Heating and Cooling Curves

1. How does the molar heat of fusion of a substance compare to its molar heat of solidification?

2. How does the molar heat of vaporization of a substance compare to its molar heat of
condensation?

3. Identify each enthalpy change by name and classify each change as exothermic or endothermic.
a. 1 mol C3H8(l) →
1 mol C3H8(g)

b. 1 mol Hg(l) → 1 mol Hg(s)

c. 1 mol NH3(g) → 1 mol NH3(l)

d. 1 mol NaCl(s) 3.88 kJ/mol → 1 mol NaCl(aq)

e. 1 mol NaCl(s) → 1 mol NaCl(l)

4. Why is a burn from steam potentially far more serious than a burn from very hot water?

5. Explain why ice melts at 0℃ without an increase of temperature, even though heat flows from
the surroundings to the system (the ice).

6. Calculate the quantity of heat gained or lost in the following changes.

a. 3.50 mol of water freezes at 0℃ .
b. 0.44 mol of steam condenses at 100℃ .
c. 1.25 mol NaOH(s) dissolves in water. (∆ H soln=−44.51 kJ /mol )
d. 0.15 mol C2H5OH(l) vaporizes at 78.3℃ .

7. Sodium acetate dissolves readily in water according to the following equation:

NaC2H3O2(s) → NaC2H3O2(aq)
∆ H = −¿17.3 kJ/mol

Would this process increase or decrease the temperature of the water?

8. Equal masses of two substances absorb the same amount of heat. The temperature of
substance A increases twice as much as the temperature of substance B. Which substance has
the higher specific heat? Explain.

9. If 3.20 kcal of heat is added to 1.00 kg of ice at 0 ℃ , how much water at 0℃ is produced, and
how much ice remains?

10. Calculate the enthalpy change in calories when 45.2 g of steam at 100°C condenses to water at
the same temperature. What is the enthalpy change in joules?
11. An ice cube with a mass of 40.0 g melts in water originally at 25.0°C.
a. How much heat does the ice cube absorb from the water when it melts? Report your answer
in calories, kilocalories, and joules.
b. Calculate the number of grams of water that can be cooled to 0°C by the melting ice cube.
12. An orange contains 445 kJ of energy. What mass of water could this same amount of energy
raise from 25.0℃ to the boiling point?
13. The combustion of ethane (C2H4) is an exothermic reaction.
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
∆ H = −¿1.39 x 103 kJ
Calculate the amount of heat liberated when 4.79 g C 2H4 reacts with excess oxygen.
14. Calculate the amount of energy needed to convert 250.0 g of ice at -25.0 ℃ to steam at 250.0
℃
15. Explain why ice melts at 0°C without an increase of temperature, even though heat flows from
the surroundings to the system (the ice).
16. Calculate the quantity of heat gained or lost in the following changes.
a. 3.50 mol of water freezes at 0°C.
b. 0.44 mol of steam condenses at 100°C.
c. 1.25 mol NaOH(s) dissolves in water.
d. 0.15 mol C2H5OH(l) vaporizes at 78.3°C.
17. Sodium acetate dissolves readily in water according to the following equation.
NaC2H3O2(s) → NaC2H3O2(aq)
∆ H = -17.3 kJ/mol
Would this process increase or decrease the temperature of the water?

18. If 3.20 kcal of heat is added to 1.00 kg of ice at 0°C, how much water at 0°C is produced, and
how much ice remains?

19. Calculate the enthalpy change in calories when 45.2 g of steam at 100°C condenses to water at
the same temperature. What is the enthalpy change in joules?

20. An ice cube with a mass of 40.0 g melts in water originally at 25.0°C.
a. How much heat does the ice cube absorb from the water when it melts? Report your answer
in calories, kilocalories, and joules.
b. Calculate the number of grams of water that can be cooled to 0°C by the melting ice cube.

21. The molar heat of vaporization of ethanol (C 2H5OH(l)) is 43.5 kJ/mol. Calculate the heat required
to vaporize 25.0 g of ethanol at its boiling point.

22. An orange contains 445 kJ of energy. What mass of water could this same amount of energy
raise from 25.0°C to the boiling point?
 23. How much heat must be removed from a 45.0 g sample of naphthalene (C 10H8) at its freezing
point to bring about solidification? The heat of fusion of naphthalene is 191.2 kJ/mol.

24. An ice cube at 0°C was dropped into 30.0 g of water in a cup at 45.0°C. At the instant that all of
the ice was melted, the temperature of the water in the cup was 19.5°C. What was the mass of
the ice cube?

Hess’s Law
25. Calculate ∆ H0 for the following reactions.
a. Br2(g) → Br2(l)

b. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

c. 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

26. A considerable amount of heat is required for the decomposition of aluminum oxide.

2Al2O3(s) → 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)

∆ H = 3352 kJ

a. What is the enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mol of aluminum oxide from its elements?
b. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
27. Calculate the enthalpy change for the formation of lead(IV) chloride by the reaction of lead(II)
chloride with chlorine.

PbCl2(s) + Cl2(g) → PbCl4(l)

∆H = ?

Use the following thermochemical equations.

Pb(s) + 2Cl2(g) → PbCl4(l) ∆ H = −¿329.2 kJ
Pb(s) + Cl2(g) → PbCl2(s) ∆ H = −¿359.4 kJ

28. What is the standard heat of formation of a free element in its standard state?

29. Consider the statement, “the more negative the value of ΔH f0, the more stable the compound.”
Is this statement true or false? Explain.

30. With one exception, the standard heats of formation of Na (s), O2(g), Br2(l), CO(g), Fe(s), and He(g) are
identical. What is the exception? Explain.
31. What are two ways that the heat of reaction can be determined when it cannot be directly
measured?

32. Calculate the enthalpy change in kJ for the following reaction.

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Use the enthalpy changes for the combustion of aluminum and iron:

3
2Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s) ∆ H = −¿1669.8 kJ
2
3
2Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ∆ H = −¿824.2 kJ
2

33. What is the standard heat of reaction (∆H 0) for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?
2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

34. Find the enthalpy change for the formation of phosphorus pentachloride from its elements.
2P(s) + 5Cl2(g) → 2PCl5(s)
Use the following thermochemical equations.
PCl5(s) → PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ∆ H = 87.9 kJ
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2PCl3(g) ∆ H = −¿574 kJ

35. Calculate the change in enthalpy (in kJ) for the following reactions.
a. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

b. 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)

36. Use standard heats of formation (Hf0) to calculate the change in enthalpy for these reactions.
a. 2C(s, graphite) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)

b. 2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

c. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

37. Calculate the enthalpy change (H) for the formation of nitrogen monoxide from its elements
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)
Use these thermochemical equations.
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) → 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆ H = 1.53 x 103 kJ

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆ H = −¿1.17 x 103 kJ

38. The sugar glucose (C6H12O6) is an important nutrient for living organisms to meet their energy
needs. The standard heat of formation of glucose is −1260 kJ/mol. Calculate how much heat (in
kJ/mol) is released at standard conditions if 1 mol of glucose undergoes the following reaction.
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Answer Key

1. Molar heat of fusion and molar heat of solidification have an identical numerical value but are of
opposite sign.
2. Molar heat of vaporization and molar heat of condensation have an identical numerical value
but are of opposite sign.
3. a. molar heat of vaporization, endothermic
b. molar heat of solidification, exothermic
c. molar heat of condensation, exothermic
d. molar heat of solution, endothermic
e. molar heat of fusion, endothermic
4. When a mole of steam condenses on your skin, it releases a substantial amount of heat — its
molar heat of condensation.
5. Heat is being used to melt the ice.
6. a. −2.10 × 101 kJ
b. −1.8 × 101 kJ
c. −5.56 × 101 kJ
d. 6.5 kJ
7. increase
8. Substance B; For equal masses, the substance with the greater heat capacity undergoes the
smaller temperature change.
9. 4.00 × 101 g water; 9.60 × 102 g ice
10. 2.44 × 104 cal; 1.02 × 105 J
11. a. 3.19 × 103 cal, 3.19 kcal, 1.34 × 104 J
b. 1.28 × 102 g H2O
12. 1.42 × 103 g
13. 2.38 × 102 kJ
14. 8.4 x 102 kJ
15. Heat is being used to melt the ice, i.e., break the bonds between water molecules in the crystal
structure.
16. a. -2.10 x 101 kJ
b. -1.8 x 101 kJ
c. -5.56 x 102 kJ
d. 6.5 kJ
17. increase
18. 4.00 × 101 g water; 9.60 × 102 g ice
19. 2.44 × 104 cal; 1.02 × 105 J
20. a. 3.19 × 103 cal, 3.19 kcal, 1.34 × 104 J
b. 1.28 × 102 g H2O
21. 2. 36 × 101 kJ
22. 1.42 × 103 g
23. 6.71 × 101 kJ
24. 9.6 g
25. a. −3.091 × 101 kJ
b. 1.784 × 102 kJ
 c. −1.130 × 102 kJ
26. a. −1.676 × 103 kJ
b. exothermic
27. 3.02 × 101 kJ
28. zero
29. The statement is true since stability implies lower energy. The greater the release of heat, the
more stable is the compound relative to its elements (all of which have ΔH f0 = 0).
30. CO is a compound and not an element in its standard state.
31. Use Hess’s law of heat summation or use standard heats of formation.
32. −8.456 × 102 kJ
33. −1.960 × 102 kJ
34. −7.50 × 102 kJ
35. a. −8.902 × 102 kJ
b. −5.660 × 102 kJ
36. a. −2.21 × 102 kJ b. −1.96 × 102 kJ c. −9.046 × 102 kJ
37. 1.8 × 102 kJ
38. −2816 kJ