−4
𝑦 =
5
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 0
−4
𝑦 =
5
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

4
𝑦 =
5
𝑥 = 4
8
𝑦 =
17
𝑥 = 8
16
𝑦 =
65
18b

The graph is shown below:

18c

The horizontal asymptote can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0

18d

The curve crosses the asymptote at the origin

19a
Let 𝐴 be the 𝑥-intercept.
1 1 4
When 𝑦 = 0, 0 = − 4 𝑏 2 𝑥 + 𝑏 → 4 𝑏 2 𝑥 = 𝑏 → 𝑏𝑥 = 4 → 𝑥 = 𝑏
4
Hence 𝐴 is at (𝑏 , 0)

Let 𝐵 be the 𝑦-intercept

1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 4 𝑏 2 ×0 + 𝑏 = 𝑏
Hence 𝐵 is at (0, 𝑏)
4
( )+0 0+𝑏 2 𝑏
𝑏
So 𝑃 = 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) = (𝑏 , 2 )
2 2

19b
2 𝑏
For 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑏 , 𝑦 = 2
𝑏 1 1
So 𝑦 = 2 = 2 = 𝑥 Q.E.D
( )
𝑏
19c
1 1 1 4
𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ = 2 ×𝑂𝐴×𝑂𝐵 = 2 × 𝑏 ×𝑏 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 which is independent of 𝑏.
20a
For 2𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2−1 = 2
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 20 = 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 21 = 1

Now for the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2
1
= 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 (1)
2
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 𝑐 (2)
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (3)
(2) in (1)
1
=𝑎−𝑏+1
2
1
𝑎 − 𝑏 = −2 (4)

(2) in (3)
2=𝑎+𝑏+1
𝑎+𝑏 =1 (5)

(4)+(5)
1
2𝑎 = 2
1
𝑎=4 (6)

(5)-(6)
3
𝑏=4

1 3
So the parabola is 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 + 1
20b
1
For √2 = 22
1 1 3 1 23
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 4 ( )2 + 4 (2) + 1 = 16
1
1
For = 2−2
√2
1 1 1 2 3 1 11
When 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑦 = 4 (− 2) + 4 (− 2) + 1 = 16
20c
23
( )
16
= 1.016 … which corresponds to a 1.6% error
√2
11
( )
16
1 = 0.972 … = 1 − 0.028 … which corresponds to a 2.8% error
( )
√2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 3I

1a

Yes, it is a function. It passes the vertical line test because at any certain time the
tide has exactly one corresponding height.
1b

No, it does not pass the horizontal line test. Therefore, the function is one-to-
many. For example, the tide reaches 4ft three times in the given 24-hour-interval.
1c

The graph starts at 22:00 one day and then finishes at 22:00 the other day.
1d

The tide height is approximately 2.75ft at 6am and 3.5ft at 5pm.

1ei

The tide height was 3ft at 22:00, 06:30, 11:00, 16:00 in the given 24-hour-
interval.
1eii

The tide height was 2ft at 23:00, 05:00, 13:20 in the given 24-hour-interval.
1eiii

The tide height had not reached 6ft in the given 24-hour-interval.
1eiv

𝑘 can be any height (ℎ) in the given 24-hour-interval. Thus, it can be said that
the solution set has 0 elements when ℎ = 6ft and 4 elements when ℎ = 3ft.
Therefore, the solution set can have 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 elements.
2a

The graph is a function because all the values on the 𝑥-axis have exactly one
corresponding value on the 𝑦-axis, which means the temperature was measured
at any given time. The function is many-to-one because it does not pass the
horizontal line test. For example, the temperature was measured 5° C five times.
2b

The temperature at 6:00am on the second day corresponds to the 𝑦-coordinate

of the point (30, 𝑦). Therefore, it is approximately 1° C.
2c

The temperature was 20° C at 15:00 and 18:00 the first day and 8° C at 01:00am,
09:00am and 22:00 the first day.
2d

as 𝑘 varies, the solution set can have 0,1,2,3,4,5 elements because for example
𝑓(𝑥) = 21 is never measured and 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 is measured 5 times.
3ai

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Does not pass the vertical line test but passes the horizontal line test.
3aii

Does not pass the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.
3aiii

Third graph passes the vertical line test but does not pass the horizontal line test.
3aiv

Does not pass the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.
3av

Fifth graph passes both the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.
3avi

Does not pass the vertical line test but passes the horizontal line test.
3b

iii, v
3c

I, v, vi
3d

d
3e

i: one-to many
ii: many-to-many
iii: many-to-one
iv: many-to-many
v: one-to-one
vi: one-to-many
4a

one-to-many
4b

many-to-many
4c

one-to many
4d

many-to-one
4e

one-to-one
4f

many-to-many
5ai

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

For 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −3, and the function passes the horizontal line
test. Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5aii

For 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 1, and the function passes the horizontal line test.
Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5aiii

For 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, and the function passes the horizontal

line test. Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5aiv

For 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, and the function passes the horizontal line test.
Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5bi

one-to-many
5bii

one-to-many
5biii

one-to-many
5biv

one-to-many
6ai

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑦+1
Then 3𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1 and 𝑥 = .
3
6aii

𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥
5−𝑦
Then 2𝑥 = 5 − 𝑦 and 𝑥 = .
2
6aiii

𝑦 = 8𝑥 3
𝑦 3 𝑦
Then 8 = 𝑥 3 and = √ 8 .
6aiv

5
𝑦=
𝑥
5
Then = 𝑦 .
6bi

one-to-one
6bii

one-to-one

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

6biii

one-to-one
6biv

one-to-one
7a

Because the points (7,2) and (7, −4) satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦
fails the vertical line test. Because the points (0,3) and (6,3) satisfy the equation,
it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since y fails both tests, 𝑦 is
many-to-many.
7b

Because the points (√2,√4.5) and (√2,−√4.5) satisfy the equation, it can be said
that 𝑦 fails the vertical line test. Because the points (−√2,√4.5)and (√2,√4.5)
satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since 𝑦 fails
both tests, 𝑦 is many-to-many.
7c

Because the points (√2,1) and (√2,-1) satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦
fails the vertical line test. Because the points (−√2,1) and (√2,1) satisfy the
equation, it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since y fails both tests,
𝑦 is many-to-many.
8a

This data should be classified as many-to-many because the number of doctors

in Australia is less than the number of all people living in Australia, thus at least
two people may have visited the same doctor. Moreover, one person may have
visited more than one doctor.
8b

Yes it changes the answer because the last doctor that a person visited is a one-
to-one relationship. This is because, a doctor does not examine two patients at a
time and one patient does not see more than a doctor at a time.
9a

This relationship can be one-to-one if there are no students with the same
preferred name and can be many-to-one if at least two students have the same
preferred name.
9b

If it was known that no two people have the same preferred name, then there
would be one and only one answer to the question.
Likewise, if it was known that there were at least two people with the same
preferred name, then there would be one and only one answer to the question.
10a

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

If the dancer turns clockwise, then north-to-east is 90°.

If the dancer turns clockwise and spins 90° more then a round, then north-east-
south-west-north would be one revolution which is 360° and an additional turn
of 90° in the clockwise direction would result in 360 + 90 = 450°.
If the dancer turns counter-clockwise, then north-west-south-east would be
270°.
10b
This relation is one-to-many because east on the x-axis would be related to 90°
and 450° clockwise turns.
10c

This relation is many-to-one because spins of 90° and 450° clockwise would
point the same direction.
11a

This relation is many-to-many because in a flat in which 4 people live, any two
can be co-habitants of the other two.
11b

If it was known that only two people were living in each flat, then the
relationship would be one-to-one.
11c

In that case, there would not be a relation.

12a

many-to-one
12b

one-to-many
12c

one-to-one
12d

many-to-many
12e

many-to-many
12f

one-to-many
12g

many-to-one
12h

one-to-one
12i

one-to-one
12j

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

one-to-one
12k

many-to-many
12l

one-to-one
13a
If 𝑔(𝑥) is a one-to-one function and if 𝑔(𝛼) = 𝑔(𝛽) then 𝛼 = 𝛽 as each input into
𝑔(𝑥) has a unique output.
Since 𝛼 = 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝛽 = 𝑓(𝑏) in the equation above 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏).
Similarly, if 𝑓(𝑥) is a one-to-one function and 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) then 𝑎 = 𝑏.
13b
The composition of two one-to-one functions is one-to-one.
14a
One-to-one as if for integers 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 then the output will be a distinct integer
output for each integer input. For non-integers 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, this will never produce
integers and thus never produce the same output as one of the integer inputs and also
has distinct outputs for each input.
14b
1
𝑓(1) = 2 ×1 = 0.5
𝑓(0.5) = 0.5
Hence the graph is many to one
14c
The cube of a rational always outputs a rational (a rational times a rational gives
a rational). The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is also monic increasing so it is one-to-one and does not
put out any identical outputs to the irrational inputs.
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 is monic and hence is also one-to-one.
Thus the function is one-to-one.
14d
3 3 3
𝑓( √2) = ( √2) = 2
𝑓(2) = 2
Thus, the curve is one-to-one

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Solutions to chapter 3 review exercise

1a Not a function

1b Function

1c Function

1d Not a function

2a Domain: [−2,0] Range: [−2,2]

2b Domain: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)

2c Domain: (−∞, 0) Range: (0, ∞)

2d Domain: {2} Range: (−∞, ∞)

3a

𝑓(3) = 32 + 4×3
= 21
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 4×(−2)
= −4
3b

𝑓(3) = 33 − 3×32 + 5
=5
𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 − 3×(−2)2 + 5
= −15
4a 𝑥 − {2}

4b [1, ∞)
2
4c [− 3 , ∞)

4d (−∞, 2)

5a

𝐹(𝑎) − 1 = 2𝑎 + 3 − 1
= 2𝑎 + 2
𝐹(𝑎 − 1) = 2𝑎 − 2 + 3
= 2𝑎 + 1
5b

𝐹(𝑎) − 1 = 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 7 − 1
= 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 8
𝐹(𝑎 − 1) = (𝑎 − 1)2 − 3(𝑎 − 1) − 7
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1 − 3𝑎 + 3 − 7
= 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 − 3
6a
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−3) = −3 + 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

= −2
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−2) = −2 + 1
= −1
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−1) = −1 + 1
=0
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(0) = 1 − 0
=1
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(1) = 1 − 1
=0
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(2) = 1 − 2
= −1
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(3) = 1 − 3
= −2

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 0 −1 −2

6b
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 + 1
= 10
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 1
=5
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 + 1
=2
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(0) = 2(0) − 02
=0
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 12 = 2 − 1
=1
2
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(2) = 2(2) − 2 = 4 − 4
=0
2
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 3 = 6 − 9
= −3

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 10 5 2 0 1 0 −3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

7a

For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 2𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
Therefore, the 𝑥-intercept is (−1,0)
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2×0 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,2)
Graph:

7b

For 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 − 3×0 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6
Therefore, the 𝑥-intercept is (−6,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
0 − 3×𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,2)
Graph:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

8a

8b

9ai

9aii

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

9b
These lines lie where 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = −1 which is at (3, −1).
10a

𝑓(𝑥) = 16 − 𝑥 2
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (4 − 𝑥)(4 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −4
Therefore, x-intercepts are (−4,0) and (4,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = 16 ⇒ 𝑦 = 16
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,16)
𝑥 +𝑥 −4+4
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = 0
And 𝑓(0) = (4 − 0)(4 + 0) = 16
Therefore, the vertex is (0,16)

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, 16)
10b

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2
Therefore, x-intercepts are (0,0) and (−2,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = 0×(0 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 0
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,0)
𝑥 +𝑥 −2+0
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = −1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

And 𝑓(−1) = −1×(−1 + 2) = −1

Therefore, the vertex is (−1, −1)
Graph:

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−1, ∞)
10c

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6)
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 6
Therefore, x-intercepts are (2,0) and (6,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 − 2)×(0 − 6) ⇒ 𝑦 = 12
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,12)
𝑥 +𝑥 2+6
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = 4
And 𝑓(4) = (4 − 2)×(4 − 6) = −4
Therefore, the vertex is (4, −4)
Graph:

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−4, ∞)
10d

𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)

For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 or 𝑥 = 1
Therefore, x-intercepts are (−5,0) and (1,0)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 + 5)(0 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 5
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,5)
𝑥 +𝑥 −5+1
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = −2
And 𝑓(−2) = −(−2 + 5)(−2 − 1) = 9
Therefore, the vertex is (−2,9)
Graph:

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (− ∞, 9)
10e

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −3
Therefore, 𝑥-intercepts are (−3,0) and (2,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 − 2)(0 + 3) ⇒ 𝑦 = −6
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, −6)
𝑥 +𝑥 −3+2
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 =
−0.5
And 𝑓(−0.5) = (−0.5 − 2)(−0.5 + 3) = −6.25
Therefore, the vertex is (−0.5, −6.25)
Graph:

Domain: (−∞, ∞)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

Range: (− 6.25, ∞)
10f

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4
Therefore, x-intercepts are (−2,0) and (4,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 4)(0 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 8
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,8)
𝑥 +𝑥 −2+4
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 = =1
2 2
And 𝑓(1) = −(1 − 4)(1 + 2) = 9
Therefore, the vertex is (1,9)

Graph:
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, 9)
11a

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 + 6 − 6
= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 6
= (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = √6 − 1 or 𝑥 = −√6 − 1
Therefore, x-intercepts are (√6 − 1,0) and (−√6 − 1,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 + 1)2 − 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, −5)
𝑥 +𝑥
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 =
√6−1+(−√6−1)
= −1
2
And 𝑓(−1) = (−1 + 1)2 − 6 = −6
Therefore, the vertex is (−1, −6)
Graph:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

11b

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6
2
= −(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 6) + 3 − 3
= −(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 3
= −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 3
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = √3 + 3 or 𝑥 = −√3 + 3
Therefore, 𝑥-intercepts are (√3 + 3,0) and (−√3 + 3,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 3)2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −6
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0, −6)
𝑥 +𝑥
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 =
√3+3+(−√3+3)
=3
2
And 𝑓(3) = −(3 − 3)2 + 3 = 3
Therefore, the vertex is (3,3)
Graph:

11c

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
2
= −(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3) + 2 − 2
= −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 2
= −(𝑥 − 1)2 − 2
For 𝑦 = 0,

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

0 = −(𝑥 − 1)2 − 2 ⇒ −2 = (𝑥 − 1)2

Therefore, there are no real roots and the graph does not cut the x-axis.
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 1)2 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0, −3)
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −2
= 2𝑎 = −2 = 1
2
And 𝑓(1) = −(1 − 1)2 − 2 = −2
Therefore, the vertex is (1, −2)
Graph:

11d

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10
2
= 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 10 + 1 − 1
= (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 1
= (𝑥 + 3)2 + 1
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 1 ⇒ −1 = (𝑥 + 3)2
Therefore, there are no real roots and the graph does not cut the x-axis.
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 + 3)2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,10)
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −6
= 2𝑎 = 2 = −3
2
And 𝑓(−3) = (−3 + 3)2 + 1 = 1
Therefore, the vertex is (−3,1)
Graph:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12a

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−2)2 − 4(−1)(1)
= 4+4
=8
∆ > 0 Therefore, there are two different real roots and two 𝑥-intercepts.
The x-coordinates of the 𝑥-intercepts are:
−𝑏+√∆ 2+√8 −𝑏−√∆ 2−√8
𝑥1 = ⇒ and 𝑥1 = ⇒
2𝑎 −2 2𝑎 −2
Therefore, the 𝑥-coordinates are: (1 − √2, 0) and (−1 + √2, 0)
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 2
= 2𝑎 = −2 = −1
2
And 𝑓(−1) = −(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 1 = 2
Therefore, the vertex is (−1,2)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0)2 − 2(0) + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,1)
Graph:

12b

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−4)2 − 4(1)(2)

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

= 16 − 8
=8
∆ > 0 Therefore, there are two different real roots and two 𝑥-intercepts.
The x-coordinates of the 𝑥-intercepts are:
−𝑏+√∆ 4+√8 −𝑏−√∆ 4−√8
𝑥1 = ⇒ and 𝑥1 = ⇒
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2
Therefore, the 𝑥-coordinates are: (2 + √2, 0) and (2 − √2, 0)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 4
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is = =2=2
2 2𝑎
And 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 2 = −2
Therefore, the vertex is (2, −2)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 4(0) + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,2)
Graph:

12c

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−4)2 − 4(1)(8)
= 16 − 32
= −16
∆ < 0 Therefore, there are no real roots and no 𝑥-intercepts.
𝑥 +𝑥 −𝑏 4
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2𝑎 = 2 = 2
And 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 8 = 4
Therefore, the vertex is (2,4)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 4(0) + 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 8
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,8)
Graph:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

12d

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 15
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (6)2 − 4(−1)(−15)
= 36 − 60
= −24
∆ < 0 Therefore, there are no real roots and no 𝑥-intercepts.
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −6
= = =3
2 2𝑎 −2
And 𝑓(3) = −(3)2 + 6(3) − 15 = −6
Therefore, the vertex is (3, −6)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0)2 + 6(0) − 15 ⇒ 𝑦 = −15
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, −15)
Graph:

13a

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 6)

x 0 1 2 3 4 6 7
y -18 0 4 0 -6 0 24

Graph:

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

13b

𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)2

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 225 0 -9 0 -3 0 -45

Graph:

14a

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
x 0 0 -3 3
y -3 3 0 0

14b

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100
x 0 0 -10 10

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

y -10 10 0 0

15a

𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2
x -4 0 4
y 0 4 0

15b

𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2
x -5 0 5
y 0 -5 0

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

16a
8
𝑦=𝑥
x -20 -10 -0.5 0.5 10 20
y -0.4 -0.8 -16 16 0.8 0.4

Domain: ℝ − {0}
Range: (−∞, ∞) − {0}
16b
4
𝑦 = −𝑥

x -20 -10 -0.5 0.5 10 20

y 0.2 0.4 8 -8 -0.4 -0.2

Domain: ℝ − {0}
Range: (−∞, ∞) − {0}
17a

𝑦 = 2𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

17b

𝑦 = 3−𝑥

18a

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

18b

𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2

18c

𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1
19ai

𝑦 = 2𝑥

19aii

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19aiii

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

19bi
1
𝑦=− 𝑥
2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19bii
1
𝑦 =− 𝑥+1
2

19biii
1
𝑦 =− 𝑥−2
2

19ci

𝑦 = 𝑥2
19cii

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19ciii

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

19di

𝑥+𝑦 =0

19dii

𝑥+𝑦 =2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19diii

𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3

19ei

𝑦 = 𝑥2

19eii

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19eiii
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
2

19fi

𝑥−𝑦 =0

19fii

𝑥−𝑦 =1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19fiii

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2

19gi

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4

19gii

𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑦2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19giii

𝑦 2 = 25 − 𝑥 2

19hi

𝑦 = 3𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19hii

𝑥 = 3𝑦

19hiii

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19hiv

𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1

19i(i)

𝑦 = 2𝑥

19i(ii)

𝑦 = 3𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19i(iii)

𝑦 = 4𝑥

19ji

𝑦 = −𝑥

19jii

𝑦 =4−𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19jiii

𝑦 =𝑥−4

19jiv

𝑥 = −4 − 𝑦

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19ki

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥

19kii

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19kiii

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

19li

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19lii

𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2

19liii

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19liv

𝑦 = −1 − 𝑥 2

19mi

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19mii

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4

19miii

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19ni

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1

19nii

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19niii

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19oi

𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2

19oii

𝑦 = −√4 − 𝑥 2

19oiii

𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19pi
1
𝑦=
𝑥

19pii
2
𝑦=
𝑥

19piii
3
𝑦=−
𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19qi

𝑦 = √𝑥

19qii

𝑦 = 2 − √𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19qiii

𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥

19ri

𝑦 = 𝑥3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19rii

𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19riii

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19si

𝑦 = 𝑥4

19sii

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)4

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19siii

𝑦 = 𝑥4 − 1

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

19ti

𝑦 = 2−𝑥

19tii

1 𝑥
𝑦=( )
2

19tiii
1
𝑦=
2𝑥

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

20a

one-to-one

20b

many-to-one

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

20c

one-to-many

20d

many-to-one

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Chapter 3 – Functions and Graphs – worked solutions

21a

This is a function because everyone has a place of birth. However, the relation
may be one-to-one (if no one has the same birthplace) or many-to-one (if there
are some people who were born in the same city).
21b

If no one has the same birthplace, then the relation is one-to-one.

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