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Java - Collections Framework

Java - Collections Framework

A collection allows a group of objects to be treated as a single unit. Arbitrary

objects can be stored, retrieved, and manipulated as elements of collection.

This framework is provided in the java.util package.

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Classes & Interfaces

Collection Interface

List Interface

• It extends collection interface.

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• The elements in a list are ordered. Each element, therefore, has a position in the
list.
• It can contain duplicates.
• A zero-based index can be used to access the element at the position designated
by the index value. The position of an element can change as elements are
inserted or deleted from the list.

Constructor
LinkedList( )

LinkedList Class

• The LinkedList implements the List interface.

• It provides a linked-list data structure.
• The elements in a linked list are ordered.
• It can contain duplicates.

Constructor

LinkedList()

import java.util.*;

class LinkedListDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();
ll.add("F");
ll.add("B");
ll.add("D");

System.out.println(ll);
}
}
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import java.util.*;

class LinkedListDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// create a linked list
LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();
// add elements to the linked list
ll.add("F");
ll.add("B");
ll.add("D");
ll.add("E");
ll.add("C");
ll.addLast("Z");
ll.addFirst("A");
ll.add(1, "A2");
System.out.println("Original contents of ll: " + ll);

// remove elements from the linked list

ll.remove("F");
ll.remove(2);
System.out.println("Contents of ll after deletion: " + ll);

// remove first and last elements

ll.removeFirst();
ll.removeLast();
System.out.println("ll after deleting first and last: " + ll);

// get and set a value

Object val = ll.get(2);

ll.set(2, (String) val + " Changed");

System.out.println("ll after change: " + ll);
}
}

This would produce following result:

Original contents of ll: [A, A2, F, B, D, E, C, Z]

Contents of ll after deletion: [A, A2, D, E, C, Z]
ll after deleting first and last: [A2, D, E, C]
ll after change: [A2, D, E Changed, C]
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ArrayList Class

• The ArrayList class implements the List interface.

• ArrayList supports dynamic arrays that can grow as needed.

• The elements in a Array list are ordered.

• It can contain duplicates.
• ArrayList gives better performance as it is non-synchronized.
ArrayList is non-synchronized which means multiple threads can work on
arrayList at the same time

ArrayList gives better performance as it is non-synchronized

Constructor
ArrayList()

import java.util.*;

class ArrayListDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("F");
al.add("B");
al.add("D");

System.out.println(al);
}
}

ArrayList LinkedList
1) ArrayList internally uses dynamic array to
LinkedList internally uses doubly linked
tore the elements.
list to store the elements.
2) Manipulation with ArrayList is slow Manipulation with LinkedList is faster
because it internally uses array. If any element than ArrayList because it uses doubly
is removed from the array, all the bits are linked list so no bit shifting is required in
shifted in memory. memory.

LinkedList is better for manipulating

3) ArrayList is better for storing and
data.
accessing data.
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4) ArrayList al = new ArrayList();

LinkedList al = new LinedList();

Vector class
• The class can be used to create a generic dynamic array known as vector that can
hold objects of any type and any number.(Object don’t have to be homogenous)

• The Vector class implements the List interface.

• The elements in a Vector are ordered.

• It can contain duplicates.

• Vector is synchronized. This means if one thread is working on Vector, no other

thread can get a hold of it.

• Vector operations gives poor performance as they are thread-safe

Constructor
Vector( )

import java.util.*;

class VectorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Vector v = new Vector();
v.add("F");
v.add("B");
v.add("D");

System.out.println(v);
}
}

Iterator
Iterator is an interface available in Collection framework in java.util package. It is a Java
Cursor used to iterate a collection of objects.

Iterator is interface enables you to cycle through a collection, obtaining or removing

elements.
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The Methods Declared by Iterator:

SN Methods with Description

boolean hasNext( )
1
Returns true if there is next elements. Otherwise, returns false.

Object next( )
2
Returns the next element.

Void remove( )
3
Removes the current element.
import java.util.*;

class IteratorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("C");
al.add("A");
al.add("E");

System.out.print(“Display element using iterator” );

Iterator itr = al.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{
Object element = itr.next();
System.out.print(element );
}
}
}

ListIterator

ListIteratoris interface that extends Iterator to allow bidirectional traversal of a list,

and the modification of elements.

The Methods Declared by ListIterator:

SN Methods with Description

Void add(Object obj)

1
It add object
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boolean hasNext( )
2
Returns true if there is a next element. Otherwise, returns false.

boolean hasPrevious( )
3
Returns true if there is a previous element. Otherwise, returns false.

Object next( )
4 Returns the next element. A NoSuchElementException is thrown if there is not a
next element.

int nextIndex( )
5 Returns the index of the next element. If there is not a next element, returns the size
of the list.

Object previous( )
6 Returns the previous element. A NoSuchElementException is thrown if there is not a
previous element.

int previousIndex( )
7 Returns the index of the previous element. If there is not a previous element, returns
-1.

Void remove( )
8
Removes the current element from the list.

Void set(Object obj)

9
Set obj to the current element.

import java.util.*;

class ListIteratorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("C");
al.add("A");
al.add("E");

System.out.print(“Display next element using listiterator” );

ListIterator itr = al.iterator();

while(itr.hasNext())
{
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Object element = itr.next();

System.out.print(element );
}
System.out.print(“Display previous element using listiterator” );
while(itr.hasPrevious())
{
Object element = itr.previous();
System.out.print(element + " ");
}
}
}
ListIterator Iterator
ListIterator is interface Iterator is interface
that extends Iterator to enables you to cycle
allow bidirectional through a collection,
traversal of a list, and the obtaining or
modification of elements removing elements
It can traverse in both the It can traverse in
directions (forward and only forward
Backward). direction using
Iterator
It can use ListIterator to Iterator is used for
traverse List only. traversing List and
Set both.
It can add element during It can not add
traversing a list using element during
ListIterator. traversing a list
using Iterator.
It can obtain indexes at It cannot obtain
any point of time while indexes while using
traversing a list using Iterator.
ListIterator
Methods of ListIterator: Methods of Iterator:

• add(obj) • hasNext()
• hasNext() • next()
• hasPrevious() • remove()
• next()
• nextIndex()
• previous()
• previousIndex()
• remove()
• set(obj)
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Enumeration Interface

The Enumeration interface defines the methods by which you can enumerate (obtain one
at a time) the elements in a collection of objects.
import java.util.*;
class Enumeration
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Enumeration d;
Vector v = new Vector();
v.add("C");
v.add("A");
v.add("E");
d=v.elements();

while (d.hasMoreElements())
{
System.out.println(d.nextElement());
}
}
}
Set Interface

• It extends collection interface

• It does not contain duplicate

SortedSet Interface

The SortedSet interface extends Set and declares the behavior of a set sorted in
ascending order.

TreeSet Class

• It implements SortedSet interface that uses a tree for storage.

• Objects are stored in sorted, ascending order.
• Access and retrieval times are quite fast, which makes TreeSet an excellent choice
when storing large amounts of sorted information that must be found quickly.
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Constructor

TreeSet( )
TreeSet(Comparator comp)

import java.util.*;

class TreeSetDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Create a tree set
TreeSet ts = new TreeSet();
// Add elements to the tree set
ts.add("C");
ts.add("A");
ts.add("B");
ts.add("E");
ts.add("F");
ts.add("D");
System.out.println(ts);
}
}

This would produce following result:

[A, B, C, D, E, F]

Java Comparator interface

• It is used to order the objects of user-defined class.
• This interface contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1,Object obj2) or
equals(Object element).

int compare(Object obj1, Object obj2)

obj1 and obj2 are the objects to be compared. This method returns zero if the
objects are equal. It returns a positive value if obj1 is greater than obj2.
Otherwise, a negative value is returned.

• It provides multiple sorting sequence i.e. you can sort the elements on the basis of
any data member, for example rollno, name, age or anything else.
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import java.util.*;
class Tree implements Comparator
{
public int compare(Object o1,Object o2)
{
String s1=(String)o1;
String s2=(String)o2;
return s2.compareTo(s1);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
// Create a tree set
TreeSet ts = new TreeSet(new Tree());
// Add elements to the tree set
ts.add("C");
ts.add("A");
ts.add("B");
ts.add("E");
ts.add("F");
ts.add("D");
System.out.println(ts);
}
}
o/p
F E DC BA

HashSet Class

• HashSet implemets the Set interface.

• It creates a collection that uses a hash table for storage
• It does not have duplicate
• It displaying object at any order.

Constructor
HashSet( )

import java.util.*;

class HashSetDemo {
public static void main(String args[])
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{
// create a hash set
HashSet hs = new HashSet();
// add elements to the hash set
hs.add("B");
hs.add("A");
hs.add("D");
hs.add("E");
hs.add("C");
hs.add("F");
System.out.println(hs);
}
}
o/p
[A, F, E, D, C, B]

LinkedHashSet Class

• LinkedHashSet class implemets the Set interface.

• It used linked list & hash table for storage
• It does not have duplicate
• It displaying insertion order.

Constructor
LinkedHashSet( )

import java.util.*;

class Lh
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// create a hash set
LinkedHashSet hs = new LinkedHashSet();
// add elements to the hash set
hs.add("B");
hs.add("A");
hs.add("D");
hs.add("E");
hs.add("C");
hs.add("F");
System.out.println(hs);
}
}
o/p
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[B,A,D,E,C,F]

Map Interface

• A Map interface defines mappings from keys to values. The <key, value> pair is
called an entry in a Map.
• A Map does not allow duplicate keys, in other words, the keys are unique.

Methods

• Object put(Object key, Object value)

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• Object get(Object key)

• Object remove(Object key)

• void putAll(Map t)

• boolean containsKey(Object key)

• boolean containsValue(Object value)

• int size()

• boolean isEmpty()

• void clear()

TreeMap Class

• The TreeMap class implements the Map interface by using a tree.

• A TreeMap provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in sorted order,
and allows rapid retrieval.
• Its elements will be sorted in ascending key order.
• It contains only unique key.

Constructor

TreeMap()

import java.util.*;
class TreeMapDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
TreeMap tm = new TreeMap();

tm.put("Amol", new Float(55.55));

tm.put("Punit", new Float(66.33));

System.out.println(tm);

}
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HashMap Class

• The HashMap class uses a hash table to implement the Map interface.

• It display object any order.

• It contains only unique key.

Constructor

HashMap( )

import java.util.*;
class HashMapDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
HashMap tm = new HashMap();

tm.put("Amol", new Float(55.55));

tm.put("Punit", new Float(66.33));

System.out.println(tm);

LinkedHashMap Class

1.This class implement the Map interface.

2.It display object insertion order.

3.It contains only unique key.

Constructor

LinkedHashMap( )

import java.util.*;
class Hd
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
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LinkedHashMap tm = new LinkedHashMap();

tm.put("Amol", new Float(55.55));

tm.put("Punit", new Float(66.33));

System.out.println(tm);

Hashtable

• Hashtable contains values based on the key. It implements the Map interface.
• It contains only unique key.
• It is synchronized.
Constructor
Hashtable()
import java.util.*;
class HashDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Hashtable tm = new Hashtable();
tm.put("Amol", new Float(55.55));
tm.put("Punit", new Float(66.33));

System.out.println(tm);

}
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MultiThreading
MuliProcessing
• This allows many processes to run simultaneously.
• Process is a running instance of the program. i.e. an operating system
process.
CPU time is shared between different processes.
• OS provides context switching mechanism, which enables to switch
between the processes.
• Program’s entire contents (e.g. variables, global variables, functions) are
stored separately in their own context.
Example:- MS-Word and MS-Excel applications running simultaneously. (or
any two applications for that matter)

MultiThreading
• It allows many tasks within a program (process) to run simultaneously.
• Each such task is called as a Thread.
• Each Thread runs in a separate context.
• Each Thread has a beginning , a body,& an end
• Example:- Lets take a typical application like MS-Word. There are various
independent tasks going on, like displaying GUI, auto-saving the file, typing in
text, spell-checking, printing the file contents etc…

Thread
• Thread is an independent sequential path of execution within a program. i.e.
separate call stack.
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• Many threads run concurrently within a program.

• At runtime, threads in a program exist in a common memory space and can share
both data and code.

Main
Thread

Start Start Start

Switching switching

Threads Threads Threads

A B C

How To Thread Created?

Threads can be achieved in one of the two ways –
1 Extending java.lang.Thread class.
2 Implementing java.lang.Runnable interface

1.Using Extending java.lang.Thread class.

To Define a class that extends Thread class & override its run() with code
required by thread.
Steps as Follows
1.Declare the class as extending the Thread class
Class A extends Thread
{
-----------

}
Where A is name of thread.
2.Implement the run() method.i.e Responsible for executing of code the thread will
execute.
public void run()
{
-------
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-----
}
3.Create a thread object & call the start() method to initiate the thread execution.

class A extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{

System.out.println("\n From Thread A:i="+i);

}
System.out.println("\n Exit from A");

class B extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
{

System.out.println("\n From Thread B:j="+j);

}
System.out.println("\n Exit from B");

class ThreadTest
{
public static void main(String args[])

{
A t1=new A();
//new A().start();
t1.start();//invoke run method
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B t2=new B();

t2.start();//invoke run method

}
2.Implementing java.lang.Runnable interface
Steps as follows
1.Declare the class as implementing the runnable interface.
2.Implement the run() method.
3.It create a thread which is pass a parameter as a thread class object which
implemetns “runnable” interface
4.Call the thread’s start() method to run the thread.

class A implements Runnable

{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("\tThread A :"+i);
}
System.out.println("End of thread A");
}
}
class RunnableTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A r=new A();
Thread tx=new Thread(r);
tx.start();
System.out.println("End of main thread");
}
}
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Life Cycle of thread

1. Newborn state
2. Runnable state
3. Running state
4. Blocked state
5. Dead state

New
Thread newborn

stop
start

Active stop
Thread Running
Runnable Dead
yield

Suspend
Sleep Resume
wait Notify
stop
Idle
Thread Blocked

1 Newborn state
It create a thread object, the thread is born & is said to be newborn state.

2. Runnable state
It means thread is ready for execution & is waiting for the availability of processor.
The processor of assigning time to threads is known as timing-slicing.
yield

……

Runnable thread
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If a thread to leave control to another thread of equal priority before its turn
comes,it can done by using yield() method

3.Running state
It means that the processor has given its time to the thread for its execution.
The thread runs until it leaves control on its own or it is preempted by higher priority
thread.A running thread my leaves its control in one of the following

1.suspend():
It has been suspended using suspend() method. A suspended thread can be received by
using resume() method.

Resume()

Running Runable Suspended

2.sleep()
It can put thread to sleep for a specified time period using sleep(t) method.(t is time
milliseconds).

Sleep(t)
After t

Running Runable Sleeping

3.wait()
It has been hold to wait until some event occurs. This is done using wait() method. The
thread can be scheduled to run again using notify() method.

Wait Notify()

Running Runable waiting

4.Blocked state
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A thread is said to be blocked when it is prevented from entering into runnable state &
subsequently the running state. This happens when the thread is suspended,sleeping or
waiting.
A blocked thread is considered “not runnable” but not dead .

5.Dead state
Every Thread has a life cycle. A running threads ends its life when it has completed
executing its run() method.

Display the main Thread.

public static Thread currentThread()

Returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.

class CurrentThreadDemo
{

public static void main(String args[])

{
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println("Current thread: " + t);
// change the name of the thread
t.setName("My Thread");
System.out.println("After name change: " + t.getName());

try
{

for(int n = 6; n > 0; n--)

{
System.out.println(n);
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
}
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}
}

Threads priority
Each thread is assigned a priority, which affects the order it is scheduled for running.
i.e Threads are assigned priorities that the thread scheduler can use to determine how the
threads will be scheduled.

The following static final integer constants are defined in the Thread class:

• MIN_PRIORITY =0( Lowest Priority)

• NORM_PRIORITY =5 (Default Priority)
• MAX_PRIORITY =10 (Highest Priority)

setPriority():It can modify a thread’s priority at any time after its creation using the
setPriority() method.

Threadname.setPriority(int number)
Where number is priority number.

getPriority(): It retrieve the thread priority value

class A extends Thread
{ public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("\n From Thread A:i="+i);
}
System.out.println("\n Exit from A");
}
}
class B extends Thread
{ public void run()
{
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
{ System.out.println("\n From Thread B:j="+j);
}
System.out.println("\n Exit from B");
}
}
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class C extends Thread

{ public void run()
{
for(int k=1;k<=5;k++)
{ System.out.println("\n From Thread C:k="+k);
}
System.out.println("\n Exit from C");
}
}
public class ThreadPriority
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
A t1=new A();
B t2=new B();
C t3=new C();

t3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t3.start();
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

Threads Method
1. isAlive() method:
Returns true if the thread is alive, otherwise false.
public final boolean isAlive()

2.join() method:
The join() method waits for a thread to die.(A thread to wait until the completion
of another thread before continue.
public void join()

class A extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("A Thread");
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class B extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("B Thread");
}

class ThreadTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
A t1=new A();
t1.start();//invoke run method

B t2=new B();
t2.start();//invoke run method
t1.join();
t2.join();
System.out.println("Main parent thread");
System.out.println("A thread "+t1.isAlive());
System.out.println("B thread "+t2.isAlive());

}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("error"+e);
}
}

}
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What is mean by Synchronization?

When two or more threads need access to a shared resource, they need to ensure that
the resource will be used by only one thread at a time.
This process by which this is achieved is called Synchronization.

This is the general form of the synchronized statement:

synchronized method1 ()
{
// statements to be synchronized
}

When it declare a method synchronized, Java creates a “Monitor” & hands it over
to the thread that calls the method first time. As long as the thread holds the monitor, no
other thread can enter the synchronized section of code.
When thread has completed its work of using synchronized method(or block of
code),it will hand over the monitor to the next thread that is ready to use same resource.

Using synchronized
class Callme
{

synchronized void call(String msg)

{
System.out.print("[" + msg);
System.out.println("]");
}
}

class Caller implements Runnable

{
String msg;
Callme target;
Thread t;
public Caller(Callme targ, String s)
{
target = targ;
msg = s;
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t = new Thread(this);
t.start();
}
public void run()
{
target.call(msg);
}
}
public class Synch
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Callme target = new Callme();
Caller ob1 = new Caller(target, "Hello");
Caller ob2 = new Caller(target, "Synchronized");
Caller ob3 = new Caller(target, "World");
}
}
Java - Interthread Communication
When multiple threads are running in an application, it become necessary for the threads
to communicate(talk) with each other such communication called as interthread
communication.
The thread can communicate by either sharing data or indicating when a specific activity
has completed.
Methods for interthread communication
wait( ): Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify().

Notify( ): Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.

notifyAll( ): Wakes up all the threads that called wait( ) on the same object.

Join():The join() method waits for a thread to die.(A thread to wait until the completion
of another thread before continue.

Thread Method & Description

static Thread currentThread()

This method returns a reference to the currently
executing thread object.

String getName()
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This method returns this thread's name.

int getPriority()
This method Returns this thread's priority.

boolean isAlive()
This method tests if this thread is alive.

void join()
Waits for this thread to die.

void run()
If this thread was constructed using a separate
Runnable run object, then that Runnable object's
run method is called; otherwise, this method does
nothing and returns

void setName(String name)

This method changes the name of this thread to be
equal to the argument name.

void setPriority(int newPriority)

This method changes the priority of this thread.

static void sleep(long millis)

This method causes the currently executing thread
to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the
specified number of milliseconds, subject to the
precision and accuracy of system timers and
schedulers.

void start()
This method causes this thread to begin execution;
the Java Virtual Machine calls the run method of
this thread.

static void yield()

This method causes the currently executing thread
object to temporarily pause and allow other
threads to execute.
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DATABASE PROGRAMING

What is JDBC?

• It is Java Database Connectivity technology.

• This technology is an API(Application Programming Interface) for the java
programming language that define how a client may access a database.

• It provides methods for querying and updating data in database.

What are JDBC Drivers?

It is a software component enabling a java application to interact with a database.

JDBC Architecture

JDBC Driver Types

JDBC drivers are divided into four types or levels. The different types of jdbc drivers
are:

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver (Bridge)

Type 2: Native-API/partly Java driver (Native)
Type 3: AllJava/Net-protocol driver (Middleware)
Type 4: All Java/Native-protocol driver (Pure)

Type 1 JDBC Driver

JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver

The Type 1 driver translates all JDBC calls into ODBC calls and sends them to the
ODBC driver. ODBC is a generic API. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver is recommended
only for experimental use or when no other alternative is available.
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Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge

Advantage

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge allows access to almost any database, since the database's
ODBC drivers are already available.

Disadvantages

1. Since the Bridge driver is not written fully in Java, Type 1 drivers are not
portable.

2. A performance issue is seen as a JDBC call goes through the bridge to the ODBC
driver, then to the database, and this applies even in the reverse process. They are
the slowest of all driver types.

3. The client system requires the ODBC Installation to use the driver.

4. Not good for the Web.

Type 2 JDBC Driver

Native-API/partly Java driver

The distinctive characteristic of type 2 jdbc drivers are that Type 2 drivers convert JDBC
calls into database-specific calls i.e. this driver is specific to a particular database. Some
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distinctive characteristic of type 2 jdbc drivers are shown below. Example: Oracle will
have oracle native api.

Type 2: Native api/ Partly Java Driver

Advantage

The distinctive characteristic of type 2 jdbc drivers are that they are typically offer better
performance than the JDBC-ODBC Bridge as the layers of communication (tiers) are less
than that of Type 1 and also it uses Native api which is Database specific.

Disadvantage

1. Native API must be installed in the Client System and hence type 2 drivers cannot
be used for the Internet.
2. Like Type 1 drivers, it’s not written in Java Language which forms a portability
issue.
3. If we change the Database we have to change the native api as it is specific to a
database.

4. Usually not thread safe.

Type 3 JDBC Driver

All Java/Net-protocol driver

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Type 3 database requests are passed through the network to the middle-tier server. The
middle-tier then translates the request to the database. If the middle-tier server can in turn
use Type1, Type 2 or Type 4 drivers.

Type 3: All Java/ Net-Protocol Driver

Advantage

1. This driver is server-based, so there is no need for any vendor database library to
be present on client machines.
2. This driver is fully written in Java and hence Portable. It is suitable for the web.
3. There are many opportunities to optimize portability, performance, and
scalability.
4. The net protocol can be designed to make the client JDBC driver very small
and fast to load.
5. The type 3 driver typically provides support for features such as caching
(connections, query results, and so on), load balancing, and advanced

system administration such as logging and auditing.

6. This driver is very flexible allows access to multiple databases using one driver.
7. They are the most efficient amongst all driver types.

Disadvantage

It requires another server application to install and maintain. Traversing the recordset
may take longer, since the data comes through the backend server.
 35 Vision Academy
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Type 4 JDBC Driver

Native-protocol/all-Java driver

The Type 4 uses java networking libraries to communicate directly with the database
server.

Type 4: Native-protocol/all-Java driver

Advantage

1. The major benefit of using a type 4 jdbc drivers are that they are completely
written in Java to achieve platform independence and eliminate deployment
administration issues. It is most suitable for the web.

2. . Number of translation layers is very less i.e. type 4 JDBC drivers don't have to
translate database requests to ODBC or a native connectivity interface or to pass
the request on to another server, performance is typically quite good.

3. You don’t need to install special software on the client or server. Further, these
drivers can be downloaded dynamically.

Disadvantage

With type 4 drivers, the user needs a different driver for each database.

JDBC Versions

1). The JDBC 1.0 API.

2). The JDBC 1.2 API.
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3). The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API.

4). The JDBC 2.1 core API.
5) The JDBC 3.0 API.
6) The JDBC 4.0 API.

JDBC Architecture

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database
access.

1. Two-tier

In such an architecture, the Java application communicates directly with the data source
(or database). The database may reside on the same machine or may be on another
machine to which the clinet machine needs to be connected through a network

2. Three-tier

In such an architecture, the client machine will send the database access statements to the
middleware, which will then send the statements to the database residing on the third tier
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of the architecture, which is normally referred to as the back end. The statements will be
processed there and the result be returned back to the client through the middle tier. This
approach will have all the advantages associated with the 3-tier architecture, such as
better maintainability, easier deployment, scalability, etc.

JDBC CLASSES AND INTERFACE

The java.sql package contains several classes and interface which are used to
communicate with the
database
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BASIC JDBC STEPS

1.Load the driver

Loading Database driver is very first step towards making JDBC connectivity with the
database. It is necessary to load the JDBC drivers before attempting to connect to the
database.
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Syntax

Class.forName(drivername).

e.g Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");

2.Establishing Connection
After loading driver, now Establishing Connection with the database with user name and
password.

Syntax

con = DriverManager.getConnection(url+db, user, pass);

con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432
/ty");

3.Create a statement object:

There are three basic types of SQL statements used in the JDBC API:

1.Statement:A Statement is interface.It represents a general SQL statement without

parameters. The method createStatement() creates a Statement object.

Eg

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from student ");

2.Prepared Statement: A PreparedStatement is a interface.It represents a precompiled

SQL statement, with or without parameters. It is used for SQL commands that need
to be executed repeatedly.

Eg 1

PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(“select * from student where

rollno=?”);
ps.setString(1,1);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();

Eg2

PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(“insert into student values(?,?,?)”);

ps.setInt(1,1);
ps.setString(2,’amol’);
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ps.setFloat(3,66.55f);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeUpdate();

3.CallableStatement - CallableStatement is interface. It is used to execute SQL stored

procedures

Eg

CallableStatement cstmt=con.prepareCall(“call student”);

4.Execute a query

An SQL statement can either be a query that return result or operation that manipulates
the database

1.ResultSet executeQuery(String sql):

It is used for statements that return an output result(for only select query)

2.int executeUpdate(String sql): Returns an integer representing the number of rows

affected by the SQL statement. (For only INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE SQL
statements).

5.Process a query:

ResultSet provides access to a table of data generated by executing a Statement. The table
rows are retrieved in sequence. A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row
of data. The next() method is used to successively step through the rows of the tabular
results.

To access these values, there are getXXX() methods where XXX is a type for example,

getString(), getInt(),getFloat etc.

There are two forms of the getXXX methods:

i. Using columnName: getXXX(String columnName)

ii. Using columnNumber: getXXX(int columnNumber)

Example

rs.getString(“sname”));

rs.getString(1);
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6.Close the connections

After all work is done, it is important to close the connection. But before the connection
is closed , close the ResultSet and the statement objects.

e.g

rs.close();

stmt.close();

con.close();

ResultSet Scroll Types

The scroll type indicates how the cursor moves in the ResultSet. The concurrency type
affects concurrent access to the resultset. The types are given in the table below.

Scroll Type

TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY :

The result set is not scrollable.

TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE:

The result set is scrollable but not sensitive to database changes.

TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE:

The result set is scrollble and sensitive to database changes.

Concurrency Type

CONCUR_READ_ONLY The result set cannot be used to update the

database.

CONCUR_UPDATABLE The result set can be used to update the

database.
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Note: store postgres.jar file into following path /usr/lib/jvm/java/jre/lib/ext

1.USING SELECT STATEMENT

import java.sql.*;

public class Post

{
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public static void main(String args[])

{
Connection c = null;
try {
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");

c=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat
");
Statement stmt = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from student");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("Rollno"+rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("Name"+rs.getString(2));
System.out.println("Per"+rs.getFloat(3));
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);

}
}

2.USING INSERT STATEMENT

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Post
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Connection c = null;
try {
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
c=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat");
Statement stmt = c.createStatement();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Roll no: ");
int rno=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter Name: ");
String name=br.readLine();
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System.out.println("Enter percentage: ");

float per=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
String sql="insert into student values("+rno+",'"+name+"',"+per+")";
int k=stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
if(k>0)
System.out.println("Insert "+k);
else
System.out.println("Insert "+k);
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from student");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("rollno"+rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("name"+rs.getString(2));
System.out.println("Percentage"+rs.getFloat(3));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
c.close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);

}
}

3.USING UPDATE STATEMENT

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Post
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Connection c = null;
try {
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
c=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat");
Statement stmt = c.createStatement();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Roll no: ");
int rno=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
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System.out.println("Enter Name: ");

String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter percentage: ");
float per=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
String sql="update student set name='"+name+"'"+","+"per="+per+" "+"where
rollno="+rno;
int k=stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

if(k>0)
System.out.println("Insert "+k);
else
System.out.println("Insert "+k);

ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from student");

while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("rollno"+rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("name"+rs.getString(2));
System.out.println("Percentage"+rs.getDouble(3));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
c.close();
}

catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);

}
}

4. USING DELETE STATEMENT

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Post
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Connection c = null;
try {
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Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
c=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat");
Statement stmt = c.createStatement();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Roll no: ");
int rno=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
String sql="delete from student where rollno="+rno;
int k=stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
if(k>0)
System.out.println("Delete "+k);
else
System.out.println("Delete "+k);
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from student");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("rollno"+rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("name"+rs.getString(2));
System.out.println("Percentage"+rs.getFloat(3));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
c.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
Navigate the Database

import java.sql.*;
class stud3
{
public static void main( String args[])
{
try
{
Connection c=null;

Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
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C=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","
redhat");
//Statement stmt=c.createStatement();
Statement stmt = c.createStatement
(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
String sql="select * from student";
ResultSet rs= stmt.executeQuery(sql);
System.out.println("Display record next");
while( rs.next())
{
System.out.println( rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println(rs.getString(2));
System.out.println(rs.getDouble(3));
}
System.out.println("Display record previous");
while( rs.previous())
{
System.out.println( rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println(rs.getString(2));
System.out.println(rs.getDouble(3));
}
System.out.println("Display first record ");

rs.first();
System.out.println( rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println(rs.getString(2));
System.out.println(rs.getDouble(3));

System.out.println("Display last record ");

rs.last();
System.out.println( rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println(rs.getString(2));
System.out.println(rs.getDouble(3));
rs.close();
stmt.close();
c.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("error"+e);
}
}
}
METADATA
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Metadata means information about data. Some application need to discover information
about the tables, result set structure or underlying database dynamically. JDBC can
provide additional information about the structure of a database and its tables.

DatabaseMetadata Interface

MetaData interface provides methods to get meta data of a database such as database
product name, database product version, driver name, name of total number of tables,
name of total number of views etc.

How to get the object of DatabaseMetaData:

The getMetaData() method of Connection interface returns the object of

DatabaseMetaData. Syntax:

public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException

Methods:

o public String getDriverName()throws SQLException: it returns the name of

the JDBC driver.
o public String getDriverVersion()throws SQLException: it returns the version
number of the JDBC driver.
o public String getUserName()throws SQLException: it returns the username of
the database.
o public String getDatabaseProductName()throws SQLException: it returns the
product name of the database.
o public String getDatabaseProductVersion()throws SQLException: it returns
the product version of the database.
o public ResultSet getTables(String catalog, String schemaPattern, String
tableNamePattern, String[] types)throws SQLException: it returns the
description of the tables of the specified catalog. The table type can be TABLE,
VIEW, ALIAS, SYSTEM TABLE, SYNONYM etc.

Example1:
DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
System.out.println("Driver Name: "+dbmd.getDriverName());
System.out.println("Driver Version: "+dbmd.getDriverVersion());
System.out.println("UserName: "+dbmd.getUserName());
System.out.println("Database Product Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName());
System.out.println("Database Product Version: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductVersion());
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Example 2:
To print no. of tables
DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
String table[]={"TABLE"};
ResultSet rs=dbmd.getTables(null,null,null,table);

while(rs.next()){
System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
ResultSetMetaData

ResultSetMetaData interface

The ResultSetMetaData interface provides information about the structure of a particular

ResultSet

How to get the object of ResultSetMetaData:

The getMetaData() method of ResultSet interface returns the object of
ResultSetMetaData. Syntax:
public ResultSetMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException

Method Description
public int getColumnCount()throws it returns the total number of
SQLException columns in the ResultSet object.
public String getColumnName(int it returns the column name of the
index)throws SQLException specified column index.
public String getColumnTypeName(int it returns the column type name
index)throws SQLException for the specified index.
public String getTableName(int index)throws it returns the table name for the
SQLException specified column index.

Example:
PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from stud");
ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
ResultSetMetaData rsmd=rs.getMetaData();
System.out.println("Total columns: "+rsmd.getColumnCount());
System.out.println("Column Name of 1st column: "+rsmd.getColumnName(1));
System.out.println("Column Type Name of 1st column: "+rsmd.getColumnTypeName(1)
);
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Transaction
Method Description
void setAutoCommit(boolean It is true bydefault means each transaction is
status) committed bydefault.
void commit() commits the transaction.
void rollback() cancels the transaction.

con.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
con.commit();

Savepoints

The save point is a logical position in a transaction up to which we can rollback the
transaction. When the save point is placed in the middle of the transaction, the logics
placed before the save point will be committed and the logics placed after the save point
will be rolled back.

Statement st = con.createStatement ();

con.setAutoCommit (false);
st.executeUpdate ("insert into college values (‘am’, ‘mumbai’, 1009)");
Savepoint svpt = con.setSavepoint ("mysp");
st.executeUpdate ("update college set cname= ‘sm’ where code=1001");
st.executeUpdate ("insert into college values (‘mit’, ‘Bhubaneswar’, 1008)");
con.rollback (svpt);
con.commit ();
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NETWORKING
Networking Basics

Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules and standards for communication.

1. IP (Internet Protocol): is a network layer protocol that breaks data into small packets
and routes them using IP addresses.

2. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): This protocol is used for connection-oriented

communication between two applications on two different machines. It is most reliable
and implements a connection as a stream of bytes from source to destination.

3.UDP (User Datagram Protocol): It is a connection less protocol

and used typically for request and reply services. It is less reliable but faster than TCP.

Addressing
1. MAC Address: Each machine is uniquely identified by a physical address, address of
the network interface card. It is 48-bit address represented as 12 hexadecimal characters:
For Example: 00:09:5B:EC:EE:F2

2.IP Address: It is used to uniquely identify a network and a machine in the network.
Itis referred as global addressing scheme. Also called as logical address. Currently used
type of IP addresses is: Ipv4 – 32-bit address and Ipv6 – 128-bit address.
For Example:
Ipv4 – 192.168.16.1
Ipv6 – 0001:0BA0:01E0:D001:0000:0000:D0F0:0010

3.Port Address: It is the address used in the network to identify the application on the
network.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

It is very difficult to remember the IP addresses of machines in a network. Instead, we

can identify a machine using a “domain name” which is character based naming
mechanism. Example: www.google.com. The mapping between the domain name and the
IP address is done by a service called DNS.

URL
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier for any resource located on the
Internet. The syntax for URL is given as:

<protocol>://<hostname>[:<port>][/<pathname>][/<filename>[#<section>]]
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Sockets
Def:A socket represents the end-point of the network communication.
It provides a simple read/write interface and hides the implementation details network
and transport layer protocols. It is used to indicate one of the two end-points of a
communication link between two processes. When client wishes to make connection to a
server, it will create a socket at its end of the communication link.
The socket concept was developed in the first networked version of UNIX developed at
the University of California at Berkeley. So sockets are also known as Berkeley Sockets.

Ports
A port number identifies a specific application running in the machine.
A port number is a number in the range 1-65535.
Reserved Ports: TCP/IP protocol reserves port number
in the range 1-1023 for the use of
specified standard services, often referred to as “well-known” services.
e.g
FTP :21
HTTP:80
SNMP:161
SMTP:25

The java.net Package

The java.net package provides classes and interfaces for implementing network
applications such as sockets, network addresses, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) etc.
some important interfaces, classes and exceptions as follows :

InetAddress Class
Java InetAddress class represents an IP address. The java.net.InetAddress class provides
methods to get the IP of any host name for example www.google.com,
www.facebook.com etc.

Method Description
public static InetAddress getByName(String it returns the instance of InetAddress
host) throws UnknownHostException containing LocalHost IP and name.
public static InetAddress getLocalHost() throws it returns the instance of InetAdddress
UnknownHostException containing local host name and address.
public String getHostName() it returns the host name of the IP
address.
public String getHostAddress() it returns the IP address in string format.

URL Class
The Java URL class represents an URL. URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource
Locator. It points to a resource on the World Wide Web.
The class has the following constructors:
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1. URL(String url_str): Creates a URL object based on the string parameter. If the
URL cannot be correctly parsed, a MalformedURLException will be thrown.

2. URL(String protocol, String host, String path): Creates a URL object with the
specified protocol, host and path.

3. URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String path): Creates a URL object
with the specified protocol, host, port and file path.

4. URL(URL urlObj, String urlSpecifier): Allows you to use an existing URL as a

reference context and then create a new URL from that context.

Methods

Method Description
public String getProtocol() it returns the protocol of the URL.
public String getHost() it returns the host name of the URL.
public String getPort() it returns the Port Number of the URL.
public String getFile() it returns the file name of the URL.
public URLConnection it returns the instance of URLConnection i.e.
openConnection() associated with this URL.

URLConnection Class
The Java URLConnection class represents a communication link between the URL and
the application. This class can be used to read and write data to the specified resource
referred by the URL.

public class URLConnectionExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
URL url=new URL("http://www.visionacademe.com/java-tutorial");
URLConnection urlcon=url.openConnection();
InputStream stream=urlcon.getInputStream();
int i;
while((i=stream.read())!=-1)
{
System.out.print((char)i);
}
}catch(Exception e)
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{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Connection Oriented Communication

Using Socket Java performs the network communication. Sockets enables to transfer data
through certain port. Socket class of Java makes it easy to write the socket program
Sockets are broken into two types:

1. Datagram sockets (UDP Socket)

1.A Datagram socket uses user datagram protocol (UDP) to send datagrams (self
contained units of information) in a connectionless manner.

2.This method does not guarantee delivery of the datagram.

3.The advantage is the datagram sockets require relatively few resources and so
communication is faster.

4.Typically request-reply types of application use datagram socket.

5.Java uses java.net.DatagramSocket class to create datagram socket. The

java.net.DatagramPacket represents a datagram.

2. Stream Socket (TCP Socket)

1.A stream socket is a “connected” socket through which data is transferred continuously.

2. It use TCP to create a connection between the client and server. TCP/IP sockets are
used to implement reliable, bidirectional, persistent, point to point, stream-based
connection between hosts on the internet.

3. The benefit of using a stream socket is the communication is reliable. because once
connected ,the communication link is available till it is disconnected. So data
transmission is done in real-time and data arrives reliably in the same order that it was
sent. however this requires more resource. Application like file transfer require a reliable
communication. For such application stream sockets are better.

4. Java uses java.net.Socket class to create stream socket for client and
java.net.ServerSocket for server.
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Difference between Datagram and Stream socket

1.DatagramSocket is for sending UDP datagram

Stream socket is used for sending TCP packets.

2. DatagramSocket is a packet based socket.

Stream socket is a byte oriented socket.

3. DatagramSocket are unreliable. They may be dropped ,duplicate and delivered out of
order.

Stream socket is reliable ,if datas are lost on the way, TCP automatically re-sends.

4. DatagramSocket have less overheads and so faster.

Stream sockets require more overhead and are slower.

5.Application which use datagram sockets are request-reply type of application such as
DNS lookups,PING and SMTP.

Stream sockets are used for application like file transfer which require reliability.

ServerSocket Class
This class is used to create a server that listens for incoming connections from clients. It
is possible for client to connect with the server when server socket binds itself to a
specific port. The various constructors of the ServerSocket class are:

1. ServerSocket(int port): binds the server socket to the specified port number. If 0 is
passed, any free port will be used. However, clients will be unable to access the
service unless notified the port number.

2. ServerSocket(int port, int numberOfClients): Binds the server socket to the

specified port number and allocates sufficient space to the queue to support the
specified number of client sockets.

3. ServerSocket(int port, int numberOfClients, InetAddress address): Binds the

server socket to the specified port number and allocates sufficient space to the queue
to support the specified number of client sockets and the IP address to which this
socket binds

The various methods of this class are:

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Method Description

Socket Class
This class is used to represents a TCP client socket, which connects to a server socket and
initiate protocol exchanges. The various constructors of this class are:

1. Socket(InetAddress address, int port): creates a socket connected to the specified

IP address and port. Can throw an IOException.

2. Socket(String host, int port): creates a socket connected to the specified host and
port. Can throw an UnknownHostException or an IOException.
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How to create a server socket

1. Create a ServerSocket object which listen to a specific port.
2. Call the accept() method which accepts client request. This method return the
client socket object.
3. Use the socket object to communication with the client

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Server
{
public static void main(String[] ar)
{
try
{
int port = 6666;
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(port);
System.out.println("Waiting for a client...");
Socket socket = ss.accept();

InputStream sin = socket.getInputStream();

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(sin);

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String line = null;

while(true)
{
line = in.readUTF();
System.out.println(“Receving line from client : " + line);
System.out.println();
}

}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

How to create a client socket

1.Create an object of the socket class using the server names and port as parameter.

2.Communication with the server.

3.Close the socket

//Client
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Client
{
public static void main(String[] ar)
{

try
{
int serverPort = 6666;
String address = "127.0.0.1";

InetAddress ipAddress = InetAddress.getByName(address);

Socket socket = new Socket(ipAddress, serverPort);

OutputStream sout = socket.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(sout);
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BufferedReader keyboard = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

String line = null;

while(true)
{
line = keyboard.readLine();
System.out.println("Sending this line to the server...");
out.writeUTF(line); // send the above line to the server.
out.flush();
System.out.println();
}

}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);

}
}
}
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Servlet
What Web server?
➢ Apache is a very popular server
➢ 66% of the web sites on the Internet use Apache
Apache is:
• Full-featured and extensible
• Efficient
• Robust
• Secure (at least, more secure than other servers)
• Up to date with current standards
• Open source
• Free
What is Tomcat?
Tomcat is the Servlet Engine that handles servlet requests for Apache.
➢ Tomcat is a “helper application” for Apache
➢ It’s best to think of Tomcat as a “servlet container”

What is servlet?
A servlet is a web component,managed by a container, that generates dynamic
content.

➢ Client sends a request to server

➢ Server starts a servlet
➢ Servlet computes a result for server and does not quit
➢ Server returns response to client
➢ Another client sends a request
➢ Server calls the servlet again
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The Life Cycle of a Servlet

The Servlet API

1) Servlet class is loaded

The classloader is responsible to load the servlet class. The servlet class is loaded when
the first request for the servlet is received by the web container.

2) Servlet instance is created

The web container creates the instance of a servlet after loading the servlet class. The
servlet instance is created only once in the servlet life cycle.

3) init method is invoked

The web container calls the init method only once after creating the servlet instance.
The init method is used to initialize the servlet. It is the life cycle method of the
javax.servlet.Servlet interface. Syntax of the init method is given below:
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException

4) service method is invoked

The service() method of the Servlet is invoked to inform the Servlet about the client
requests.
This method uses ServletRequest object to collect the data requested by the client.
This method uses ServletResponse object to generate the output content.

public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
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5) destroy method is invoked

When a servlet is unloaded by the servlet container, its destroy() method is called.
This step is only executed once, since a servlet is only unloaded once.

public void destroy()

Servlet Package

It includeTwo packages:
▪ javax.servlet
▪ javax.servlet.http

1.The javax.servlet Package

The javax.servlet package contains a number of interfaces and classes that establish
the framework in which servlets operate.
Interface Description
Servlet Declares life cycle methods for a servlet.

ServletConfig Allows servlets to get initialization

parameters.

ServletContext Enables servlets to log events and access

Information about their environment.

ServletRequest Used to read data from a client request.

ServletResponse Used to write data to a client response.

Class Description

GenericServlet Implements the Servlet and ServletConfig

interfaces.

ServletInputStream Provides an input stream for reading

requests from a client.

ServletOutputStream Provides an output stream for writing responses to

a client.

2.javax.servlet.http Package
Interface Description
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HttpServletRequest Enables servlets to read data from an HTTP

request.

HttpServletResponse Enables servlets to write data to an HTTP

response.

HttpSession Allows session data to be read and written.

Class Description
Cookie Allows state information to be stored on a client
machine.

HttpServlet Provides methods to handle HTTP requests and

responses.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response)
throws ServletException, IOException

This method services a GET request

Input is from the HttpServletRequest parameter
Output is via the HttpServletResponse object, which we have named
response
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public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response)
throws ServletException, IOException

This method services post request

Input is from the HttpServletRequest parameter
Output is via the HttpServletResponse object, which we have named
response
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet

{

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("<B> Hi Vision Academy!");
pw.close();
}
}

How To retrieve value from the component

Using doGet method
<html>
<body>
<center>
<form name="Form1"
method="get"
action="http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlet/GetServlet">
Enter name
<input type=text name=”t”>
<br>
<input type=submit value="Submit">
</body>
</html>

import java.io.*;
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import java.util.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet

{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
String s = request.getParameter("t");
pw.println(s);
pw.close();
}
}
Using doPost method

<html>
<body>
<center>
<form name="Form1"
method="post"
action="http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlet/PostServlet">
Enter name
<input type=text name=”t”>
<br>
<input type=submit value="Submit">
</body>
</html>

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class PostServlet extends HttpServlet

{
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
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String s = request.getParameter("t");
pw.println(s);
pw.close();
}
}

2
<html>
<body>
<center>
<form name="Form1"
action="http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlet/ColorGetServlet">

<B>Color:</B>
<select name="color" size="1">
<option value="Red">Red</option>
<option value="Green">Green</option>
<option value="Blue">Blue</option>
</select>
<br><br>
<input type=submit value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class ColorGetServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
String color = request.getParameter("color");
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("<B>The selected color is: ");
pw.println(color);
pw.close();
}
}
HTML-SERVLET COMMUNICATION

1.getParameter():Return the value of named parameter

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2.getParameterValues():Return array of values of named parameter

3.getPArameterNames():Gives the name of parameter

What is a Cookie?
A "cookie" is a small piece of information sent by a web server to store on a web browser
so it can later be read back from that browser. A cookie’s value identify user

Constructor of Cokkie class

Constructor Description
Cookie() constructs a cookie.
Cookie(String name, String value) constructs a cookie with a specified name and value.

Method of Cookie class

Method Description
public void setMaxAge(int
Sets the maximum age of the cookie in seconds.
expiry)
Returns the name of the cookie. The name cannot be
public String getName()
changed after creation.
public String getValue() Returns the value of the cookie.
public void setName(String
changes the name of the cookie.
name)
public void setValue(String
changes the value of the cookie.
value)

Interface Method Description

Public void addCookie(Cookie ck) method of HttpServletResponse interface is
used to add cookie in response object.
Public Cookie[] getCookies() method of HttpServletRequest interface is
used to return all the cookies from the
browser.

Add cookie’s value

<html>
<body>
<center>
<form name="Form1"
method="post"
action="http://localhost:8080/examples/servlets/servlets/AddCookieServlet">
<B>Enter a value for MyCookie:</B>
<input type=”text” name="t1" >
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<input type=submit value="Submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
USING JAVA
public class AddCookieServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();

// Get parameter from HTTP request.

String data = request.getParameter("t1");
// Create cookie.
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("MyCookie", data);
// Add cookie to HTTP response.
//cookie.setMaxAge( 60 * 60 * 24 );//24 hours
response.addCookie(cookie);
// Write output to browser.
pw.println("<B>MyCookie has been set to");
pw.println(data);
pw.close();
}
}

Accessing cookie’s value

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class GetCookiesServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
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// Get cookies from header of HTTP request.

Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
for(int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++)
{
String name = cookies[i].getName();
String value = cookies[i].getValue();
pw.println("name = " + name +"; value = " + value);
}
pw.close();
}
}
Session Tracking
HTTP is a stateless protocol. i.e Each request is independent of the previous one.
In some applications, it is necessary to save state information so that
information can be collected from several interactions between a browser and a
server. Sessions provide such a mechanism.

There are several ways through which it can provide unique identifier in request and
response.

1. User Authentication – This is the very common way where we user can provide
authentication from the login page and then we can pass the authentication
information between server and client to maintain the session. This is not very
effective method because it wont work if the same user is logged in from different
browsers.
2. HTML Hidden Field – We can create a unique hidden field in the HTML and
when user starts navigating, we can set its value unique to the user and keep track
of the session. This method can’t be used with links because it needs the form to
be submitted every time request is made from client to server with the hidden
field. Also it’s not secure because we can get the hidden field value from the
HTML source and use it to hack the session.
3. URL Rewriting – We can append a session identifier parameter with every
request and response to keep track of the session. This is very tedious because we
need to keep track of this parameter in every response and make sure it’s not
clashing with other parameters.
4. Cookies: A "cookie" is a small piece of information sent by a web server to store
on a web browser so it can later be read back from that browser. It can maintain a
session with cookies but if the client disables the cookies, then it won’t work.
5. Session Management API:The servlet API provide methods and classes
specifically designed to handle session.The HttpSession class provide various
session tracking methods

public void setAttribute( String name, Object value )

public Object getAttribute( String name )
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public Object removeAttribute( String name )

USING JAA
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class DateServlet extends HttpServlet

{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException
{
// Get the HttpSession object.
HttpSession hs = request.getSession(true);
// Get writer.
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
String s = (String)hs.getAttribute("course");
if(s!= null)
{
hs.setAttribute("course", “bcs”);
}
else
pw.println("data is: " + s);
}
}

JDBC USING SERVLET

import java.io.*;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class Hello1 extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
PrintWriter out=null;
try
{
Connection c = null;
res.setContentType("text/html");
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out = res.getWriter();

Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
c=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat
");
// Create a Statement object
Statement stmt = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM student");
while(rs.next())
{
out.println("rollno is" +rs.getString(1) );
out.println("name is" +rs.getString(2) );
out.println("per is" +rs.getString(3));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
c.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
out.println("error"+e);
}
}
}
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JSP(Java Server Page)

Feature
• JSP is a server side program.
• JSP tags to enable dynamic content creation (Combination of HTML & JSP tag).
• JSP provide excellent server side scripting support for creating database driven web
applications
• JSP enable the developers to directly insert java code into jsp file, this makes the
development process very simple and its maintenance also becomes very easy.
• JSP pages are efficient, it loads into the web servers memory on receiving the
request very first time and the subsequent calls are served within a very short
period of time.
Life cycle of JSP
There are 3 methods in JSP(Life cycle of JSP)
A JSP page undergoes 3 phases during life cycle.
1.Translation phase:In this phase,JSP pages get translated into servlet code.
2.Compilation phase:In this phase, the servlet code compiled. The compilation is done
only if the page is requested the first time or it is modified.
3.Excution phase:This is final phase where jsp servlet methods are executed.These are
jspInit(),_jspService(),jspDestroy()

1.jspInt()
• This method is identical to the init() method in Java servlet.
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• This method is called first when the JSP is requested and is used to initialize objects
& variables that are used throughout the life of the JSP.

public void jspInit()

{
// Initialization code...
}

2.jspDestroy()
• This method is identical to the destroy() method in Java servlet.
• This method is automatically called when JSP terminates normally.
• This method is used for cleanup where resources used during execution of JSP are
released.

public void jspDestroy() {

// Your cleanup code goes here.
}

3._jspService()
• This method is identical to the service() method in Java servlet.
• This method is automatically processing request& sending response.

void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {

// Service handling code...
}
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JSP Architecture

JSP Processing:

The following steps explain how the web server creates the web page using JSP:

• As with a normal page, your browser sends an HTTP request to the web server.
• The web server recognizes that the HTTP request is for a JSP page and forwards
it to a JSP engine. This is done by using the URL or JSP page which ends with
.jsp instead of .html.
• The JSP engine loads the JSP page from disk and converts it into a servlet
content.
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• The JSP engine compiles the servlet into an executable class and forwards the
original request to a servlet engine.
• A part of the web server called the servlet engine loads the Servlet class and
executes it. During execution, the servlet produces an output in HTML format,
which the servlet engine passes to the web server inside an HTTP response.
• The web server forwards the HTTP response to your browser in terms of static
HTML content.

JSP Tags
1.Comment Tags:
It is denoted by

<%--
--%>
e.g

<%-- This comment will not be visible in the page source --%>

2.Declaration statement tags: This tag is used for defining the functions and variables to
be used in the JSP.

It is denoted by
<%!

%>
Eg
<%! int age=25;%>

3.Scriptlet tags: It is used for Java control statements & loop.

It is denoted by
<%
Eg. %>
<% for(int i=0;i<=3;i++)
{
---
---
}
%>
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4.Expression tags: The expression is evaluated and the result is inserted into the HTML
page
It is denoted by
<%= expression %>
Eg.
<%=age%>

5.Directive tags:
The jsp directives are messages that tells the web container how to translate a JSP page
into the corresponding servlet.

There are three types of directives:

o page directive
o include directive
o taglib directive

1.page directive

The page directive defines attributes that apply to an entire JSP page.

It is denoted by
<%@ directive attribute="" %>

Attribute as follows

1.language: It defines the programming language (underlying language) being used in

the page.
Syntax of language:
<%@ page language="value" %>
e.g
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

2.Extends: This attribute is used to extend (inherit) the class like JAVA does

Syntax of extends:

<%@ page extends="value" %>

e.g
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<%@ page extends="demotest.DemoClass" %>

3.Import: It is used to import Java package into the JSP program.

Syntax of import:

<%@ page import="value" %>

e.g

<%@page import=” java.sql.*” %

4.contentType:

• It defines the character encoding scheme i.e. it is used to set the content type and
the character set of the response
• The default type of contentType is "text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1".

Syntax of the contentType:

<%@ page contentType="value" %>

e.g
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

5.Session

Specifies whether or not the JSP page participates in HTTP sessionsSyntax of session

Syntax

<%@ page session="true/false"%>

e.g
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
session="false"%>

6.errorPage:

This attribute is used to set the error page for the JSP page if JSP throws an exception and
then it redirects to the exception page.

Syntax of errorPage:
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<%@ page errorPage="value" %>

e.g
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html;" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"
errorPage="errorHandler.jsp"%>

7. PageEncoding:

The "pageEncoding" attribute defines the character encoding for JSP page.The default is
specified as "ISO-8859-1" if any other is not specified.

Syntax

<%@ page pageEncoding="vaue" %>

Here value specifies the charset value for JSP

Example:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html;" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"

isErrorPage="true"%>

2.include directive:

• include directive is used to include one file to the another file

• This included file can be HTML, JSP, text files, etc.

<%@ include file="/header.jsp" %>

e.g
a.jsp
<%="HELLO bcs"%>

p.jsp
<%@ include file="p.jsp" %>
<%="HELLO mcs"%>

3.taglib directive:

JSP taglib directive is used to define the tag library with "taglib" as the prefix, which we
can use in JSP. (custom tags allows us to defined our own tags).
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Syntax of taglib directive:

<%@ taglib uri="uri" prefix="value"%>

Here "uri" attribute is a unique identifier in tag library descriptor and "prefix" attribute is
a tag name.

e.g

<%@ taglib prefix="vtag" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>

How To run JSP?

<html>
<head>
<title>
Sachin Sir 9823037693
</title>
</head> JSP CODE
<body>
<%="HELLO Sachin Sir"%>
<body>
</html>
Using Function
<html>
<head>
<title>
Sachin Sir 9823037693 Sum of first n numbers
</title>
</head>
<body>

<%! int sumoffirst(int n)

int sum=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=sum+i;
return(sum);
}
%>
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JSP CODE

<p>Sum of first n <%=sumoffirst(5)%> number:

</p>
<body>
</html>

JSP provides several predefined variables(implicit object)

Implicit object:These objects are created automatically by JSP container. It can directly
use these object. JSP Implicit Objects are also called pre-defined variables
No. Object & Description

request
1 This is the HttpServletRequest object associated
with the request.

response
2 This is the HttpServletResponse object associated
with the response to the client.

out
3 This is the PrintWriter object used to send output to
the client.

session
4 This is the HttpSession object associated with the
request.

application
5 This is the ServletContext object associated with the
application context.

config
6 This is the ServletConfig object associated with the
page.
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pageContext
7 This encapsulates use of server-specific features like
higher performance JspWriters.

page
8 This is simply a synonym for this, and is used to call
the methods defined by the translated servlet class.

Exception
9 The Exception object allows the exception data to be
accessed by designated JSP.

1.Display html & jsp page separate

l.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/login.jsp">
Username:<input type="text" name="t1">
<br>
Password:<input type="password"name="t2">
<br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
<input type="reset" value="Clear">
</body>
</html>

Login.jsp
<%
String s1=request.getParameter("t1");
String s2=request.getParameter("t2");

if(s1.equals("sachin")&&s2.equals("sachin"))
out.println("Login Sucessfully");
else
out.println("Login incorrect");
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%>

Database connection using jsp

<%@page import="java.sql.*"%>
<%@page import="java.io.*"%>
<html>
<body>
<%
try
{
Class.forName("("org.postgresql.Driver"");
con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/ty","postgres","redhat");
Statement sta = con.createStatement();

ResultSet rs=sta.executeQuery("select * from student");

while(rs.next())
{
out.println("rollno"+rs.getInt(1));
out.println("name"+rs.getString(2));
out.println("Percentage"+rs.getFloat(3));

}
rs.close();
sta.close();
con.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
%>
</body>
</html>
JSP Benefits
• Easy to combine static templates,including HTML or XML.
• JSP pages compile dynamically into servlets.
• JSP makes it easier to author pages "by hand"
• JSP tags for invoking JavaBeansTM components
Compare servlet &jsp
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JSP Servlets
Servlets are Java programs that are
JSP is a webpage scripting language that can
already compiled which also creates
generate dynamic content.
dynamic web content.
JSP run slower compared to Servlet as it takes
Servlets run faster compared to JSP.
compilation time to convert into Java Servlets.
It’s easier to code in JSP than in Java Servlets. Its little much code to write here.
In MVC, jsp act as a view. In MVC, servlet act as a controller.
servlets are best for use when there is
JSP are generally preferred when there is not
more processing and manipulation
much processing of data required.
involved.
The advantage of JSP programming over
There is no such custom tag facility in
servlets is that we can build custom tags which
servlets.
can directly call Java beans.
We can achieve functionality of JSP at client
There are no such methods for servlets.
side by running JavaScript at client side.

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