Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5A
1
a. 𝑥>1

b. 𝑥 ≤ 2

c. −2𝑥 < 4
[÷ 2] 𝑥 > −2

d. 2𝑥 < 6
[÷ 2] 𝑥<3

e. 𝑥+4 ≥3
[−4] 𝑥 ≥ −1

f. 3−𝑥 >1
[−3] −𝑥 > −2
[÷ −1] 𝑥<2

g. 3𝑥 − 1 < 5
[+1] 3𝑥 < 6
[÷ 3] 𝑥<2

h. 5 − 2𝑥 ≤ −1
[−5] −2𝑥 ≤ −6
[÷ −2] 𝑥≥3

i. 5𝑥 − 5 ≥ 10
[+5] 5𝑥 ≥ 15
[÷ 5] 𝑥≥3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

j. 2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 8
[−2] −3𝑥 ≥ 6
[÷ (−3)] 𝑥 ≤ −2

1 1
k. 𝑥 − 1 > −3
3
1 2
[+1] 𝑥>3
3
[×3] 𝑥>2

1 1
l. 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 12
4
1 1
[−2] 𝑥 ≤ −2
4
[×4] 𝑥 ≤ −2

2
a. −8 ≤ 4𝑥 < 12
[÷ 4] −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3

b. 4 < 3𝑥 ≤ 15
4
[÷ 3] <𝑥≤5
3

c. −2 ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 ≤ 3
[+1] −1 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 4
1
[÷ 2] −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

d. −1 ≤ 4𝑥 − 3 < 13
[+3] 2 ≤ 4𝑥 < 16
1
[÷ 4] ≤𝑥<4
2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

3
a. 2𝑥 + 3 > 𝑥 + 7
[−𝑥 − 3] 𝑥>4
1
b. 3𝑥 − 2 ≤ 2 𝑥 + 3
1 1
[− 2 𝑥 + 2] 22𝑥 ≤ 5
1
[÷ 2 2] 𝑥≤2
c. 2 − 𝑥 > 2𝑥 − 4
[−2𝑥 − 2] −3𝑥 > −6
[÷ −3] 𝑥<2
d. 1 − 3𝑥 ≥ 2 − 2𝑥
[+2𝑥 − 1] −𝑥 ≥ 1
[÷ −1] 𝑥 ≤ −1
e. 2 < 3 − 𝑥 ≤ 5
[−3] −1 < −𝑥 ≤ 2
[÷ −1] 1 > 𝑥 ≥ −2
−2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1
f. −4 ≤ 1 − 3 𝑥 ≤ 3
1
[−1] −5 ≤ − 3 𝑥 ≤ 2
[×−3] 15 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ −6
−6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15
4
a. i. 0 < 𝑥 < 4
ii. 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 4
b. i. −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
ii. 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 3
c. i. 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 2
ii. 0 < 𝑥 < 2
5
a. −2 < 𝑥 < 4

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b. 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 3

c. 𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 ≥ −1

1
d. 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 > 5

6
a. 𝑥 2 − 9 < 0

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) < 0
−3 < 𝑥 < 3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 > 0

𝑥(𝑥 − 6) > 0
𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 6
c. 𝑥 2 − 100 ≥ 0

(𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 10) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ −10 or 𝑥 ≥ 10
d. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ≤ 0

𝑥(𝑥 + 4) ≤ 0
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
7
a. |𝑥| = 7

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑥 = 7 or −7
b. |𝑥| = 0

𝑥=0
c. |𝑥| ≤ 2

−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
d. |𝑥| > 5

𝑥 < −5 or 𝑥 > 5
1
e. |𝑥| < 4

1 1
− <𝑥<
4 4
3
f. |𝑥| ≥ 2

3 3
𝑥 ≤ − 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

8
1
a. 𝑥
>1
[×𝑥 2 ] 𝑥 > 𝑥2
[−𝑥] 𝑥2 − 𝑥 < 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) < 0
0<𝑥<1
3
b. 𝑥 < 1
[×𝑥 2 ] 3𝑥 < 𝑥 2
[−3𝑥] 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 > 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) > 0
𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 3
1
c. 𝑥 ≥ 2
[×𝑥 2 ] 𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

[−𝑥] 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) ≤ 0
1
0<𝑥≤
2
3
d. 4 + 𝑥 ≥ 0
[×𝑥 2 ] 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥(4𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0
3
𝑥 ≤ − 4 or 𝑥 > 0

9
a. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) < 0
−3 < 𝑥 < 1

b. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 4

c. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 > 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) > 0
𝑥 < −4 or 𝑥 > −2

d. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 ≤ 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) ≤ 0
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

e. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 ≤ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3) ≤ 0
1
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
2

f. 4 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 > 0
[÷ −1] 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 < 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) < 0
−1 < 𝑥 < 4

10
a. |𝑥 − 1| < 2
−2 < 𝑥 − 1 < 2
[+1] −1 < 𝑥 < 3
b. |𝑥 − 5| ≥ 4
𝑥 − 5 ≤ −4 or 𝑥 − 5 ≥ 4
[+5] 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 9
c. |𝑥 + 1| > 3
𝑥 + 1 < −3 or 𝑥 + 1 > 3
[−1] 𝑥 < −4 or 𝑥 > 2
d. |𝑥 + 8| ≤ 6
−6 ≤ 𝑥 + 8 ≤ 6
[−8] −14 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

11
2
a. ≤1
𝑥+1
[×(𝑥 + 1)2 ] 2(𝑥 + 1) ≤ (𝑥 + 1)2
(𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1) ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1 − 2) ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −1
𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
2
b. 𝑥−3 > 1
[×(𝑥 − 3)2 ] 2(𝑥 − 3) > (𝑥 − 3)2
(𝑥 − 3)2 − 2(𝑥 − 3) < 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3 − 2) < 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) < 0, 𝑥 ≠ 3
3<𝑥<5
3
c. ≥2
𝑥+4
[×(𝑥 + 4)2 ] 3(𝑥 + 4) ≥ 2(𝑥 + 4)2
2(𝑥 + 4)2 − 3(𝑥 + 4) ≤ 0
(𝑥 + 4)(2(𝑥 + 4) − 3) ≤ 0
(𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 5) ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −4
1
−4 < 𝑥 ≤ −2 2
5
d. <1
2𝑥−3
[×(2𝑥 − 3)2 ] 5(2𝑥 − 3) < (2𝑥 − 3)2
(2𝑥 − 3)2 − 5(2𝑥 − 3) > 0
(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 3 − 5) > 0
3
(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 8) > 0, 𝑥 ≠
2
3
𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 > 4
2
e. >1
3−𝑥
[×(3 − 𝑥)2 ] 2(3 − 𝑥) > (3 − 𝑥)2
(3 − 𝑥)2 − 2(3 − 𝑥) < 0
(3 − 𝑥)(3 − 𝑥 − 2) < 0
(3 − 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) < 0, 𝑥 ≠ 3
1<𝑥<3
4
f. 5−3𝑥 ≤ −1
[×(5 − 3𝑥)2 ] 4(5 − 3𝑥) ≤ −(5 − 3𝑥)2
(5 − 3𝑥)2 + 4(5 − 3𝑥) ≤ 0
(5 − 3𝑥)(5 − 3𝑥 + 4) ≤ 0
5
(5 − 3𝑥)(9 − 3𝑥) ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≠
3
5
<𝑥≤3
3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

12
a. |𝑥 − 2| < 3
−3 < 𝑥 − 2 < 3
[+2] −1 < 𝑥 < 5

b. |3𝑥 − 5| ≤ 4
−4 ≤ 3𝑥 − 5 ≤ 4
[+5] 1 ≤ 3𝑥 ≤ 9
1
[÷ 3] ≤𝑥≤3
3

c. |𝑥 − 7| ≥ 2
𝑥 − 7 ≤ −2 or 𝑥 − 7 ≥ 2
[+7] 𝑥 ≤ 5 or 𝑥 ≥ 9

d. |2𝑥 + 1| < 3
−3 < 2𝑥 + 1 < 3
[−1] −4 < 2𝑥 < 2
[÷ 2] −2 < 𝑥 < 1

e. |6𝑥 − 7| > 5
6𝑥 − 7 < −5 or 6𝑥 − 7 > 5
[+7] 6𝑥 < 2 or 6𝑥 > 12
1
[÷ 6] 𝑥 < 3 or 𝑥 > 2

f. |5𝑥 + 4| ≥ 6
5𝑥 + 4 ≤ −6 or 5𝑥 + 4 ≥ 6
[−4] 5𝑥 ≤ −10 or 5𝑥 ≥ 2
2
[÷ 5] 𝑥 ≤ −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 5

13

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

a. 𝑥 2 ≤ 0
𝑥=0
b. 𝑥 2 > 0
𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 0 (or simply 𝑥 ≠ 0)
c. 𝑥 2 ≥ 25
[−25] 𝑥 2 − 25 ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ −5 or 𝑥 ≥ 5
d. 𝑥 2 > 25𝑥
[−25𝑥] 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 > 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 25) > 0
𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 25
e. No solution for 𝑥.
f. 𝑥 2 + 1 ≤ 2𝑥
[−2𝑥] 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≤ 0
𝑥=1
14
5𝑥
a. ≥3
2𝑥−1
[×(2𝑥 − 1)2 ] 5𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) ≥ 3(2𝑥 − 1)2
2
3(2𝑥 − 1) − 5𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) ≤ 0
(2𝑥 − 1)(3(2𝑥 − 1) − 5𝑥) ≤ 0
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) ≤ 0
1
<𝑥≤3
2
2𝑥+5
b. 𝑥+3
<1
[×(𝑥 + 3)2 ] (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 3) < (𝑥 + 3)2
(𝑥 + 3)2 − (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 3) > 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3 − (2𝑥 + 5)) > 0
(𝑥 + 3)(−𝑥 − 2) > 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2) < 0
−3 < 𝑥 < −2
𝑥+1
c. 𝑥−1 ≤ 2
[×(𝑥 − 1)2 ] (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≤ 2(𝑥 − 1)2
2(𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(2(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 1)) ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 3
4𝑥+7
d. 𝑥−2 > −3
[×(𝑥 − 2)2 ] (4𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 2) > −3(𝑥 − 2)2
3(𝑥 − 2)2 + (4𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 2) > 0

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

(𝑥 − 2)(3(𝑥 − 2) + 4𝑥 + 7) > 0
(𝑥 − 2)(7𝑥 + 1) > 0
1
𝑥 < − 7 or 𝑥 > 2

15
a. The first holds when 𝑥 is positive, the second when 𝑥 is negative.
b. i. 2 < |𝑥 + 4| < 6
2 < 𝑥 + 4 < 6 or −6 < 𝑥 + 4 < −2
[−4] −2 < 𝑥 < 2 or −10 < 𝑥 < −6

ii. 1 ≤ |2𝑥 − 5| < 4

1 ≤ 2𝑥 − 5 < 4 or −4 < 2𝑥 − 5 ≤ −1
[+5] 6 ≤ 2𝑥 < 9 or 1 < 2𝑥 ≤ 4
1 1
[÷ 2] 3 ≤ 𝑥 < 4 2 or 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 2

16
a. False: 𝑥 = 0
1
b. False: 𝑥 = 2
c. True
1
d. False: 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2
e. False: 𝑥 = −1
f. True
g. False: 𝑥 = −1
h. True
17
a. No solutions
b. No solutions
c. All real 𝑥
d. |3𝑥 − 5| ≤ 0
−0 ≤ 3𝑥 − 5 ≤ 0
3𝑥 − 5 = 0
5
𝑥=3

18
a. An absolute value must be positive
1
b. |𝑥 + 𝑥| < 2𝑥
1
𝑥 + < 2𝑥
𝑥
[×𝑥] 𝑥 2 + 1 < 2𝑥 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

[−2𝑥 2 ] −x 2 + 1 < 0
[÷ −1] 𝑥2 − 1 > 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) > 0
𝑥>1
2
19 1 + 2x − x 2 ≥ x
2 2
[− 𝑥] 1 + 2x − x 2 − x ≥ 0
𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥3 −2
≥0
𝑥
−(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
≤0
𝑥
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
[÷ −1] ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 or 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
20
a. |𝑥 − 𝑎| + |𝑥 − 𝑏| < 𝑐
(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑏 − 𝑥) < 𝑐
𝑏−𝑎 <𝑐

b. |𝑥 − 𝑎| + |𝑥 − 𝑏| < 𝑐
(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑏) < 𝑐
2𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + (𝑏 − 𝑏) < 𝑐
(𝑏 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑏) < 𝑐
2(𝑥 − 𝑏) < 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑥−𝑏 < 2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑥< 2

c. |𝑥 − 𝑎| + |𝑥 − 𝑏| < 𝑐
(𝑎 − 𝑥) + (𝑏 − 𝑥) < 𝑐
−2𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + (𝑎 − 𝑎) < 𝑐
(𝑏 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑎 − 𝑥) < 𝑐
2(𝑎 − 𝑥) < 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑎−𝑥 < 2
−𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
−𝑥 < 2
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
𝑥> 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
d. <𝑥<
2 2
𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐
−2 < 𝑥 − <2
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐
|𝑥 − |<2
2
e. |𝑥 + 2| + |𝑥 − 6| < 10
10 −2 + 6 10
− <𝑥− <−
2 2 2
−5 < 𝑥 − 2 < 5
−3 < 𝑥 < 7

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5B
1
a. The sign of the function is negative or equal to zero for the 𝑥-values in
(−∞, 0] ∪ [1,2]. Therefore, the solution set is: 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.

b. The sign of the function is negative for the 𝑥-values in (−2,0) ∪ (2,4).
Therefore, the solution set is: −2 < 𝑥 < 0 or 2 < 𝑥 < 4.

c. The sign of the function is positive for the 𝑥-values in (0,3) ∪ (3, ∞).
Therefore, the solution set is: 0 < 𝑥 < 3 or 𝑥 > 3.

d. The sign of the function is positive or equal to zero for the 𝑥-values in
{0} ∪ [4, ∞). Therefore, the solution set is: 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 4.

e. The sign of the function is negative or equal to zero for only two 𝑥-values
−3 and 3. Therefore, the solution set is: 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 3.

f. The sign of the function is positive or equal to zero for the 𝑥-values in
{−3} ∪ [0,3]. Therefore, the solution set is: 𝑥 = −3 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.

2
e. When finding the zeroes of a function 𝑓(𝑥), we equate 𝑓(𝑥) to zero and solve for
𝑥. Thus, (𝑥 + 1)2 (1 − 𝑥) = 0 should be solved for 𝑥.
Hence, either (𝑥 + 1)2 = 0 or (1 − 𝑥) = 0
Therefore, the solution (the zeros of the function) is 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1.
f.
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦 3 0 1 0 −9
sign + 0 + 0 −

Since the function is either positive or equal to zero for all 𝑥-values in (−∞, 1],
the solution is: 𝑥 ≤ 1.

g. As it can be observed from the graph, the function is bigger than or equal to zero
for 𝑥 ≤ 1.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

3
a. To find the solution of the inequation (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) < 0, we first need to find
the zeroes of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
Thus, (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 0 or 𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = −3
Then the sign table is:
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
𝑦 3 0 −1 0 3
sign + 0 − 0 +

The function is less than zero for the 𝑥-values between −3 and −1. Therefore,
the solution is: −3 < 𝑥 < −1 and the graph of the function is as follows.

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is less than zero for
−3 < 𝑥 < −1 .

b. To find the solution of the inequation 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) ≥ 0, we first need to find
the zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)
Thus, 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 4

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Then the sign table is:

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 −15 0 3 0 −3 0 15
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

The function is bigger than or equal to zero for the 𝑥-values [0,2] ∪ [4, ∞).
Therefore, the solution is: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 4 and the graph of the function is as
follows.

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is bigger than or equal to zero
for
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 4 .

c. To find the solution of the inequation (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 ≥ 0, we first need to find
the zeroes of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2
Thus, (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or (𝑥 + 2)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2
Then the sign table is:
𝑥 −3 −2 0 1 2
𝑦 −4 0 −4 0 50
sign − 0 − 0 +

The function is bigger than or equal to zero for −2, 1 and numbers larger than 1.
Therefore, the solution is: 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 1 and the graph of the function is as
follows.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is bigger than or equal to zero
for 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 1 .

d. To find the solution of the inequation 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≤ 0, we first need to find
the zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
Thus, 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 𝑥 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2
Then the sign table is:
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −15 0 3 0 −3 0 15
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

The function is less than or equal to zero for the 𝑥-values (−∞, −2] ∪ [0,2].
Therefore, the solution is: 𝑥 ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 and the graph of the function is
as follows.

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is less than or equal to zero for
𝑥 ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

e. To find the solution of the inequation (𝑥 − 2)𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) > 0, we first need
to find the zeroes of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
Thus, (𝑥 − 2)𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = or 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 + 2 = 0 or 𝑥 + 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = −4
Then the sign table is:
𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 105 0 −15 0 9 0 −15 0 105
sign + 0 − 0 + 0 − 0 +

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The function is bigger than zero for the 𝑥-values (−∞, −4) ∪ (−2,0) ∪ (2, ∞).
Therefore, the solution is: 𝑥 < −4 or −2 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2 , and the graph of the
function is as follows.

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is less than or equal to zero for
𝑥 < −4 or −2 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2.

f. To find the solution of the inequation (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)2 ≤ 0, we first need to find
the zeroes of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)2
Thus, (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or (𝑥 − 3)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3
Then the sign table is:
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 9 0 1 0 9
sign + 0 + 0 +

The function is less than or equal to zero for 1 and 3. Therefore, the solution is:
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3 and the graph of the function is as follows.

As it can be observed from the graph, the function is less than or equal to zero
for 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3.
4
a. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥, we need to find the zeroes of 𝑓 first.
⇒ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 𝑥 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2

The sign table is:

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −15 0 3 0 −3 0 15
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

The graph is:

b. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 , we need to find the zeroes of 𝑓 first.

⇒ 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 0 or 𝑥 − 5 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 5

The sign table is:

𝑥 −1 0 1 5 6
𝑦 −6 0 −4 0 36
sign − 0 − 0 +

The graph is:

c. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, we need to find the zeroes of 𝑓 first.

⇒ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The sign table is:

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −9 0 1 0 3
sign − 0 + 0 +

The graph is:

5
a. 𝑥 3 > 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 > 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) > 0
From 4(a), the zeroes are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 2, and by looking at the table and
the graph, it can be said that the function is positive for:
−2 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2.

b. 𝑥 3 < 5𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 < 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 5) < 0
From 4(b), the zeroes are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5, and by looking at the table and the
graph, it can be said that the function is negative for:
𝑥 < 0 or 0 < 𝑥 < 5.

c. 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 ≤ 4𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 ≤ 0
⇒ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ≤ 0 (reorder the terms)
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2 ≤ 0
From 4(c), the zeroes are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2, and by looking at the table and the
graph, it can be said that the function is less than and equal to zero for:
𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 = 2 .

6
𝑥2
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥−3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

To find the zeroes of a rational function, we can equate the numerator of the
function to zero and then solve for 𝑥. Furthermore, to find the discontinuities, we
can equate the denominator to zero and solve for 𝑥.

𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 is the zero of this function and 𝑥 = 3 is where 𝑓 is
discontinuous. The sign table is as follows.

𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦 1 0 1 ∗ 16
− −
4 2
sign − 0 − ∗ +

𝑥2
b. < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 are the 𝑥-values where the sign may change. From
𝑥−3
the table above, it can be observed that the sign is the same before or after 𝑥 = 0
(because 𝑥 = 0 is a double root) and the sign changes for 𝑥 = 3.

Therefore, the solution of this inequation is: 𝑥 < 0 or 0 < 𝑥 < 3

7

a. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) < 0 ⇒ The zeroes of the LHS are 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = 5

Sign table:
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦 −15 0 3 0 −3 0 15
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

Therefore, the function is less than zero for: 𝑥 < 1 or 3 < 𝑥 < 5.

b. (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 3)2 > 0 ⇒ The zeroes of the LHS are 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3

Sign table:
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 9 0 1 0 9
sign + 0 + 0 +

© Cambridge University Press 2019 22

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Therefore, the function is bigger than zero for: 𝑥 < 1 or 1 < 𝑥 < 3 or 𝑥 > 3. This
solution can alternatively be written as:
ℝ − {1,3} (All real numbers except 1 and 3)

𝑥−4
c. ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 makes the LHS equal to zero and 𝑥 = −2 makes the LHS
𝑥+2
discontinuous.
Sign table:
𝑥 −3 −2 0 4 5
𝑦 7 ∗ −2 0 1
7
sign + ∗ − 0 +

Therefore, the function is less than or equal to zero for: −2 < 𝑥 ≤ 4.

d. 𝑥 3 > 9𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 > 0
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 9) > 0
⇒ The zeroes of the LHS are 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3.

Sign table:
𝑥 −4 −3 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦 −28 0 8 0 −8 0 28
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

Therefore, the function is bigger than zero for:−3 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 3.
𝑥+3
e. < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 makes the LHS equal to zero and 𝑥 = −1 makes the LHS
𝑥+1
discontinuous.
Sign table:
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
𝑦 1 0 −1 ∗ 3
3
sign + 0 − ∗ +

Therefore, the function is less than zero for: −3 < 𝑥 < −1.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑥2
f. < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 makes the LHS equal to zero and 𝑥 = 5 makes the LHS
𝑥−5
discontinuous.
Sign table:
𝑥 −1 0 1 5 6
𝑦 1 0 1 ∗ 36
− −
6 4
sign − 0 − ∗ +

Therefore, the function is less than zero for: 𝑥 < 0 or 0 < 𝑥 < 5.

g. 𝑥 4 ≥ 5𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 5) > 0
⇒ The zeroes of the LHS are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5.

Sign table:
𝑥 −1 0 1 5 6
𝑦 6 0 −4 0 216
sign + 0 − 0 +

Therefore, the function is bigger than or equal to zero for: 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 5.

𝑥 2 −4
h. ≥ 0 ⇒ The solution of 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 gives the zeroes and 𝑥 = 0 is where the
𝑥
discontinuity is.
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 are the zeroes, and the function is discontinuous
at 𝑥 = 0

Sign table:
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 5 0 3 ∗ −3 0 5
−
3 3
sign − 0 + ∗ − 0 +

Therefore, the function is bigger than or equal to zero for:−2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 24

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑥−2
i. ≤ 0 ⇒ The solution of 𝑥 = 2 makes the function equal to zero and the
𝑥 2 +3𝑥
solution of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 is where the discontinuities are.
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 0
⇒ The function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −3.

Sign table:
𝑥 −4 −3 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 0 1
− −
2 2 4 18
sign − ∗ + ∗ − 0 +

Therefore, the function is less than or equal to zero for: 𝑥 < −3 or 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2.
8
a.
i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

To find the 𝑥-intercepts 𝑦 = 0 should be solved.

Thus, 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 2 = 1
⇒ The 𝑥-intercepts are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1

ii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 ) + (2 − 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 1)
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

To find the 𝑥-intercepts 𝑦 = 0 should be solved.

Therefore, (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 or x = 1 or 𝑥 = 2
are the 𝑥-intercepts.

iii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 ) − (4𝑥 + 8)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2) − 4(𝑥 + 2)
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 4)
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)

To find the 𝑥-intercepts 𝑦 = 0 should be solved.

Thus, (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 or x = 2
⇒ The 𝑥-intercepts are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2
b.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

i. The sign table for 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) is:

𝑥 −2 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 2
𝑦 −6 0 3 0 3 0 6
−
8 8
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

The graph is:

ii. The sign table for 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) is:

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 1.5 2 3
𝑦 −12 0 2 0 5 0 8
−
8
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 +

The graph is:

iii. The sign table for 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 2) is:

𝑥 −3 −2 0 2 3
𝑦 −5 0 −8 0 25
sign − 0 − 0 +

The graph is:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 26

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

9
𝑥
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 makes the function equal to zero and at 𝑥 = 3 the function
is discontinuous.

𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦 1 0 1 ∗ 4
−
4 2
sign + 0 − ∗ +

The function is positive for the 𝑥-values less than 0 and bigger than 3, and
negative for the 𝑥-values between 0 and 3.

𝑥−4
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 makes the function equal to zero and 𝑥 = −2 is where the
function is discontinuous.

𝑥 −3 −2 0 4 5
𝑦 7 ∗ −2 0 1
7
sign + ∗ − 0 +

The function is positive for the 𝑥-values less than −2 and bigger than 4, and
negative for the 𝑥-values between −2 and 4.
𝑥+3
𝑐. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 makes the function equal to zero and at 𝑥 = −1 the
function is discontinuous.

𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
𝑦 1 0 −1 ∗ 3
3
sign + 0 − ∗ +

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The function is positive for the 𝑥-values less than −3 and bigger than −1, and
negative for the 𝑥-values between −3 and −1.

10
4 4
a. ≥𝑥 ⇒ ×(𝑥 + 3)2 ≥ 𝑥×(𝑥 + 3)2 (Multiply both sides by the square of
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
the denominator)
⇒ 4×(𝑥 + 3) ≥ 𝑥×(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
⇒ 4𝑥 + 12 ≥ 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 (Move each term to the RHS)
⇒ 0 ≥ 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12

To find the zeroes, we need to factorize the expression on the RHS and solve for 𝑥
after equating it to zero.
Thus, 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ For 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = (1)3 + 6(1)2 + 5(1) − 12 = 0
(By trial-and-error)
⇒ (𝑥 − 1) is a factor of the cubic expression.
⇒ 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12)
(By dividing the cubic polynomial by (𝑥 − 1), we obtain (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12), which is the
other factor.)
⇒ 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)
(By factorizing the quadratic expression further)

Thus, (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = −4 are the zeroes of this

inequation.

The sign table for 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) is:

𝑥 −5 −4 −3.5 −3 0 1 2
𝑦 −12 0 9 ∗ −12 0 30
8
sign − 0 + ∗ − 0 +

© Cambridge University Press 2019 28

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) is:

However, remember that we have reorganised the expression to solve it

and remember that 𝑥 = −3 is where the original function is discontinuous.
Therefore, the solution of this inequation is: 𝑥 ≤ −4 or −3 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.

2 2
b. <𝑥 ⇒ ×(2𝑥 + 3)2 < 𝑥×(2𝑥 + 3)2
2𝑥+3 2𝑥+3

(Multiply both sides by the square of the denominator)

⇒ 2×(2𝑥 + 3) < 𝑥×(4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9)

⇒ 4𝑥 + 6 < 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 (Move each term to the RHS)
⇒ 0 < 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6
To find the zeroes, we need to factorize the expression on the RHS and solve for 𝑥
after equating it to zero.
Thus, 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒
For 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4(−2)3 + 12(−2)2 + 5(−2) − 6 = 0 (By trial-and-error)
⇒ (𝑥 + 2) is a factor of the cubic expression.
⇒ 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 + 2)(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3)
(By dividing the cubic polynomial by (𝑥 + 2), we obtain (4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3), which is the
other factor.)
⇒ 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

(By factorizing the quadratic expression further)

3 1
Thus, (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = − 2 or 𝑥 = − 2 are the zeroes of
this inequation.
The sign table for 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) is:
𝑥 −3 −2 7 3 −1 1 1
− −
4 2 2
𝑦 −21 0 9 ∗ −3 0 15
16
sign − 0 + ∗ − 0 +

The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) is:

However, remember that we have reorganised the expression to solve it

3
and remember that 𝑥 = − 2 is where the original function is discontinuous.
3 1
Therefore, the solution of this inequation is: −2 < 𝑥 < − 2 or 𝑥 > 2.

8 8
c. ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 ⇒ ×(2𝑥 − 3)2 ≤ (2𝑥 − 1)×(2𝑥 − 3)2
2𝑥−3 2𝑥−3

(Multiply both sides by the square of the denominator)

⇒ 8×(2𝑥 − 3) ≤ (2𝑥 − 1)×(4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9)

⇒ 16𝑥 − 24 ≤ 8𝑥 3 − 28𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 9 (Move each term to the RHS)
⇒ 0 ≤ 8𝑥 3 − 28𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 15

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

To find the zeroes, we need to factorize the expression on the RHS and solve for 𝑥
after equating it to zero.
Thus, 8𝑥 3 − 28𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 15 = 0 ⇒
1 1 3 1 2 1
For 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 (− 2) − 28 (− 2) + 14 (− 2) + 15 = 0 (By trial-and-error)
1
⇒ (𝑥 + 2) is a factor of the cubic expression.
1
⇒ 8𝑥 3 − 28𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 15 = (𝑥 + 2) (8𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 30)
1
(By dividing the cubic polynomial by (𝑥 + 2), we obtain (8𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 30), which is the
other factor.)
1
⇒ 8𝑥 3 − 28𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 15 = (𝑥 + 2) (4𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 − 5)

(By factorizing the quadratic expression further)

1 1 3 5
Thus, (𝑥 + 2) (4𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 − 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 2 are the zeroes of this
inequation.

1
The sign table for 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) (4𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 − 5) is:

𝑥 −1 1 0 3 2 5 3
−
2 2 2
𝑦 −35 0 15 ∗ −5 0 21
sign − 0 + ∗ − 0 +

1
The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) (4𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 − 5) is:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 31

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

However, remember that we have reorganised the expression to solve it

3
and remember that 𝑥 = 2 is where the original function is discontinuous.
1 3 5
Therefore, the solution of this inequation is: − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

11
a.
4 4
≥𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑥 ≥ 0 (Move each term to the LHS)
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
4 𝑥(𝑥+3)
⇒ − ≥ 0
𝑥+3 (𝑥+3)

−𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4
⇒ ≥ 0
𝑥+3
(1−𝑥)(𝑥+4)
⇒ ≥ 0
𝑥+3

The function is equal to zero for 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −4, and discontinuous for 𝑥 = −3
The sign table is:
𝑥 −5 −4 −3.5 −3 0 1 2
𝑦 3 0 9 ∗ 4 0 6
− −
2 3 5
sign + 0 − ∗ + 0 −

© Cambridge University Press 2019 32

Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The function is bigger than or equal to zero for 𝑥 ≤ −4 or −3 < 𝑥 ≤ 1

b.

2 2
< 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥+3 − 𝑥 < 0 (Move each term to the LHS)
2𝑥+3
2 𝑥(2𝑥+3)
⇒ 2𝑥+3 − <0
2𝑥+3

2−2𝑥 2 −3𝑥
⇒ <0
2𝑥+3
−(2𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)
⇒ <0
2𝑥+3

1 3
The function is equal to zero for 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −2, and discontinuous for 𝑥 = −
2 2

The sign table is:

𝑥 −3 −2 7 3 0 1 1
− −
4 2 2
𝑦 7 0 9 ∗ 2 0 3
− −
3 4 3 5
sign + 0 − ∗ + 0 −

3 1
The function is less than zero for −2 < 𝑥 < − 2 or 𝑥 > 2

c.
8 8
≤ 2𝑥 − 1 ⇒ − 2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 0 (Move each term to the LHS)
2𝑥−3 2𝑥−3

8 (1−2𝑥)(2𝑥−3)
⇒ + ≤0
2𝑥−3 (2𝑥−3)

8−(4𝑥 2 −8𝑥+3)
⇒ ≤0
(2𝑥−3)

−(2𝑥−5)(2𝑥+1)
⇒ ≤0
(2𝑥−3)

𝑥 −1 −0.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3

𝑦 1.4 0 5 ∗ 5 0 7
− −
3 3
sign + 0 − ∗ + 0 −

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1 3 5
The function is less than or equal to zero for − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

12
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 is a quadratic function. Thus checking the sign of the
discriminant, we can tell if it has zeroes or not.

Discriminant is ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 where a, b, and c are the coefficients in

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

Thus, ∆= 12 − 4×1×1 = −3, which is less than zero. When ∆< 0 the parabola
does not cut the 𝑥-axis. Knowing that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is positive, it can be
concluded that the function 𝑓 is positive for any real number value of 𝑥.

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4
If we group the terms of 𝑓 as: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
= 1 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑥)
= 1 + (1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑥 3 )

If we let 𝑔(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) = (1 + 𝑥)𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )

The zeroes of 𝑔(𝑥) are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1
The sign table or the graph of g(x) can be examined. The graph of 𝑔(𝑥) is:

As it can be seen on the graph, the minimum value of 𝑔 is -0.325.

Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + 1, it can be said that 𝑓 is positive for all real 𝑥-values.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The graph of 𝑓 is:

As it is observed from the graph, 𝑓 is positive for all real 𝑥-values.

c. For 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 where 𝑛 ≥ 0.

For 𝑥 ≥ 0 the function is positive because all the terms are added.
For −1 < 𝑥 < 0,
(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) > 0
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) > 0
(𝑥 2𝑛−1 + 𝑥 2𝑛 ) > 0

For 𝑥 ≤ −1 the function is always positive.

Therefore, 𝑓 is positive for all values of 𝑥.

d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛−1

⇒ 𝑓(1) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 )
(1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2𝑛 ) cannot be factorised. Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 is the only zero of the
function 𝑓.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5C
1
1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1

i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ 1

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1

Therefore, the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑦 = −1.

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,

1
1 = 𝑥−1

∴ 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑓(𝑥) = −1

1
-1 = 𝑥−1

∴ 𝑥 = 0.

iii As 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0
Therefore, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

iv
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦 −1 × 1
sign − × +

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

From the table of signs,
As 𝑥 → 1+ , y > 0
and as 𝑥 → 1− , y < 0

v At 𝑥 = 1, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞
and as 𝑥 → 1− , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3−𝑥

i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ 3

2
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3

2
Therefore, the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑦 = 3.

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,

2
1 = 3−𝑥

∴ 𝑥 = 1.
When 𝑓(𝑥) = −1

2
-1 = 3−𝑥

∴ 𝑥 = 5.

iii As 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0
Therefore, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

iv
𝑥 0 3 4
𝑦 2 × −2
3
sign + × −

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 3.

From the table of signs,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

As 𝑥 → 3− , y > 0
and as 𝑥 → 3+ , y < 0

v At 𝑥 = 3, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑥 = 3 is a vertical asymptote.
As 𝑥 → 3− , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞
and as 𝑥 → 3+ , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞.

−2
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2

i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ −2

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1

Therefore, the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑦 = −1.

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,

−2
1=
𝑥+2

∴ 𝑥 = 1.
When 𝑓(𝑥) = −4

−2
-1 = 𝑥+2

∴ 𝑥 = 0.

iii As 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Therefore, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

iv
𝑥 −3 −2 0
𝑦 2 × −1
sign + × −

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = −2.

From the table of signs,
As 𝑥 → −2− , y > 0
and as 𝑥 → −2+ , y < 0

v At 𝑥 = −2, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑥 = −2 is a vertical asymptote.
As 𝑥 → −2− , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞
and as 𝑥 → −2+ , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞.

5
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+5

5
i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ − 2

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

Therefore, the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑦 = 1.

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,

5
1 = 2𝑥+5

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

∴ 𝑥 = 0.
When 𝑓(𝑥) = −1

5
-1 = 2𝑥+5

∴ 𝑥 = −5.

iii As 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0
Therefore, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

iv
𝑥 −3 −5 0
2
𝑦 −5 × 1
sign − × +

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

From the table of signs,
5+
As 𝑥 → − 2 , y > 0
5−
and as 𝑥 → − 2 , y < 0

5
v At 𝑥 = − 2, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.
5
Therefore, 𝑥 = − 2 is a vertical asymptote.

5+
As 𝑥 → − 2 , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞
5−
and as 𝑥 → − 2 , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2
2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−1)2

i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ 1

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

Therefore, the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑦 = 2.

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,

2
1 = (𝑥−1)2

(𝑥 − 1)2 = 2

(𝑥 − 1) = ±√2

∴ 𝑥 = 1 ± √2.

iii As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal

asymptote.

iv
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦 2 × 2
sign + × +

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

From the table of signs,
As 𝑥 → 1+ , y > 0
Also, as 𝑥 → 1− , y > 0

v At 𝑥 = 1, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞
Also, as 𝑥 → 1− , y > 0 so, 𝑦 → ∞.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

3
1
𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥−2)2

i The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 ≠ 2

ii When 𝑓(𝑥) = −1,

1
−1 = − (𝑥−2)2

(𝑥 − 2)2 = 1

(𝑥 − 2) = ±1
𝑥 = 2±1
∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3

iii As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal

asymptote.

iv
𝑥 0 2 3
𝑦 1 × 1
−
4
sign − × −

There are no zeroes and there is a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 2.

From the table of signs,
As 𝑥 → 2+ , y < 0
Also, as 𝑥 → 2− , y < 0

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

v At 𝑥 = 2, the denominator is 0, but the numerator ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑥 = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞
Also, as 𝑥 → 2− , y < 0 so, 𝑦 → −∞.

4
a.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1

𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
(𝑓(𝑥))−1 1 1 −1 ∗ 1 1 1
− −
3 2 2 3

When 𝑓(𝑥) = 1, 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑓(𝑥) = −1, 𝑥 = −2

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → ∞
and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → −∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = −1 is a vertical asymptote.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b.
𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑔(𝑥) 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
(𝑔(𝑥))−1 1 1 1 ∗ −1 1 1
− −
3 2 2 3

When 𝑔(𝑥) = 1, 𝑥 = 1
When 𝑔(𝑥) = −1, 𝑥 = 3

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → −∞
and as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → ∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = 2 is a vertical asymptote.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
5 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
3

a. When 𝑦 = 1,

1
1 = 3 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 3

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 3

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 6

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 7 [Completing the squares]

(𝑥 − 1)2 = 7

𝑥 − 1 = ±√7

∴ 𝑥 = 1 + √7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 − √7

1
b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
3

The above equation is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )

Therefore,

𝑥1 +𝑥2 −1+3
𝑥𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = = =1
2 2

1 4
and 𝑦𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 = (1 + 1)(1 − 3) = −
3 3

4
Therefore, the vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) is (1, − 3)

When 𝑥 = 0,

1
𝑦= (0 + 1)(0 − 3)
3

𝑦 = −1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

When 𝑦 = 0,

1
0= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
3

0 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 3 = 0 [Completing the squares]

(𝑥 − 1)2 = 4

𝑥 − 1 = ±2

∴ 𝑥 = 1 + 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 − 2

∴ 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1

When 𝑦 = −1,

1
−1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
3

−3 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = −3

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 0 [Completing the squares]

(𝑥 − 1)2 = 1

𝑥 − 1 = ±1

∴ 𝑥 = 1 + 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 − 1

∴ 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0

1 4
c. Since the vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) is at (1, − 3) and the minimum 𝑦 −
3
4 4
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 of the function is − 3 , the range of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 ≥ − 3.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
3

Let 𝑦 = (𝑓(𝑥))−1

3
𝑦 = (𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) 4 5 0 −1 4 −1 0 5 4
−
3 3 3
(𝑓(𝑥))−1 1 3 ∗ −1 3 −1 ∗ 3 1
−
4 5 4 5 4

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

As 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → −∞
3
𝑦 increases from −∞ 𝑡𝑜 − 4 as 𝑥 increases from −1 𝑡𝑜 1 and again decreases
3
from − 4 𝑡𝑜 − ∞ as 𝑥 increases from 1 𝑡𝑜 3

Also, as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3 is a vertical asymptote.

1 3
e. From the graph, the range of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ − 4.

6
1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = (4 − 𝑥 2 )
4

Let 𝑦 = (𝑓(𝑥))−1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

4 4
𝑦 = 4−𝑥 2 = (2−𝑥)(2+𝑥)

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 5 0 3 1 3 0 5
− −
4 4 4 4
(𝑓(𝑥))−1 4 ∗ 4 1 4 ∗ 4
− −
5 3 3 5

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

As 𝑥 → −2− , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −2+ , 𝑦 → ∞

𝑦 decreases from ∞ 𝑡𝑜 1 as 𝑥 increases from −2 𝑡𝑜 0 and again increases from

1 𝑡𝑜 ∞ as 𝑥 increases from 1 𝑡𝑜 2

Also, as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → −∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2 is a vertical asymptote.

1
b. From the graph, the maximum 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 of the function 4 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) is 1, the
range of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 ≤ 1.

4
c. From the graph, the range of is 𝑦 < 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 1.
4−𝑥 2

7
a.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1 1
b. The minimum value of 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1) is
2 2

1
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1)
2

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 5 5 1 1 1 5 5
2 2 2
(𝑓(𝑥))−1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
5 5 5 5

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

The value of (𝑓(𝑥))−1 at 𝑥 = 0 is 2 and is decreasing on left and right of 2 until 0.

d. As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

2
e. The maximum value of (𝑥 2 +1) is 2.

8
a. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Differentiating 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Equating 𝑑𝑥 to 0,

−2𝑥 + 2 = 0

𝑥=1

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 (−2𝑥 + 2) = −2
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦
Since, 𝑑𝑥 2 <0, 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 has a maximum at x=1.

𝑓(1) = −(1)2 + 2(1) − 3= -2

Therefore, the maximum value of f 𝑓(𝑥) = −2.

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 3) [Completing the squares]

𝑓(𝑥) = −((𝑥 − 1)2 + 2)

𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 − 2

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓(𝑥) −11 −6 −3 −2 −3 −6 −11

(𝑓(𝑥))−1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − − − − −
11 6 3 2 3 6 11

As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

1 1
The value of (𝑓(𝑥))−1 at 𝑥 = 1 is − 2 and is increasing on the left and right of − 2
until 0.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

c. As 𝑦 → 0 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, i.e., 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

1 1
d. The minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) is − 2

9
a.
i. For 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°,

The points (0, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (360, 1) represents the local maxima and (180, −1)
represents the local minima. A local maximum of one curve is the local
minimum for another curve.

1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Therefore, 𝑥 = 90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 270° are the vertical asymptotes.

1
ii. Domain of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° except 𝜃 ≠ 90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ≠ 270°

1
Range of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is 𝑦 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b.
i. For 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°,

The point (90, 1) represents the local maxima and (270, −1) represent
local minima. A local maximum of one curve is the local minimum for
another curve.

1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Therefore, 𝑥 = 0°, 𝑥 = 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 360° are the vertical asymptotes.

1
ii. Domain of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° except 𝜃 ≠ 0°, 𝜃 ≠ 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ≠
360°
1
Range of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is 𝑦 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1

10 For an odd function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
1 1
∴ (𝑓(−𝑥))−1 = 𝑓(−𝑥) = − 𝑓(𝑥) (1)

Similarly, for an even function 𝑔(𝑥),

𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
1 1
∴ (𝑔(−𝑥))−1 = 𝑔(−𝑥) = (2)
𝑔(𝑥)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

From (1) and (2),

The sign of a function (even or odd) and its reciprocal is always the same.
Hence, the reciprocal of an even function is an even function, and the reciprocal
of an odd function is an odd function.
11
2
a. 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 1 0 −1 ∗ 3 2 5
3 3

As 𝑦 → 1 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → ∞
and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → −∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = 0, i.e., 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is a vertical asymptote.

𝑥 𝑥+2−2
b. 𝑦 = 2+𝑥 = 2+𝑥

2
∴ 𝑦 = 1 − 2+𝑥

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 ∗ −1 0 1 1 3
3 2 5

As 𝑦 → 1 when 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

As 𝑥 → −2+ , 𝑦 → −∞
and as 𝑥 → −2− , 𝑦 → ∞

Therefore, 𝑥 = −2, i.e., is a vertical asymptote.

12
a. The point (2, 1) represents the local maxima of the given curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local
maximum of one curve is the local minimum for another curve.
1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3 are the vertical asymptotes.

Since 𝑓 (𝑥) → −∞ as 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote to
1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

b. The point (1, 1) represents the local maxima and (−1, −1) represents the local
minima of the given curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local maximum of one curve is the local
minimum for another curve.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑥 = −√3, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = √3 are the vertical asymptotes.

Since 𝑓 (𝑥) → ∞ or 𝑓 (𝑥) → −∞ as 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, the x-axis is a horizontal
1
asymptote to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

c. The point between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 represents the local maxima of the given
curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local maximum of one curve is the local minimum for another
curve.
1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3 are the vertical asymptotes.

d. The point (0, 0) represents the local maxima, but its corresponding value is 0 and
(1, −1) represents the local minima of the given curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local maximum of
one curve is the local minimum for another curve.
1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2 are the vertical asymptotes.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Since 𝑓 (𝑥) → ∞ or 𝑓 (𝑥) → −∞ as 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → −∞, the x-axis is a horizontal

1
asymptote to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

13
a. Domain of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 is 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° except 𝜃 ≠ 90°𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ≠ 270°

b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 0 at 𝜃 = 0°, θ = 180° and θ= 360°.

1
c. Domain of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 is 0° < 𝜃 < 360° except 𝜃 ≠ 90°, 𝜃 ≠ 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ≠ 270°

1 1 1
d. lim = tan 90° = ∞ = 0
𝜃→90° 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

e. For 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°,
1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

Therefore, 𝑥 = 0°, 𝑥 = 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 360° are the vertical asymptotes.

1
f. Range of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 is 𝑦 ≠ 0

14

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

a. The point (2, 1) represents the local maxima of the given curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local
maximum of one curve is the local minimum for another curve.
1
The zeroes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) corresponds to vertical asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 is the vertical asymptotes.

1
When 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined at 𝑥 = 0, so also is 𝑓(𝑥)

Thus, the point at 𝑥 = 0 is removed.

b. The point (0, 2) represents the local minima of the given curve 𝑓(𝑥). A local
minimum of one curve is the local maximum for another curve.

1
When 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined at 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1, so also is 𝑓(𝑥)
Thus, the point at 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1 is removed.

15 Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and it’s reciprocal.

It can be observed that 𝑥 = 2 is neither a local maxima nor a local minima,
however, (𝑓(𝑥))−1 → −∞ when 𝑥 → 2− and (𝑓(𝑥))−1 → ∞ when 𝑥 → 2+ .

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Therefore, in this case, the necessary qualification would be 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, except

𝑥 ≠ 2.
16 𝑦 =𝑥−2
1
𝑦 −1 = 𝑥−2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5D
1a
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible.
In this case, as 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are opposite equations, cancelling each other out a
point 𝑦 = 1, at every 𝑥.
Thus,

1b
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

1c
To sketch the sum, y = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 4
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2a
To sketch the difference, 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 1, 𝑔(2) = 0, therefore 𝑦 =
1
Thus,

2b
To sketch the difference, 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

2c

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

To sketch the difference, 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:

Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 =
−4
Thus,

3a
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

3b
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

3c
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

4a
Copy the diagram to your book

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

4b
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible. i.e. 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑔(1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =
0. 𝑓(−1) = 1, 𝑔(−1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 0. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 0,

Thus,

5a
Copy the diagram to your book

5b
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0, therefore 𝑦 =

0. 𝑓(1) = 0, 𝑔(1) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 2.
Thus,

6a

6b
𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥) is (in this case), = (𝑥 2 )(𝑥 − 1).
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, thus 𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, thus 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑥 = 0

6c
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = −1, therefore 𝑦 =
0. 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑔(1) = 0, therefore 𝑦 = 0. 𝑓(−1) = 1, 𝑔(−1) = −2, therefore 𝑦 = 2
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

7
1. In each graph, plot the ordinate at each of the zeroes., in this case (0,0) and
(2,0)
2. Now look at the points where the curves meet, in this case, (1,1) and (0,0)
3. Thus, we have 2 points we can use to map the new function, 𝑓(0) = 0 , 𝑔(0) =
0, therefore 𝑦 = 0, 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑔(1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 0
4. Furthermore, the key idea is to subtract the ordinates wherever possible.
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

8ai
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 3, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 4
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

8aii
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 3, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 2
Thus,

8bi
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 5

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Thus,

8bii
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2)=4, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 3
Thus,

9a
To sketch 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 1|

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

9b
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1|

Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =

0. 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑔(1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 1. 𝑓(−1) = 1, 𝑔(−1) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 2
Thus,

9c
Because 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 1, the product will also lie between 0
and 1 inclusive.

10a
The domain where these graphs can effectively work (in addition, multiplication,
and subtraction of ordinates), is 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞. The points where these graphs
intersect is (0,0) and (1,1)

10b
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥

Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(4) = 4, 𝑔(4) = 2, therefore 𝑦 =
2
Thus,

11a
The domain where these graphs can effectively work (in addition, multiplication,
and subtraction of ordinates), is 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞. The point where these graphs
3 √5 1 √5
intersect is (2 + , + )
2 2 2

11b
To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥

Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = −1, 𝑔(0) = 0, therefore 𝑦 =
0. 𝑓(1) = 0, 𝑔(1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 0. 𝑓(4) = 3, 𝑔(4) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 6
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

12a
To sketch the square of 𝑓(𝑥), you must look at it as a product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑓(𝑥),
Always pay careful attention to the zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥) and to points where
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 or 𝑓(𝑥) = −1.
Square the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(1) = 0, thus 𝑦 = 0. 𝑓(2) = 3, thus
𝑦 = 9.
𝑓(3) = 8, thus y= 64.
Thus,

12b
To sketch the square of 𝑓(𝑥), you must look at it as a product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑓(𝑥),
Always pay careful attention to the zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥) and to points where
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 or 𝑓(𝑥) = −1.
Square the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(1) = 0, thus 𝑦 = 0. 𝑓(2) = 0, thus
y=0.
𝑓(3) = 6, thus 𝑦 = 36.
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

12c
To sketch the square of 𝑓(𝑥), you must look at it as a product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑓(𝑥),
Always pay careful attention to the zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥) and to points where
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 or 𝑓(𝑥) = −1.
1
Square the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(1) = 1, thus 𝑦 = 1. 𝑓(2) = 2 , thus
1
𝑦 = 1/4. 𝑓(3) = 1/3, thus 𝑦 = 9.
Thus,

13
All negative y variables are positive. All Fractions (between 0 and 1), means that
1 2 1
the y variables will get smaller. i.e. 𝑦 = (2) = 4

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

14a
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
1 5
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 2.
1 10
𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 3, therefore 𝑦 = .
3
Thus,

14b
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
1 1 3
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 4.
1 1
𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 5, therefore 𝑦 = 8/15.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Thus,

14c
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 = 5.
𝑓(3) = 8, 𝑔(3) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 10.
Thus,

14d
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
1 17
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 4 .
1 65
𝑓(3) = 8, 𝑔(3) = 8, therefore 𝑦 = .
8
Thus,

15a
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1 3
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 2.
1 8
𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 3, therefore 𝑦 = 3.
Thus,

15b
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
1 1 1
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 4, therefore 𝑦 = 4.
1 1 2
𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 5, therefore 𝑦 = 15.
Thus,

15c
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =
1. 𝑓(3) = 8, 𝑔(3) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 6.
Thus,

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

15d
To sketch the difference, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
1
Subtract the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 4, 𝑔(2) = , therefore 𝑦 =
4
15 1 63
. 𝑓(3) = 8, 𝑔(3) = 8, therefore 𝑦 = .
4 8
Thus,

16a

Even + Even = Even

Even – Even = Even
Even × Even = Even

Odd + Odd = Odd

Odd – Odd = Odd
Odd × Odd = Even

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Even + Odd = Neither

Even – Odd = Neither
Even × Odd = Odd

𝑓(𝑥) even, 𝑓(𝑥) odd, 𝑓(𝑥) even,

𝑔(𝑥) even 𝑔(𝑥) odd 𝑔(𝑥) odd
𝑠(𝑥) Even Odd Neither
𝑑(𝑥) Even Odd Neither
𝑝(𝑥) Even Even Odd

16b

𝑠(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥)

= −𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
= −(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥))
= −𝑠(𝑥)

17a

To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑔(0) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =
0. 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑔(1) = 2, therefore 𝑦 = 2. 𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 8, therefore 𝑦 = 24
2𝑥 rises much faster than 𝑥.
Thus,

17b

To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:

1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(1) = 2, 𝑔(1) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =
1
2. 𝑓(3) = 4, 𝑔(3) = 9 , therefore 𝑦 = 24
The equation tends to zero, as given in the question

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Thus,

17c

To sketch the product, 𝑓(𝑥)× 𝑔(𝑥), of two sketched functions:

1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
Multiply the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 1, therefore 𝑦 =
1 3
2. 𝑓(3) = 3, 𝑔(3) = 2 , therefore 𝑦 = 2
The equation tends to 1, as given in the question
Thus,

17d

To sketch the following equation by shifting the base equation must be realized:
1
In this case the base equation is 𝑥. As the 1 is added to the whole function there is
a translation from the 𝑥-axis upwards of 1 unit. The 1 taken away from the 𝑥
variable, means a translation from the 𝑦-axis in the positive direction of 1 unit.
Thus,

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18a
2
𝑥 − 5 = −2 −
𝑥
2
Solve 𝑥 − 5 = −2 − 𝑥 or 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 2
Substitute both 𝑥 values into one of the function
Thus,
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = −4 or 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −3
Therefore the coordinates are (1, −4) and (2, −3)

18b

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18c
2
𝑥−5+2+ − (𝑥 − 3)
𝑥
2
= 𝑥 − 5 + 2 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3)
2
=𝑥
2
As 𝑥 is a hyperbola, as well as the addition of ordinates of a hyperbolic equation,
as 𝑥 goes to both sides of ∞, the function tends to 0.

18d
To sketch the sum, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) of two sketched functions:
Add the ordinates wherever possible, i.e. 𝑓(2) = −3, 𝑔(2) = 3, therefore 𝑦 = 0
Thus,

19a
1
𝑠(𝑥) = +3+𝑥−2
𝑥
1
𝑠(𝑥) = + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥

𝑠(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑠(𝑥) = + 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑥
1
𝑠(𝑥) =
𝑥

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1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 must be an asymptote as it is thus the addition of ordinates of 𝑥 and
1
𝑠(𝑥) which is also 𝑥

19b
1
𝑑(𝑥) = +3−𝑥+2
𝑥
1
𝑑(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 5
𝑥
Following the previous equation, the oblique asymptote is -x+5
19c
1
𝑝(𝑥) = ( + 3)×(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥
2
𝑝(𝑥) = 1 + + 3𝑥 − 6
𝑥
2
𝑝(𝑥) = + 3𝑥 − 5
𝑥
Following the previous equation, the oblique asymptote is 3𝑥 − 5

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5E
1)
a)

b)

c)

2)
a)
i)

ii)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

iii)

b)
i)

ii)

iii)

c)
i)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

ii)

iii)

3)
a)

b)

4)
a)
i)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

ii)

b)
i)

ii)

c)
i)

ii)

5)
a)
8
𝑓(𝑥) = 9 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) The 𝑥-intercepts are −1 and 2
8
= 9 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3) Expand brackets

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

8 1 2 9
= 9 ((𝑥 − 2) − 4) Complete the square
8 1 2 1
= 9 (𝑥 − 2) − 2 The vertex is (2 , −2)

b)
i)

ii)

iii)

6)
a)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b)
i)

ii)

iii)

7)
a)
As 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → 4 and therefore √𝑓(𝑥) → 2. Thus 𝑦 = 2 will be the
horizontal asymptote of the transformed graph.
b)

8)
a)
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 + 1 Vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦-intercept at 𝑦 = 2
Horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥-intercept at 𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b)
i)

ii)

iii)

9)
a)
2
𝑓(𝑥) = +2 Vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦-intercept at 𝑦 = 1
𝑥−2
Horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥-intercept at 𝑥 = 1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b)
i)

ii)

10)
a)

b)
i)

ii)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

c)

i)

ii)

11)
a)
i)
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 is vertical where it meets the 𝑥-axis.
ii)
𝑦 = |𝑥 − 1| meets the 𝑥-axis at a 45° angle.
iii)
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 is horizontal where it meets the 𝑥-axis.
b)
We know that when 𝑓(𝑥) < 1, √𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑥), so the square root of a function will
always have a steeper slope than the function as it approaches a zero.
4
Since 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 is vertical at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 must also be vertical.
12)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

13)
a)
A function is even if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥). If we consider 𝑓(|𝑥|), we find that 𝑓(|−𝑥|) =
𝑓(|𝑥|), so 𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|) is even.
b)
For any point where |𝑦| = 𝑓(𝑥), there are two possible values for 𝑦 that can
satisfy the equation: 𝑓(𝑥) and −𝑓(𝑥). Thus |𝑦| = 𝑓(𝑥) has line symmetry in the
𝑥-axis because any point above the 𝑥-axis has a corresponding point below.
14)
a)

b)
i)

ii)
The steps in Box 16 remove the parts of 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) < 0, and the steps
in Box 14 can’t add the missing parts back.
15)
Example 16 (f) has the equation 𝑦 2 = sin(90𝑥°).
The equation for a circle with the same centre is 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2.
1 1
If we sub in 𝑥 = 2 to both equations, we see that in 16(f) 𝑦 2 = sin(45°) = , but in
√2
1 2 1
the circle, 𝑦 2 = (− 2) = 4.
Thus the graph in 16(f) is not composed of perfect circles.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5F
1
a.

b.

c.

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d.

e.

f.

g.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

h.

2. Original is a function: all except (f)

Inverse is a function: (a), (c), (d), (f), (h)
3. One-to-one: (a), (c), (d), (h).
Many-to-one: (b), (e), (g).
One-to-many: (f)

4.

a. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦

𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 2
Solving for 𝑦

𝑥 + 2 = 3𝑦
We have

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑥+2
𝑦=
3
b. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
1
𝑥 = 𝑦+1
2
Making subject 𝑦

1
𝑥−1= 𝑦
2
We have
𝑦 = 2x − 2

c. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦

1
𝑥 =3− 𝑦
2
Making subject 𝑦

1
3−𝑥 = 𝑦
2
We have
𝑦 = 6 − 2x
d. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
𝑦−𝑥+1 = 0
Making subject 𝑦

𝑦 =𝑥−1
We have
𝑦 =𝑥−1
e. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
2𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 10 = 0
Making subject 𝑦

2𝑦 = 10 − 5𝑥
We have
10 − 5𝑥
𝑦=
2
f. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦 and making subject 𝑦. We have
𝑥=2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

5
a.

b.

c.

d.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

e.

f.

6a.
i) Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
1
𝑥= +1
𝑦
Solving for 𝑦

1
𝑥−1=
𝑦
We have
1
𝑦=
𝑥−1
ii) Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
1
𝑥=
𝑦+1
Solving for 𝑦

1
𝑦+1=
𝑥
We have

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
𝑦= −1
𝑥
iii) Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
𝑦+2
𝑥=
𝑦−2
Solving for 𝑦

𝑥(𝑦 − 2) = 𝑦 + 2
We have
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = y + 2
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 2x + 2
𝑦(𝑥 − 1) = 2x + 2
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦=2
(𝑥 − 1)

iv) Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦

3𝑦
𝑥=
𝑦+2
Solving for 𝑦

𝑥(𝑦 + 2) = 3𝑦
We have
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 3y
𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = −2x
𝑦(𝑥 − 3) = −2x
−2𝑥
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 3)

6b.
i) The domain of the function is 𝑹 − {0} because the function is not defined for 𝑥 = 0 and
range is 𝑹
The domain of theinverse function is 𝑹 − {1} because the inverse function is not defined
at 𝑥 = 1
ii) The domain of the function is 𝑹 − {−1} because the function is not defined for 𝑥 =
−1 and range is 𝑹.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

The domain the inverse function is 𝑹 − {0} because the inverse function is not defined
at 𝑥 = 0. Range is 𝑹.
iii) The domain of the function is 𝑹 − {2} because the function is not defined for 𝑥 = 2 and
range is 𝑅
The domain of the inverse function is 𝑹 − {−2} because the inverse function is not
defined at 𝑥 = 2. Range is 𝑹.
iv) The domain of the function is 𝑹 − {−2} because the function is not defined for 𝑥 =
−2 and range is 𝑹.
The domain the inverse function is 𝑹 − {3} because the inverse function is not defined
at 𝑥 = 3. Range is 𝑹.
7a. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
1
𝑥=
𝑦
Solving for 𝑦

1
𝑦=
𝑥

7b. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦

2𝑦 − 2
𝑥=
𝑦−2
Solving for 𝑦
𝑥(𝑦 − 2) = 2𝑦 − 2
We have
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2y − 2
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦(𝑥 − 2) = 2𝑥 − 2

2𝑥 − 2
𝑦=
𝑥−2
7c. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦
−3𝑦 − 5
𝑥=
𝑦+3
Solving for 𝑦
𝑥(𝑦 + 3) = −3𝑦 − 5

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We have
𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 = −3y − 5
𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 5
𝑦(𝑥 + 3) = −3𝑥 − 5
−3𝑥 − 5
𝑦=
𝑥+3

7d. Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑥 for 𝑦

𝑥 = −𝑦
Solving for 𝑦

𝑦 = −𝑥

Each inverse is identical to original function. Therefore, the graph must be symmetric
about 𝑦 = 𝑥

8a.
i)

(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have
(𝑦 − 3)2 + 𝑥 2 = 4

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Since the two relations fail the horizontal and vertical line tests, the relation and its
inverse are not functions.

ii)

(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 9
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have
(𝑦 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 = 9

Since the two relations fail the horizontal and vertical line tests, the relation and its
inverse are not functions.
iii)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have

𝑥 = 𝑦2 − 4
The original relation is a function as it pass the vertical line test, however, the inverse
relation is not a function as it does not pass the horizontal line test.

iv)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have

𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 1
The original relation is a function as it pass the vertical line test, however, the inverse
relation is not a function as it does not pass the horizontal line test.
8b.
i) For relation below:
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Rearranging:
(𝑥 − 3)2 = 4 − 𝑦 2
𝑦 2 = 4 − (𝑥 − 3)2
We have 4 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − (𝑥 − 3)2 ≥ 0 as the square of any number cannot be
negative.
Thus, respecting both the inequalities and solving we have

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Domain as,1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7
Range,−2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
For inverse relation below:
(𝑦 − 3)2 + 𝑥 2 = 4
Rearranging:
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = 4 − (𝑦 − 3)2
We have 4 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − (𝑦 − 3)2 ≥ 0 as the square of any number cannot be
negative.
Thus, respecting both the inequalities and solving we have
Domain as,−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Range,1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 7

ii) For relation below:

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
We know, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ,
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑹 as the function is defined everywhere and range is
𝑦≥1

For inverse relation:

𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 1
We know,
The domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 1 as the function is defined everywhere.
Range is 𝑅
9a.
𝑦 = 𝑥2
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = 𝑦2

9b.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

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Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2

9c.

𝑦 = −√𝑥
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = −√𝑦

9d.

𝑦 = −√4 − 𝑥 2
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = −√4 − 𝑦 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

10a.
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 10, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 < 2
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:
𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 10, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 < 2
Solving for 𝑦
𝑥 − 10 = 3𝑦
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 10)
3
Since 𝑦 < 2
We have
1
(𝑥 − 10) < 2
3
𝑥 − 10 < 6
𝑥 < 16
10b.
𝑦 = 13 − 6𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 3
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:
𝑥 = 13 − 6𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≥ 3
Solving for 𝑦
13 − 𝑥
𝑦=
6
Since 𝑦 ≥ 3
We have

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
(13 − 𝑥) ≥ 3
6
13 − 𝑥 ≥ 18
𝑥 ≤ −5

10c.

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 < 3
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = 𝑦 3 + 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 < 3
Solving for 𝑦
3
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 2
Since 𝑦 < 3
We have
3
√𝑥 − 2 < 3
𝑥 − 2 < 27
𝑥 < 29
10d.
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≥ −2
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≥ −2
Solving for 𝑦

𝑦 = √𝑥 + 3
Since 𝑦 ≥ −2
We have

√𝑥 + 3 ≥ 3
𝑥+3≥9
𝑥≥6
11a.
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦=
𝑥+𝑐
Writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, we have inverse relation as:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑥=
𝑦+𝑐
Making 𝑦 as the subject of the equation:
𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑏 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑦=
𝑥−𝑎
Thus, inverse of the given relation is:
𝑏 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑦=
𝑥−𝑎
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑏−𝑥𝑐
11b. From the above question we have inverse of 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐
as 𝑦 = 𝑥−𝑎

If 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 0, we have 𝑐 = −𝑎.
Substituting this value in the inverse function we have

𝑏 − 𝑥(−𝑎)
𝑦=
𝑥 − (−𝑐)
Thus,
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦=
𝑥+𝑐
Hence proved.
12a.

i) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 ≠ 0
This is equation of straight line and passes the horizontal and vertical line test. Hence, it
is a one-to-one relation.

ii) 𝑦 = 𝑏
The equation is of a horizontal line parallel to 𝑥-axis and passes the vertical line test but
not the horizontal line test. Hence, it is a many-to-one function as for many values of 𝑥 we
have a single value of 𝑦.
iii) 𝑥 = 𝑎
The equation is of a vertical line parallel to 𝑦-axis and passes the horizontal line test but
not the vertical line test. Hence, it is a one-to-many function as for single value of 𝑥 we
have a multiple value of 𝑦.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

12c.
Since only part i) and part iii) pass the horizontal line test, they have inverse relation that
is a function.
13a. one-to-one
13b. one-to-many
13c. many-to-one
13d. Many-to-Many
14a.
2𝑥 + 2−𝑥
𝑦=
2
2𝑥 +2−𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

2𝑥 +2−𝑥
Thus for 𝑓(−𝑥), we have 𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= 𝑓(𝑥)

For any value of 𝑥 and −𝑥 we have same value of 𝑓(−𝑥),i.e. it is an even function implying
that it is symmetric about the 𝑥-axis. Therefore, the function is many-to-one function and
they fail the horizontal line test. The graph of the above equation is:

2𝑥 +2−𝑥
Hence, the inverse of 𝑦 = is not a function.
2

14b.
2𝑥 − 2−𝑥
𝑦=
2
2𝑥 +2−𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

2−𝑥 −2𝑥
Thus for 𝑓(−𝑥), we have 𝑓(−𝑥) = = −𝑓(𝑥)
2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

For any value of 𝑥 and −𝑥 we do not have same value of 𝑓(𝑥),i.e. it is an odd function.
Therefore, it is symmetric about the origin.
Furthermore:
𝑙𝑛2∗(2𝑥 +2−𝑥 )
𝑓′(𝑥) = and as 2𝑥 >0 for any values of 𝑥, we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0.This implies that
2
the function is continuously increasing. Hence, the equation is one-to-one function. The
graph for the given equation is as below:

2𝑥 +2−𝑥
Hence, the inverse of 𝑦 = 2
is a function.

15a. Even function implies that: 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

For any value of 𝑥 ≠ 0 and −𝑥 we have same value of 𝑓(𝑥),i.e. symmetric about the 𝑥-axis.
Therefore, the function is many-to-one function and they fail the horizontal line test.
Hence, the inverse of any even function is not a function.

15b. Odd function implies that: 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Odd functions are symmetric about the origin. However, this does not always imply that
they are one-to-one relations. Thus, the inverse relation of odd function may not be
always be a function.
Consider the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = −(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

The above function is an example of odd function. The graph of the above function is as
below:

This graph fails the horizontal line test and is not a one-to-one function.

16a. Let 𝑦(𝑥) be an odd function, thus,

𝑦(−𝑥) = −𝑦(𝑥)
Let 𝑧 be inverse relation of 𝑦(𝑥). Therefore, both the relations are symmetric about line
𝑦 = 𝑥.
The points (𝑥, 𝑦(𝑥)) and (−𝑥, −𝑦(𝑥)) are transformed into (𝑦(𝑥), 𝑥)) and (−𝑦(𝑥), −𝑥))
by that symmetry

Since, 𝑧 is inverse relation we have 𝑧(𝑦(𝑥)) = 𝑥 and 𝑧(−𝑦(𝑥)) = −𝑥 = −𝑧(𝑦(𝑥)). Clearly,

𝑧 is an odd relation.

Below is the graph to illustrate the relation 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 and its inverse relation which
symmetric about line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

16b. No. Look at 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , which is even. Its inverse is 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , which is not even.

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Solutions to Exercise 5G
1ai
𝑓(5) = 2
Thus,
𝑔(2) = 5
1aii
13
𝑔(5) =
2
Thus,
13
𝑓( ) = 5
2
1aiii
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 8
Thus,
1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 − 8) + 4
2
=𝑥
1aiv
1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4
2
Thus,
1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2 ( 𝑥 + 4) − 8
2
=𝑥
1b
They are inverse functions, that is, g (x) = f − 1 (x) and f (x) = g − 1 (x).

2a
𝑓(2) = 15
Thus,
𝑔(15) = 2
𝑔(2) = −11
Thus,
𝑓(−11) = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 13
Thus,
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 − 13 + 13
=𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 13
Thus,
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 − 13 + 13
=𝑥
2b
𝑓(2) = 14
Thus,
𝑔(14) = 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2
𝑔(2) =
7
Thus,
2
𝑓( ) = 2
7
𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥
Thus,
1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = ×7𝑥
7
=𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
7
Thus,
1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 7× 𝑥
7
=𝑥

2c
𝑓(2) = 10
Thus,
𝑔(10) = 2
𝑔(2) = −2
Thus,
𝑓(−2) = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6
Thus,
1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 6 − 6)
2
=𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 6)
2
Thus,
1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2 ( (𝑥 − 6)) + 6
2
=𝑥−6+6
=𝑥

2d
𝑓(2) = 2
Thus,
𝑔(2) = 2
𝑔(2) = 2
Thus,
𝑓(2) = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6
Thus,
3
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = √𝑥 3 − 6 + 6

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

=𝑥
3
𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 6
Thus,
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 6 − 6
=𝑥

3a
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 5
𝑥−5
And solving for y, 𝑦= 2
𝑥−5
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2
3b
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5
Thus,
2𝑥 + 5 − 5
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) =
2
=𝑥
𝑥−5
𝑔(𝑥) = 2
Thus,
𝑥−5
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2× +5
2
=𝑥
3ci
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 4 − 3𝑦
4−𝑥
And solving for y, 𝑦= 3
4−𝑥
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 3𝑥
Thus,
4 − (4 − 3𝑥)
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) =
3
=𝑥
4−𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) =
3
Thus,
4−𝑥
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 4 − 3( )
3
=4−4+𝑥
=𝑥
3cii
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 2
3
And solving for y, 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2
3
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2

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Thus,
3
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = √𝑥 3 − 2 + 2
=𝑥
3
𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
Thus,
3
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = ( √𝑥 + 2)3 − 2
=𝑥+2−2
=𝑥

3ciii
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
𝑥−5
1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦−5
1
And solving for y, 𝑦 =𝑥+5
1
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−5
Thus,
1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = +5
1
𝑥−5
=𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5
Thus,
1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) =
1
𝑥+5−5
1
=
1
𝑥
=𝑥
4
Geometrically, the inverse relation of a given relation is a function if and only
if no horizontal line crosses the original graph more than once.
Furthermore, algebraically, if solving the equation of the inverse for y gives two
answers, then the inverse is not a function.

4a
This fails the horizontal line test, for example 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(−1) = 1, so the inverse
is not a function.
4b
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = √𝑥
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = √𝑦
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

In this case the domain is 𝑥 ≥ 0

4c
This fails the horizontal line test, for example 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(−1) = 1, so the inverse
is not a function.

4d
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 + 1
3
And solving for y, 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1
3
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1
In this case the domain is −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

4e
This fails the horizontal line test, for example
𝑓(1) = 𝑓(−1) = 8, so the inverse is not a function.
4f
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦 2
And solving for y, 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥
In this case the domain is 𝑥 ≤ 9
4g
This fails the horizontal line test, for example
1
𝑓(1) = 𝑓(−1) = 3, so the inverse is not a function.
4h
1−𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
3+𝑥
1−𝑦
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 3+𝑦
1−3𝑥
And solving for y, 𝑦= 𝑥+1
1−3𝑥
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥+1
In this case the domain is 𝑥 ≠ −1
4i
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
And solving for y, 𝑦 = ±√𝑥
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≤ 0) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = −√𝑥
In this case the ‘domain’ is 𝑥 = 0
4j
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 1 ± √1 + 𝑥
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≥ 1) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 1 + √1 + 𝑥
In this case the ‘domain’ is 𝑥 ≥ 1

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4k
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 1 ± √1 + 𝑥
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≤ 1) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 1 − √1 + 𝑥
In this case the ‘domain’ is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

4l
𝑥+1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
𝑥−1
𝑦+1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦−1
𝑥+1
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
𝑥+1
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
In this case the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 1
5a

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5b

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The inverse of the first, x = −y 2 , is not a function. The second is a natural

restriction of the domain of the first in order that its inverse y = √−x is a
function.

6a
The gradient on linear equations is the 𝑚 of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Thus, gradient = 𝑎

6b
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
6c
The equation can be solved for 𝑦 when 𝑎 ≠ 0. or The graph is a non-horizontal
line when 𝑎 ≠ 0.
6d
x b
Solving for y, 𝑦=a −a,
x b
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≤ 1) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = a − a
1
The gradient is now = 𝑎
The reasoning behind why the gradients of the function and its inverse both have
the same sign, is that a non-zero number and its reciprocal have the same sign.
6e
Reflection in y = x exchanges the rise and run in every gradient construction.

7a
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 + 1
3
And solving for y, 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1
3
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

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Thus, let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1

3
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1
3
Thus, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = √𝑥 3 + 1 − 1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑥)

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦
And solving for y, 𝑦=𝑥
Hence, ℎ−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥

ℎ−1 (ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑥
ℎ(ℎ−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥

QED

7b
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
𝑥−3
1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦−3
𝑥+1
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
1
Hence, ℎ−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥+3
7c
1
ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑓 (𝑥)) , where 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3.

ℎ−1 (𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑔−1 (𝑥))

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 3
And solving for y, 𝑦 =𝑥+3
Hence, 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3

1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
𝑥
1
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦
1
And solving for y, 𝑦=𝑥
1
Hence, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥

1
𝑓 −1 (𝑔−1 (𝑥)) = = ℎ−1 (𝑥)
𝑥+3

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8a
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2, where 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 2 where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
𝑥+2
And solving for y, 𝑦 = 3 where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
𝑥+2
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≤ 1) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
3

8b
An identity function is is a function that always returns the same value that was
used as its argument.
𝑦 = 𝑥 is a basic identity function
Therefore,

3𝑥 − 2 + 2
𝑓 −1 (𝑓 (𝑥)) = = 3𝑥 = 𝑥
3
This must have domain 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, as it is constricted by the implied domain of
𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
This is an identity function

𝑥+2 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 3( )−2= =𝑥
3 3
This must have domain 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10, as it is constricted by the implied domain
of 𝑓(𝑥)
This is an identity function
9
When a function is many-to-one, that is, its inverse is not a function, it is often
convenient to restrict the domain of the function so that this new restricted
function has an inverse function.

9a

We can restrict the domain of this function to 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, as it is at this point the

curve of f(x) comes back around, to create a many to one function

When the initial function is restricted to this, the initial function is a one to one
function.
Thus, the inverse must be a function

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

9b

We can restrict the domain of this function to 𝑥 > 0, as when 𝑥 < 0, as it creates
a many to one function due to the mirroring nature of the function. In this case,
the domain 𝑥 < 0 can also be a viable answer

When the initial function is restricted to this, the initial function is a one to one
function.
Thus, the inverse must be a function

9c

We can restrict the domain of this function to −1 < 𝑥 and 𝑥 ≥ 1, as within these
sections of the graph all the many to one function properties are shown

When the initial function is restricted to this, the initial function is a one to one
function.
Thus, the inverse must be a function

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

9d

We can restrict the domain of this function to 𝑥 ≥ 0, as when taking the square
root of something a mirroring property of a function is zone as the function can
be rooted to either a positive or negative function, eliminating one side fixes this.
As a result the answer could also be 𝑥 ≤ 0

When the initial function is restricted to this, the initial function is a one to one
function.
Thus, the inverse must be a function

10a

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽
Thus, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑎𝛼𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝛽

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Put 𝑎𝛼 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 + 𝛽 = 0
Thus, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥

As a result f(x) and g(x) are an inverse of each other

Thus,

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Then the inverse has the equation 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
𝑥−𝑏
And solving for y, 𝑦= 𝑎
1 𝑏
Hence, (as 𝑥 ≤ 1) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
Thus, 𝛼 = 𝑎 −1

𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥−𝑏
𝛽= − 𝛼𝑥
𝑎
1
=𝛼
𝑎
Thus
𝛽 = 𝛼(𝑥 − 𝑏) − 𝛼𝑥
𝛽 = −𝑏𝛼
Thus
𝛽 = −𝛼𝑏

10b

Answers may vary,

1 3
One example is 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, ℎ (𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 2

11

The empty function has no ordered pairs, so its inverse relation also has no
ordered pairs, and is therefore the empty function. Thus the empty function is
the inverse function of itself.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to Exercise 5H
1a. 𝑥 = 4𝑡; 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2
t -6 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
x -24 -16 -8 -4 0 4 8 16 24
y 72 32 6 2 0 2 6 32 72

1b. 𝑥 = 4𝑡; 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2
𝑥
𝑆𝑜, 𝑡 = 4 , substituting in 𝑦;

𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 = 2 (4) = 16
= 8
;

𝑥 2 = 8𝑦
1c. Vertex of the parabola is (0, 0) from the chart in 1a. So, the value of 𝑡 at vertex is: 𝑡 = 0

1
2a. 𝑥 = 𝑡; 𝑦 = 2 𝑡2

t -6 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
x -6 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
y 18 8 2 ½ 0 ½ 2 8 18

1
2b. 𝑥 = 𝑡; 𝑦 = 2 𝑡2

𝑆𝑜, 𝑡 = 𝑥, substituting in 𝑦;
1 1 1
𝑦 = 2 𝑡 2 = 2 (𝑥)2 = 2 𝑥 2 ;

𝑥 2 = 2𝑦

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2c. Vertex of the parabola is (0, 0) from the chart in 2a. So, the value of 𝑡 at vertex is: 𝑡 = 0

3a. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 ;
𝑐
𝑃 (𝑐𝑝, 𝑝) is an arbitrary point where 𝑐 is a constant.

Substituting 𝑃 in the hyperbola equation.

𝑐 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 = (𝑐𝑝) ( ) = 𝑐×𝑝× = 𝑐 2 ;
𝑝 𝑝

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2

2
3b. 𝑥 = 2𝑝; 𝑦 = 𝑝; 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑐 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦 =

p -3 -2 -1 -1/2 -1/4 0 ¼ ½ 1 2 3
x -6 -4 -2 -1 -1/2 0 ½ 1 2 4 6
y -0.67 -1 -2 -4 -8 ∞ 8 4 2 1 0.67

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

3c. 𝐴𝑠 𝑝 → ∞: 𝑥 → ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → 0

𝐴𝑠 𝑝 → −∞: 𝑥 → −∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → 0
𝐴𝑠 𝑝 → 0+ : 𝑥 → 0+ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → ∞
𝐴𝑠 𝑝 → 0− : 𝑥 → 0− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → −∞

𝑥2 𝑦2
4a. 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1;

𝑃(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃); 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑥2 𝑦2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 (𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 𝑎 2 cos2 𝜃 𝑏2 sin2 𝜃
+ => + = + = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

(Using the identity: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1)

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑃 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1

4b. 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

i)

𝜽 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚ 210˚ 240˚ 270˚ 300˚ 330˚ 360˚
𝒙 4 3.46 2 0 -2 -3.46 -4 -3.46 -2 0 2 3.46 4
𝒚 0 1.5 2.6 2 2.6 1.5 0 -1.5 -2.6 2 -2.6 -1.5 0

𝑥2 𝑦2
ii) 16
+ 9
=1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

5. 𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 1; 𝑥 = 𝑡−2

5a.

t -2 -1 0 1 2
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y -5 -3 -1 1 3

5b. From the table in (5a), we can see that for every 1unit displacement to the right on x-axis,
there is 2 units displacement up on the y-axis, i.e., slope of 2 and a constant increase in values
of x and y with unit increase in value of t.

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2) − 1 => 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

5c. 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑡 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 3
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−1 2
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: = = =2 (Using t =1 and t = 2 from the table. Any two values
𝑥2 −𝑥1 0−(−1) 1
from the table can be used)

5d. 𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 1; 𝑥 = 𝑡−2

𝑡 = 𝑥 + 2: substituting in 𝑦 =>

𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 1 = 2(𝑥 + 2) − 1 = 2𝑥 + 4 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 => 𝑤hich is of the form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 − intercept 𝑐
Hence, slope of the line: 𝑚 = 2 𝑎nd 𝑦 − intercept of the line: 𝑐 = 3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

6a. 𝑦 = 6𝑡 − 5; 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 3

i) 𝐴𝑡=0 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑡=1 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐴𝑡=0 => 𝑥1 = 2(0) − 3 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 6(0) − 5 = −5
𝐴 = (−3, −5)
𝐵𝑡=1 => 𝑥2 = 2(1) − 3 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 = 6(1) − 5 = 1
𝐵 = (−1, 1)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 1 − (−5) 6
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: = = =3
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − (−3) 2
3
ii) 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 3: 𝑥 = 0 => 2𝑡 − 3 = 0 => 𝑡 = 2
3 3
𝑦 − intercept: 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑡 = . Hence, 𝑦 − intercept = 6 ( ) − 5 = 9 − 5 = 4
2 2
iii) 𝑦 = 6𝑡 − 5; 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 3
𝑥+3
𝑡= : substituting in y:
2
𝑥+3
𝑦 = 6𝑡 − 5 = 6 ( ) − 5 = 3𝑥 + 4 => Equation of line: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4
2
Slope 𝑚 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − intercept 𝑐 = 4

6b.

i) 𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 2; 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 3
𝐴𝑡=0 => 𝑥1 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = −2 => 𝐴 = (−3, −2)
𝐵𝑡=1 => 𝑥2 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 = 1 => 𝐵 = (−1, 1)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 1 − (−2) 3
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: = = = 1.5
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − (−3) 2
3 5
𝑦 − intercept: 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑡 = => 𝑦 − intercept = = 2.5
2 2
𝑥+3
𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 3 = > 𝑡 = : substituting in y:
2
𝑥+3 3𝑥 5
𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 2 = 3 ( )−2= + => Equation of line: 𝑦 = 1.5𝑥 + 2.5
2 2 2
ii) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 − 𝑑; 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏
𝐴𝑡=0 => 𝑥1 = −𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = −𝑑 => 𝐴 = (−𝑏, −𝑑)
𝐵𝑡=1 => 𝑥2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 = (𝑐 − 𝑑) => 𝐵 = ((𝑎 − 𝑏), (𝑐 − 𝑑))
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 (𝑐 − 𝑑) − (−𝑑) 𝑐 𝑐
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: = = : 𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 (𝑎 − 𝑏) − (−𝑏) 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 − intercept: 𝑥 = 0 => 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏 = 0 => 𝑡 = : 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑐 ( ) − 𝑑
𝑎 𝑎

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

𝑥+𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏 = > 𝑡 = : substituting in y:
𝑎
𝑥+𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑡 − 𝑑 = 𝑐 ( 𝑎 ) − 𝑑 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎) − 𝑑: Equation of line: 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑑

7a. 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑝; 𝑦 = 2𝑝 ∓ 1

𝑝 = 3 − 𝑥: substituting in y
𝑦 = 2𝑝 + 1 = 2(3 − 𝑥) + 1 = 7 − 2𝑥: Equation of line: 𝑦 = −2 𝑥 + 7
7b. 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃; 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 4

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1

𝑦+4 (𝑦+4)2
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 4 => 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = => sec 2 𝜃 =
3 9

𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2
𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 => 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2
=> tan2 𝜃 = 4

(𝑦+4)2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+4)2 (𝑥−1)2

𝑆𝑜, sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 9
− 4
= 1: Equation of hyperbola: 9
− 4
=1
1 1
7c. 𝑥 = 𝑝 +𝑝; 𝑦 = 𝑃 2 + 𝑝2

1 1
𝑥 = 𝑝 + 𝑝 => 𝑥 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑝2 + 2 => 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + 2

Equation of parabola: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2

7d. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

𝑥 2 = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 => 𝑥 2 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

𝑦 2 = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 => 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) + (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) = 2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2

8a. 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

𝑥−𝑎 𝑦−𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 => 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 => 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟

(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑦−𝑏)2
cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟2
+ 𝑟2
= 1 => (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2

Equation of circle: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 ; Centre = (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius = 𝑟

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8b. 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = −3 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐸𝑞𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 4

𝑡 2 −1 2𝑡
9. 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 +1 ; 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 +1 : 𝑆quaring both x and y
2 2
𝑡 2 −1 𝑡 4 −2𝑡 2 +1 2𝑡 4𝑡 2
𝑥 2 = (𝑡 2 +1) = (𝑡 2 +1)2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = (𝑡 2 +1) = (𝑡 2 +1)2 : Adding 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2
2
1 1 (𝑡 2 +1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑡 2 +1)2 ((𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 2 + 1) + 4𝑡 2 ) = (𝑡 2 +1)2 (𝑡 4 + 2𝑡 2 + 1) = (𝑡 2 +1)2 = 1

Equation of circle: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
But according to parametric values: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑡 = 0 => 𝑥 = −1 and not 1

So, the equation represents the unit circle except the point (1, 0)

10a. 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑡; 𝑦 =𝑡−1

𝑡 = 2 − 𝑥: substituting in y
𝑦 = 𝑡 − 1 = (2 − 𝑥) − 1 = 1 − 𝑥 => 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

10b. (sin2 𝑡 , cos 2 𝑡) => 𝑥 = sin2 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = cos2 𝑡

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𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin2 𝑡 + cos2 𝑡 = 1

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 => 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

Since 𝑥 = sin2 𝑡 and 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑡 , Range of 𝑥 = [0,1] 𝑎nd Range of 𝑦 = [0,1]

Range of sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 = [0, 1]

10c. 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑡2; 𝑦 = 𝑡2 − 3

𝑡 2 = 4 − 𝑥 and 𝑡 2 = 𝑦 + 3
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 4 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3 => 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

𝑡 2 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 => 4 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 => 𝑥 ≤ 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 3 ≥ 0 => 𝑦 ≥ −3

11. 𝑥 = 3 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = −2 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

11a. 𝑟 = constant 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = variable

𝑥−3 𝑦+2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
𝑟 𝑟

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+2)2
cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = + = 1 => (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟2

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2 is a circle with radius 𝑟 and centre (3, −2)

11b. 𝑟 = variable 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = constant

𝑦+2
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑦+2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟
. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥−3 = 𝑥−3 =>
𝑟

𝑦 + 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 3) => 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑥 − 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2: is an equation of straight line

with slope m = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 and 𝑦 − intercept = −(3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 2)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

2𝑡+1 2𝑡 2 +2𝑡
12a. 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1 ; 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1 : Squaring both x and y

𝐿𝑒𝑡 (2𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1) = 𝑇; 𝑇 2 = 4𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 3 + 8𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 1
2𝑡+1 2 1
𝑥2 = ( ) = (4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 1)
2𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1 𝑇2

2
2𝑡 2 +2𝑡 1
𝑦2 = ( 2 ) = (4𝑡 4 + 4𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 3 )
2𝑡 +2𝑡+1 𝑇2
1 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑇 2 ( (4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 1) + (4𝑡 4 + 4𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 3 )) = 𝑇 2 (4𝑡 4 + 8𝑡 3 + 8𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 1)

𝑇2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = =1
𝑇2

Hence the parameteric form represents almost a unit circle.

1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0: 𝑡 = − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −1. Hence, the point (0, 1)is not represented by the

parametric equation.
12b. For each unique value of 𝑡, one and only one value of 𝑥 and one and only one value of 𝑦 is
obtained. Hence, the parameter to points mapping is one-to-one.

13a. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡; 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡; 𝑧=𝑡

Using: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1 => we get: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 = 𝐶

But 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑑epend on the parameter 𝑡 𝑗ust like 𝑧

As 𝑡 changes, the height of the point on the circle 𝐶 also changes from the 𝑥𝑦 plane
Hence, the given equation represents a spiral.

13b. For each unique value of 𝑡, one and only one value of 𝑥 and one and only one value of 𝑦 is
obtained. Same is the case with 𝑧. Hence, the parameter to points mapping is one-to-one.
𝑥2 𝑦2
14a. (𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃); 𝐻: 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1

Substituting the point in the curve while using sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1

(𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)2 (𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2
𝐻: 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1

As, the point satisfies the equation of the curve, the point (𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃), lies on the curve.

14b. 𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃; 𝑦 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝜽 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚ 210˚ 240˚ 270˚ 300˚ 330˚ 360˚
𝒙 4 4.62 8 ∞ -8 -4.62 -4 -4.62 -8 −∞ 8 4.62 4
𝒚 0 1.73 5.2 ∞ -5.2 -1.73 0 1.73 5.2 −∞ -5.2 -1.73 0
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 270°; The lines 3𝑥 = 4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 become the asymptotes

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𝑥2 𝑦2
14c. Equation of hyperbola: 16
− 9
= 1; Asymptotes: 3𝑥 = 4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0

14d. From the sketch, we can see that if we draw a vertical line at some arbitrary point 𝑥 = 𝑎, it
will intersect the curve in two distinct points. Similarly, if we draw a horizontal line at some
arbitrary point 𝑦 = 𝑏, it will intersect the curve in two distinct points. Hence the mapping is
many-to-one.
1 1
15. 𝑥 = (2𝑡 + 2−𝑡 ); 𝑦 = (2𝑡 − 2−𝑡 )
2 2
1 1
𝑥 2 = 4 (22𝑡 + 2 + 2−2𝑡 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 4 (22𝑡 − 2 + 2−2𝑡 )

Subtracting to eliminate terms with parameter:

1 4
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4 ( (22𝑡 + 2 + 2−2𝑡 ) − (22𝑡 − 2 + 2−2𝑡 )) = 4 = 1
1
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 is the equation of a hyperbola. However, as 𝑥 = (2𝑡 + 2−𝑡 ), 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
2

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16a. Using 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) for 𝑓 even 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑓 odd

i. 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) are both even:

𝑓(−𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(−𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡). Hence, no change.
ii. 𝑓(𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑡)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑑𝑑:
𝑓(−𝑡) = −𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(−𝑡) = −𝑔(𝑡). Hence, rotation by 180°
iii. 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 and 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 odd:
𝑓(−𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(−𝑡) = −𝑔(𝑡). Hence, reflection in the 𝑥 − axis
iv. 𝑓(𝑡) is odd and 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 even:
𝑓(−𝑡) = −𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(−𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡). Hence, reflection in the 𝑦 − axis
16b. 𝑅1 : 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡); 𝑅2 : 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑅1 is a mapping from 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡𝑜 𝑔(𝑡) whereas 𝑅2 𝑖𝑠 a mapping from 𝑔(𝑡)to 𝑓(𝑡)

Hence, 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 are inverse relations.
16c. 𝑥 = |𝑓(𝑡)|; 𝑦 = |𝑔(𝑡)|.

The entire curve will be located in the first quadrant as |𝑓(𝑡)| ≥ 0 and |𝑔(𝑡)| ≥ 0
∀𝑡 ∈𝑅
16d. 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)

The above relation represents a subset of the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑥

The curve lies in the first and/or third quadrant depending on the euations of 𝑓(𝑡)

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Solutions to chapter 5 review exercise

1

a. 17 − 3𝑥 ≥ 5
−17 − 3𝑥 ≥ −12
÷3 𝑥≤4

b. −15 ≤ 9 − 4𝑥 < 25
−9 − 24 ≤ −4𝑥 ≤ 16
÷ (−4) − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6 (note the reversal)

1 1
c. 12 − 𝑥 < 𝑥 + 22
2 3
1 1 1
+ (−12 − 𝑥) − 𝑥 − 𝑥 < 10
3 2 3
5
−6𝑥 < 10
6
× (− ) 𝑥 > −12
5

a. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 ≤ 0
factorise (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) ≤ 0
Sketching the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5) gives:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Examine where the graph is below or on the 𝑥-axis

Thus, the values for which 𝑦 ≤ 0 are 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

b. 6𝑥 < 𝑥 2
moving everything to the left − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 < 0
factorise 𝑥(−𝑥 + 6) < 0
sketching the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥(6 − 𝑥) gives:

Examine where the graph is below the 𝑥-axis.

Thus, the values for which 𝑦 < 0 are 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 6

c. 3𝑥 2 > 5𝑥 + 12
2
moving everything to the left 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 12 > 0
factorise (3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) > 0
sketching the graph of 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) gives:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

4
Where the 𝑥-axis intercepts are at (− , 0) and (3,0)
3

Examine where the graph is above the 𝑥-axis.

4
Thus, the values for which 𝑦 > 0 are 𝑥 < − 3 or 𝑥 > 3

a. |𝑥| < 3 is in the form of |𝑥 − 𝑏| < 𝑎 ; where 𝑏 = 0

The distance from 𝑥 to 0 < 3
Therefore, −3 < 𝑥 < 3

b. |𝑥 + 2| ≥ 4
|𝑥 − (−2)| ≥ 4
The distance from 𝑥 to − 2 ≥ 4
Therefore, 𝑥 ≤ −6 or 𝑥 ≥ 2

c. |2𝑥 − 5| ≤ 11
5 11
÷ 2 |𝑥 − | ≤
2 2
5 11
The distance from 𝑥 to ≤
2 2
Therefore, −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8

5
a. 𝑥
>1
×𝑥 2 5𝑥 > 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
2
move to the left − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 ≠ 0
factorise 𝑥(5 − 𝑥) > 0, 𝑥 ≠ 0
Sketching the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥(5 − 𝑥) gives:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

Examine where the graph is above the 𝑥-axis

Thus, the values for which 𝑦 > 0 are 0 < 𝑥 < 5

3
b. ≤1
𝑥−3
×(𝑥 − 3)2 3(𝑥 − 3) ≤ (𝑥 − 3)2 , 𝑥 ≠ 3
move to the left 3(𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 − 3)2 ≤ 0, 𝑥≠3
Factorise (𝑥 − 3)(3 − (𝑥 − 3)) ≤ 0, 𝑥≠3
(𝑥 − 3)(6 − 𝑥) ≤ 0, 𝑥≠3
Sketching the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 6) gives:

Examine where the graph is below or on the 𝑥-axis; remember to exclude 𝑥 = 3

Thus, the values for which 𝑦 ≤ 0 are 𝑥 < 3 and 𝑥 ≥ 6
𝑥−2
c. 𝑥+1
≥4

×(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) ≥ 4(𝑥 + 1)2 , 𝑥 ≠ −1

move to the left (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 + 1)2 ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −1

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

factorise (𝑥 + 1)((𝑥 − 2) − 4(𝑥 + 1)) ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −1

−3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −1
Sketching the graph of 𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) gives:

Examine where the graph is above or on the 𝑥-axis; remember to exclude 𝑥 = −1

Thus, the values for which 𝑦 ≥ 0 are −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1

a. The zeroes are −2, 0 and 3

b. 𝑓(𝑥) is positive for −2 < 𝑥 < 0 and for 𝑥 > 3 ,

and negative for 𝑥 ≤ −2 or 0 < 𝑥 < 3

c. From parts a and b 𝑓(𝑥) is negative or equal to zero when 𝑥 ≤ −2, or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

d.

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a. The zeroes are 1 and 3

b. From parts a 𝑦 is positive or equal to zero when 𝑥 ≤ 1, or 𝑥 = 3

c.

a. From 4a. 𝑥(5 − 𝑥) > 0, 𝑥 ≠ 0

𝑥 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦 −6 * 4 6 6 4 0 −6
sign − * + + + + 0 −
0<𝑥<5

b. From 4b. (𝑥 − 3)(6 − 𝑥) ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≠ 3

𝑥 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑦 −4 * 2 2 0 −4
sign − * + + 0 −
𝑥 < 3 or 𝑥 ≥ 6

c. From 4c. −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ −1

𝑥 −3 −2 3 −1 0
−
2
𝑦 −6 0 3 * −6
4
sign − 0 + * −

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

−2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1

d. As 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → −∞, and
as 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → +∞

10

a.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b.

11

a.
i. When 𝑥 = −1 the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not;
so 𝑥 = −1 is an asymptote
ii. When 𝑥 = 2 the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not;
so 𝑥 = 2 is an asymptote
iii. When 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5 the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not; so
𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = −5 are both asymptotes
b. Zero: 𝑥 = 0, discontinues: 𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥 = 5

As 𝑥 → (−5)− , 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → (−5)+ , 𝑦 → ∞.

As 𝑥 → 5− , 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → 5+ , 𝑦 → ∞

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

12

a. A function is odd if, and only if, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

2𝑥 2𝑥
replace 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ − 𝑥 𝑦 = − (−𝑥)2 −1 = − 𝑥 2 −1
2𝑥
Therefore, the function 𝑦 = is odd
𝑥 2 −1

b. Zero: 𝑥 = 0, discontinues: 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦 4 * 0 * 4
−
3 3
sign - * 0 * +
c. As 𝑥 → (−1)− , 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → (−1)+ , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 1− , 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → 1+ , 𝑦 → ∞

d.

13

a.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b.

c.

14

a.
i.

ii.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

iii.

b. All graphs should be even, that is, all graphs are symmetrical about the 𝑦-axis

15

a.

b.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

c.

d.

16

a.

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

b.

17

a.

The inverse is a function since there is only one corresponding 𝑦 value for every 𝑥 value (it
passes the vertical line test).
b.

The inverse is not a function since it has multiple 𝑦 values for some 𝑥 values (it does not pass
the vertical line test).

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

c.

The inverse is not a function since it has multiple 𝑦 values for some 𝑥 values (it does not pass
the vertical line test).
d.

The inverse is a function since there is only one corresponding 𝑦 value for every 𝑥 value (it
passes the vertical line test).

18

a. To find the inverse of an equation swap 𝑥 and 𝑦

writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥 𝑥 = 5 − 3𝑦
−5 𝑥 − 5 = −3𝑦
1
÷ (−3) 𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 5)
3

b. To find the inverse of an equation swap 𝑥 and 𝑦

5
writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦−3

×(𝑦 − 3) 𝑥(𝑦 − 3) = 5
5
÷𝑥 𝑦−3=𝑥
5
+3 𝑦 =𝑥+3

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

c. To find the inverse of an equation swap 𝑥 and 𝑦

5𝑦
writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦−3

×(𝑦 − 3) 𝑥(𝑦 − 3) = 5𝑦
−5𝑦 and expand −5𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0
factorise 𝑦(−5 + 𝑥) − 3𝑥 = 0
+3 𝑦(𝑥 − 5) = 3𝑥
3𝑥
÷ (𝑥 − 5) 𝑦 = 𝑥−5

d. To find the inverse of an equation swap 𝑥 and 𝑦

writing 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦3 + 5
−5 𝑥 − 5 = 𝑦3
3 3
√ 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 5

19

a. To find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) from 𝑓(𝑥) convert to 𝑦 =…… notation, then swap 𝑥 and 𝑦.
1
Swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑦+4
2
1
−4 𝑥−4= 𝑦
2

×2 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 4)
Therefore, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 4)
b. Swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑥 = (𝑦 + 2)3
3 3
√ √𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2
3
−2 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 2
3
Therefore, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2
3
c. Swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑥 =𝑦−6
3
+6 𝑥+6=
𝑦
1 𝑦
𝑥+6
=3
3
×3 𝑦 = 𝑥+6
3
Therefore, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥+6

20

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

a.

b. Eq1: 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 2
Eq2: 𝑦 = 2𝑡
rearranging Eq1 we get 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 2; if we then substitute 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 2 into Eq2 we get 𝑦 =
2(𝑥 − 2)

21

a.

b.

1
c. Eq1: 𝑥 = 2 𝑡
1
Eq2: 𝑦 = 4 𝑡 2

rearranging Eq1 we get 𝑡 = 2𝑥;

Substituting 𝑡 = 2𝑥 into Eq2 we get:

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Chapter 5 – Further graphs – Worked solutions

1
𝑦 = (2𝑥)2
4
𝑦 = 𝑥2

22

a. Eq1: 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 − 1
Eq2: 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 + 1
for Eq1 make cos 𝜃 the subject cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 + 1
square both sides cos 2 𝜃 = (𝑥 + 1)2
for Eq2 make sin 𝜃 the subject sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 − 1
square both sides sin2 𝜃 = (𝑦 − 1)2
using the identity cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1 we get:
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1

b. A circle with centre (−1,1) and radius 1 unit.

23

a. Eq1: 𝑥 = 2𝑡
1
Eq2: 𝑦 = 𝑡+1
𝑥
rearrange Eq1 to make 𝑡 the subject 𝑡=2
𝑥 1
substitute 𝑡 = 2 into Eq2 𝑦=𝑥
+1
2

1 2
taking out a common factor of 2 from the denominator 𝑦 = (𝑥+2)

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