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Eng.Ahmad Abu-Ghazal - NEPCO

Distribution

Transformers
ELECTRIC TRAINING CENTER- NEPCO
PREPARED BY : ENG. AHMAD ABU-GHAZAL
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Construction
Of The
Transformer

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The magnetic core

 provides a low reluctance path to the flow of

magnetic flux.
 used to support the windings in the transformer.
 It is made up of laminated soft iron core in order to
reduce eddy current loss.
 It must be grounded.

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The magnetic core

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The magnetic core

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Core Grounding

 Because of the construction of the transformer

core/winding assembly, there can be high potentials
induced (electrostatic) into the core, causing partial
discharges which will damage the transformer. The
core ground diverts this voltage safely to ground.
 The core ground also provides a low-resistance path to
ground if there is a short circuit between the winding
and the core, allowing protective relaying to detect it.
 The core ground may be brought out to a separate,
external bushing or it may be connected internally.
 In order to avoid circulating currents, the core and
frames will need to be effectively insulated from the
tank and from each other.

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Transformer Winding

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Transformer Winding

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Transformer Winding

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Transformer Winding

 It could be rectangular shaped to utilize space

effectively.

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Winding Types

1. Layer Windings.
2. Helical Windings.
3. Disc Windings.
4. Foil Winding.

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Layer Windings

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Helical Windings

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Disc Windings

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Disc Windings

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Foil Winding (Aluminum)

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Foil Winding (Copper)

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Foil Winding

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Voltage stress

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Transformer Tank

 Container for the oil and live parts.

 Support the accessories and control equipment.
 Must withstand Pressure.

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Liquid preservation systems

 Freely breathing system or conservator system.

 Diaphragm or bladder-type liquid preservation
system.
 Inert gas pressure system.
 Hermetically Sealed.

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Freely breathing system or
conservator system

 There is free communication between the ambient

air and an air-filled expansion space above the
surface of the liquid, in the tank or in a separate
expansion vessel (conservator).
 A moisture-removing breather is fitted in the
connection to the atmosphere.
 The transformer tank is usually rigid.

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Diaphragm or bladder-type
liquid preservation system

 There is an expansion volume of air at atmospheric

pressure is provided above the liquid but prevented
from direct contact with the liquid by a flexible
diaphragm or bladder.
 A moisture-removing breather is fitted in the
connection to the atmosphere.

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Diaphragm or bladder-type
liquid preservation system

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Inert gas pressure system

 An expansion space above the liquid is filled with

dry inert gas at slight over-pressure, being
connected to either a pressure controlled source or
an elastic bladder.

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Hermetically Sealed

 Completely filled system in which the expansion of

the liquid is taken up by elastic movement of the
permanently sealed.
 Usually corrugated tank or radiators.
 the cooling radiators design enables a degree of
flexibility which is needed to accommodate the
expansion and contraction of the liquid as it heats
and cools, due to load and ambient temperature.
 Sealing the tank has a clear benefit of prolonging
the transformer’s service life expectancy and
reducing maintenance

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Corrugated Tank Transformer

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Corrugated Tank Transformer

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Transformer Terminals

cable box Bushings

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Transformer Bushings

Low voltage bushings Medium Voltage Bushings

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Transformer Bushings

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Transformer Cable box

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Bushings + Cable box

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Transformer Cooling

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Transformer Cooling

 The cooling equipment collects hot oil at the top of

the tank and return cooled oil lower down on the
side.
 The cooling arrangement can be seen as two oil
circuits with an indirect interaction, one is the inner
circuit the transfer the loss energy from heat
producing surfaces ( winding , core) to the oil.
 The outer circuit transfer the heat to a secondary
cooling medium, usually is the ambient air.

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Transformer Cooling
Identification Symbols

 Transformers cooling identified by a four-letter code as

described below :
 First letter: Internal cooling medium:
 O : mineral oil or synthetic insulating liquid with fire point ≤ 300 °C
 K : insulating liquid with fire point > 300 °C.
 L : insulating liquid with no measurable fire point.

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Transformer Cooling
Identification Symbols

 Second letter: Circulation mechanism for internal

cooling medium:
 N: natural thermosiphon flow through cooling
equipment and in windings;
 F: forced circulation through cooling equipment,
thermosiphon flow in windings;
 D: forced circulation through cooling equipment,
directed from the cooling equipment into at least the
main windings.

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Transformer Cooling
Identification Symbols

 Third letter: External cooling medium:

 A: air;
 W: water.

 Fourth letter: Circulation mechanism for external

cooling medium:
 N: natural convection;
 F: forced circulation (fans, pumps).

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Transformer Radiators

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Transformer Radiators
(fitted on the tank)

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Transformer Radiators
(separated)

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Cooling Fans

 A group of cooling fans are fitted below or on the

side of large power transformers.
 they enable the transformer loading capacity to be
increased by 25% (ABB Transformers Handbook).

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Oil Preservation System

 Conservator tank
 It could be opened to air through dehumidifier unit.
 Or it can be provided with air bag system that
occupies the space above the oil.

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Conservator Tank

With Air Bag With Diaphragm

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Dehydrating Breather

 Used to exclude moisture from the air above the oil

in the conservator tank.
 It is filled with silica gel which has high absorption
power of humidity.
 When it reaches saturation, it’s color will changes
from blue to pink or orange.
 Drying it will reactivate it and the color will revert.

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Buchholz Relay

 Placed in the connection tube between the main

tank and the conservator tank.
 It collects the gas bubbles that flows in the tube up
to the conservator.

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Buchholz Relay

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Buchholz Relay

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Buchholz Relay

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Buchholz Relay

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Temperature Gauges

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Oil Level Indicators

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Pressure Relief Valve

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Off-Load Tap changer

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Off-Load Tap changer

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On-load Tap Changer

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On-load Tap Changer

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Transformer
Nameplate

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Transformer
Nameplate

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Arcing horns

 Used to protect the bushings in case of lightning

impulse and flashovers.

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