Unit 1: circulatory system.

1. 3 major structures?
The heart, blood, blood vessels.
2. Main function of each component?
The heart circulatory make pump to the cells in the body, transport nutrients and
remove waste. The blood vessels carrying blood throughout the body. The blood
metabolic waste from the cell.
3. 2 major circuits in a closed system and their main jobs?
The pulmonary pathway: pushé the blood through the pulmonary circuit so that it can
be oxygenated in the lungs and release carbon dioxide. The systemic pathway: pumps
oxygenated blood to the entire body.
4. What is electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Electrocardiogram is a tracking method of the activity, speed and rhythm of the
heart.sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by
the heart each time it beats. Through reading the ECG, we can know the heart’s ability,
the speed and the rhythm of the heart.
5. What is cardiac arrest?
Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops beating. If it happens, the blood stops
flowing to the brain and orther organs. It’s an emergency and is deadly if not treated
immediately.
6. What is the congenital heart disease (CHD)?
Congenital heart diseases are the most common type of birth defect. CHD is a problem
with the structure of the heart that a baby has at birth. The can affect how the blood
flows through the heart and out to the rest of the body. Baby with severe CHD need one
or more surgery to repair the heart.
7. What is the congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Congestive heart failure is the long-term condition when the heart can’t pump blood
enough to the body. Blood and fluids collect in lungs and legs over time. Treatments
include medications, heart surgery or transplantation.
8. What is the tachycardia?
Tachycardia is the term that the heart rate over 100 beats per minute in adults. It can
lead to serious healthy problems, including heart failure, stroke… treatment for
tachycardiac may include medication or surgery to control the rapid of the heart.
9. What is the hypertension?
Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the
blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Blood pressure is created by the force of
blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels (arteries) as it is pumped by the heart.
The higher the pressure, the harder the heart has to pump. 
10. What is the anemia?
anemia is defined as a low number of red blood cells. In the blood test, anemia is
reported as a low hemoglobin or hematocrit. Hemoglobin is the main protein in your red
blood cells to carries oxygen and move it throughout your body. If it low enough, the
 tissues and organs may not get enough oxygen, so the symptom of anemia is fatigue and
shortness of breath.
11. What is the myocardial infarction(MI) ?
Myocardial infarction know as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decrease or stop
in the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most
common symptom is chest pain and tired. MI may be silent and go undetected.12
12. What is the endocarditis?
Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, this lining is called the
endocardium. Most of the time, it usually caused by an infection. Bacteria, fungi or
orther germs get into the bloodstream and attack to damaged in the heart.
13. Imagine you are the circulatory system, introduce your main components and
functions?
The components of the circulatory system is include: the heart, blood and the blood
vessels. The heart is inside the chest, infront of the lungs and slightly to the left side.It is
acctually made up of 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles and 3 tissues layer: endocardium,
myocardium, pericardium. There are 3 main types of the blood vessels: arteries,veins
and capillaries. The largest artery is the aorta and the largest vein is vena cave. Blood
consists of: red boold cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
14. Introduce 3 major components of the circulatory system and their main functions.
The components of the circulatory system is include: the heart, blood and the blood
vessels. The heart helps pump the blood through blood vessels to supply oxygen and
nutrients to our body tissuses. It is acctually made up of 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
and 3 tissues layer: endocardium, myocardium, pericardium. There are 3 main types of
the blood vessels: arteries,veins and capillaries. The blood vessel carrying blood
throughout the body. Blood consists of: red boold cells, white blood cells, platelets and
plasma. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all the body’s cells, and it carries carbon
dioxide and other wastes away from the cells to be excreted.

Unit 2: respiratory system

1. What is hemoptysis?
Haemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood from the lungs or bronchial
tubes Infections, cancer, and problems in blood vessels in your lungs can cause it. One of
the most common causes of haemoptysis is an infection such as pneumonia.
2. What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an ìnection. Pneumonia can
affect one or both lungs. Most infections are caused by bacteria or viruses or
fungi. Treatment for pneumonia may include antibiotic, viral, or fungal medicines.
3. What is the lung cancer?
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Lung cancer is the leading cause
of cancer deaths worldwide. There are usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages
 of lung cancer, but many people with the condition eventually develop symptoms
including: hemoptysis, weight loss, pain when breathing or coughin.

4. What is the Pneumothorax?

A pneumothorax can be defined as air in the pleural cavity. This occurs when there is a
breach of lung surface or chest wall which allows air to enter the pleural cavity and
cause the lungs to collapse. The main symptoms of a pneumothorax are sudden chest
pain and shortness of breath.
5. What is the Pleural effusion?
Pleural effusion, is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside
the lungs. Normally, a small amount of fluid is present in the pleura. The most common
cause of the pleural effusion is heart failure and cirrhosis,

6. What is the Pul. Abscess?

Lung abscess is defined as necrosis of the pulmonary tissue and formation of cavities
containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection. They have different
causes and develop from different strains of bacteria. The most symptom of a lung
abscess is include: cough, fever, chest pain and weight loss.

7. What is the tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious illness that mainly affects the lungs. The germs that cause
tuberculosis are a type of bacteria. Tuberculosis can spread when a person with the illness
coughs, sneezes or sings. This can put tiny droplets with the germs into the air. Another person
can then breathe in the droplets, and the germs enter the lungs. Drugs called antibiotics can
treat tuberculosis. But some forms of the bacteria no longer respond well to treatments.

8. What is the diptheria?

Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium
diphtheriae that make toxin. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems,
and even death. The two most important treatment for diphtheria are antitoxins and
antibiotics.

9. What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

External respiration occurs in the lungs and Internal respiration occurs in the
metabolizing tissues. Metabolizing cells in the tissue have a high demand for oxygen
while carbon dioxide is to be removed from the cells. Therefore, oxygen diffuses out of
the blood into the tissue while carbon dioxide diffuses out from the tissue into the
 blood. Oxy-depleted blood which is transported from metabolizing tissue, flows through
the pulmonary capillaries where oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood.
(On the other hand, in the external respiration oxygen difuses from the alveolar air into
the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolar air.)
External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon
dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air. Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues,

where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. in
the blood, the partial pressure of
oxygen is high
and that of carbon dioxide is low.
Therefore, oxygen diffuses out of
the blood into the tissue while
carbon dioxide
diffuses out from the tissue into the
blood
External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon
dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air. Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues,

where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. So,
metabolizing cells in the tissue
have a high demand for oxygen
while carbon dioxide is to be
removed from the cells.
So, metabolizing cells in the tissue
have a high demand for oxygen
while carbon dioxide is to be
removed from the cells.
Oxygen-depleted blood, which is
transported from metabolizing
tissues, flows through
the pulmonary capillaries where
oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air
into the blood. Carbon dioxide
diffuses out of
the blood into the alveolar air
10. What is endotracheal intubation?

Endotracheal intubation is a medical procedure in which a tube is placed into the trachea
through the mouth or nose. Once in place, the tube is connected to a machine to push air in
and out of the lungs. There are several reasons why intubation is needed, but it is mainly used
to support breathing during surgery or in an emergency.

11. Component and function of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes
your airways, lungs and muscles. The airways can be divided into upper and
lower airway systems, upper airway system comprises the nose and the paranasal cavities,
pharynx, larynx and lower airway system consists of the trachea, bronchi. All of the organs and
other structures of the upper respiratory tract are involved in conduction, or the movement of
air into and out of the body. They also clean, humidify, and warm the incoming air. The trachea
and other passages of the lower respiratory tract conduct air between the upper respiratory
tract and the lungs. The lungs are surrounded by two thin membranes called pleura. The right
lung contains three lobes and the left lung is contains only two lobes. Lung tissue consists
mainly of tiny air sacs called alveoli, which is where gas exchange takes place between air in the
alveoli and the blood in capillaries surrounding them.

Unit 3: endocrine system.

1. What is goiter?
Goiter is a condition where your thyroid gland grows larger. A goiter may develop in
anyone, but is more common in women. When you don’t have enough iodine, the
thyroid works extra hard to make thyroid hormone, causing the gland to grow larger.
Your doctor will decide on a course of treatment based on the size and condition of
your goiter, and symptoms associated with it.
2. Imagine you are the endocrine system, introduce your main components and
functions. (2 paragraphs)
3. What is hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone.
This condition also is called overactive thyroid. Hyperthyroidism speeds up the
body's metabolism. That can cause many symptoms, such as weight loss, hand
tremors, and rapid or irregular heartbeat.
4. What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition where there isn’t enough thyroid hormone in your
bloodstream and your metabolism slows down. It happens when your thyroid
doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into your body. Common signs
of an underactive thyroid are tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed.
5. What is the gigantism?
Gigantism, is a very rare condition that happens when a child or adolescent has high
levels of growth hormone (GH) in their body. The pituitary gland normally produces
GH, but a tumor on their pituitary can produce excess GH in gigantism. The excessive
amount of growth hormone (GH) accelerates the growth of muscle, bones and
connective tissue. This leads to an abnormally increased height.
6. What is acromegaly?
Acromegaly is a rare but serious medical condition that happens when you have too
much growth hormone in your body. Acromegaly affects your body’s bones and
 tissues and causes them to grow in irregular ways. The most common treatments for
acromegaly include surgery, medication and radiation therapy.
7. What is diabete ?
With diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it
should. When there isn't enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much
blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health
problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
8. What is cushing syndrome?
Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for
a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking
medicines called glucocorticoids. Too much cortisol can cause some of the main
symptoms of Cushing syndrome: a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on
the skin. Cushing syndrome also can cause high blood pressure or bone loss.
Sometimes, it can cause type 2 diabetes.
9. What is pituitary gland?
Your pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of your brain below your
hypothalamus. It's in charge of making many different important hormones. Your
pituitary gland also tells other endocrine system glands to release hormones.
10. What is hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels fall dangerously low. It is more
common in people with diabetes, but it can affect others. Blood sugar, or glucose, is
the body’s primary source of energy. When levels fall too low, the body does not
have enough energy to function fully.
11. What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a stable and constant internal
environment in the body. It involves maintaining a constant temperature, pH, etc. For
instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along
with pH and the concentration of glucose. If these values get too high or low, you can
get sick.
12. What is amenorrhea?
Amenorrhea is the medical term for when a woman doesn’t have menstrual periods.
Amenorrhea can occur in women who have passed puberty, are not pregnant, and
have not yet reached menopause. Amenorrhea does not mean irregular
menstruation, but no period.
13. What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Your endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. The main glands
that produce hormones include: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas,
Ovaries, Testes. These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release)
hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body
by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other
tissues. Hormone levels rise, the pituitary gland tells other glands to stop producing
and releasing hormones, when hormone levels dip below a certain point, the
pituitary gland can instruct other glands to produce and release more, this process
called homeostasis.
 Unit 4: reproductive system.
1. What is menstruation?
Menstruation is one part of a woman's cycle when the lining of the uterus
(endometrium) is shed.  With each monthly cycle, the endometrium prepares itself to
nourish a fetus. If fertilization does not occur, the endometrium with blood and mucus
from the vagina that leaves the body through the vagina during the period. The average
menstrual cycle lasts 28 days.
2. What is pregnancy?
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more baby develops inside the woman’s
uterus. A pregnancy starts with fertilization, when a woman's egg joins with a man's
sperm. Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the
uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in
the uterus, an embryo starts growing.
3. What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. The cervix- the
lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cervical cancers are caused by
the virus HPV, a sexually transmitted infection.Cervical cancer usually develops slowly
over time.
4. What is abortion?
Abortion is when a pregnancy is ended so that it doesn't result in the birth of a child.
There are two types of abortion treatment, 'Medical' and 'Surgical' .
5. What is breast cancer?

6. What is a mammography ?
7. Mammography is an x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation. The picture
made during mammography is called a mammogram. It can help find both cancerous
(malignant) and non-cancerous (benign) tumours in the breast.
8. What is menstrual cycle?
9. What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is cancer of the cells in the cervix. Cervical cancer usually results from infection
with the human papillomavirus (HPV), transmitted during sexual contact. Surgery, radiation
and chemotherapy are the main treatments for cervical cancer.