1L21700L E 3 - Control&Maintenance
1L21700L E 3 - Control&Maintenance
1L21700L-E-3
series
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
CONTROL AND
MAINTENANCE
FUNCTION
■ Read and follow these instructions and all safety blocks carefully.
■ Have only trained and qualified persons install, operate, or service this unit.
Please be sure to read the instruction manuals listed below (including this manual) and the instruction manuals
provided with the equipment, and use all the products correctly.
In particular, please be sure to read "Chapter 1 Safety Precautions" in the "Quick Start" instruction manual before
starting to use the products in order to ensure your safety and the safety of others. Store the instruction manual in
a safe place for future reference.
Instruction manuals related to the manipulator “V/B/H series”, and the robot control unit “FD11” are as follows.
■Standard Manuals
Instruction
Instruction Manual Type Main Contents
Manual No.
QUICK START Point on Safety, Transportation and Installation,
1L21700A
Turning the power on/off and manual operation, etc.
SETUP Safety precautions, installing & connecting method,
1L21700B starting up, periodical inspection, solution at the time
of failure
CONTROLLER MAINTENANCE Specifications of controller, explanation of each parts
1L21700K
and maintenance, parts list, etc.
MANIPULATOR Specifications or maintenance of manipulator, parts
1L11130A
(NB4 / NB4L / NB15 / NV6 / NV6L / NV20 / NH5) list, etc.
MANIPULATOR Specifications or maintenance of manipulator, parts
1L11312A
(NV50) list, etc.
MANIPULATOR Specifications or maintenance of manipulator, parts
1L11306A
(NV166 / NV210) list, etc.
BASIC OPERATIONS Explanation of manual operation, teaching, automatic
1L21700C operation, file utilities, backing-up data, basic
operations of Arc/Spot welding application, etc.
EXTERNAL INPUT/OUTPUT Interfacing method with external control device, list of
1L21700H
I/O signals and start/halt the automatic operation, etc.
Software PLC Create program, Input/output relay lists, List of
1L21700J
command words, etc.
CONTROL AND MAINTENANCE Edit logging, User Check, Troubleshooting, etc.
1L21700L
FUNCTION
■Application Manuals
Instruction
Instruction Manual Type Main Contents
Manual No.
APPLICATION MANUAL Basic settings, functions for arc welding, teaching
1L21700F
(ARC WELDING) technique, etc.
APPLICATION MANUAL Basic settings, functions for arc welding, teaching
1L21700E
(SPOT WELDING) technique, etc.
Instruction manuals are available other than the above for each optional function that you have purchased.
[Notes] 1. Specifications and information contained in these manuals are subject to change at any time without notice.
2. The screen display of a teach pendant shown in the manual are described as examples, which may be different from the actual
ones.
3. Although we cautiously compiled this standard specification to eliminate as much error as possible, we do not take any
responsibility for damages resulting from neither direct nor indirect errors.
4. The manual is a part of robot products. When transferring or selling off a robot, be sure to append the manual.
5. No part of this manual may be reproduced without permission.
6. Prohibited altering or remodeling
- Do not alter or remodel our products.
- You may get injured or have your equipment damaged because of fire, failure or malfunction caused by altering or
remodeling the product.
- The warranty does not cover any altered or remodeled products.
-1-
Notice
Notes on Safety
The instructions that you are required to obey in order to prevent injury or physical damage to the operator or other
nearby persons are classified and explained as shown below in the provided instruction manuals (including this
manual).
Cases in which death or serious injury are assured if handed incorrectly, and which
avoidance of such dangers is also considered extremely difficult.
DANGER
INFO.
Useful information is shown.
POINT Info for deeper understanding for the main text is shown.
Note that even the matters which are described as CAUTION can result in serious accident depending on the
conditions. Be sure to keep the safety notes since they describe very important matters.
The meanings of “Serious injury”, “Minor injury”, and “Damage” described above are as follows.
Injury which has the aftereffect by loss of eyesight, an injury, the burn (high/low
Serious injury temperature), an electric shock, fracture, poisoning, etc. and that which requires
hospitalization and long-term treatment as an outpatient.
-2-
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 4 Troubleshooting
4.1 When failure has occurred......................................................................................................... 4-1
1
Table of Contents
2
Chapter 1 User Management
Furthermore, when this function is enabled, the following operations for the protection level change (R314)
function are restricted.
(1) The protection level cannot be changed while a user has logged in.
(2) The protection level cannot be changed even when there is no logged-in user. However, in order to
manage this function, the level can be changed by an operator having the qualification as SPECIALIST.
(3) When this controller starts up, it will always start up in the BEGINNER status regardless of the <Constant
Setting> - [1 Control Constants] - [8 Protecting level select ion] setting.
1-1
1.1 User management
2 Bring the cursor to “User management function,” and press [ENABLE] +[right] to
+ select the “Enabled” setting.
1-2
1.1 User management
POINT The automatic log-out function is executed only in the teach mode. Log-out is not
implemented automatically in the playback mode.
2 Bring the cursor to “Automatic log out function,” and press [ENABLE] +[right] to
+ select the “Enabled” setting.
3 Bring the cursor to “Automatic log out time,” and set the non-operation time.
1-3
1.1 User management
1-4
1.1 User management
This key is used to switch the user listing method between ascending
order and descending order.
1-5
1.1 User management
Table 1.1.1 Setting items of operation limitation function and descriptions of limitations imposed
Shown below is an example of a menu which appears when limitations have been imposed
on operation.
The menus which cannot be selected are shown in gray.
Fig. 1.1.1 Example of menu display when operations have been limited
For details of the limitations imposed on each item, refer to Table 1.1.1.
2 Using [up/down], bring the cursor to the “Limited operation” check boxes which
correspond to the items to be set.
For the settings on items other than the operation limitations, refer to Chapter 1 User
Management.
1-6
1.1 User management
2 Press f10 <File Write> on the user registration screen in section 1.2.3.
≫The folder and file in which the information is to be written are displayed.
3 Specify the folder in which the information is to be written, and press f12
<Execute>.
≫This complete the writing process.
1-7
1.1 User management
2 Press f11 <File Read> on the user registration screen in section 1.2.3.
≫The folder and file from which the information is to be read are displayed.
3 Specify the file from which the information is to be read, and press f12
<Execute>.
≫ If there are no problems in the file which is read, the file is read, the user
information is then updated, and the previous screen is restored.
≫ If you try to read in the same user ID as the registered one, a message confirming
whether or not to overwrite the existing data appears as shown below. Select “Yes”
only for the ID to be updated.
1-8
1.1 User management
1-9
1.2 Using the user management function
f key
for log-in
INFO. When there is already any logged-in user, the user will be automatically
logged out.
Logging in
1 Perform one of the above three operations.
≫ The log-in input screen is displayed.
USER NAME
Enter the user ID, and the registered user name will be displayed in the user name
field.
If a user has forgotten the password, the password must be changed. For details on how
to change the password, refer to “User information editing” in section 1.1.6 on
IMPORTANT page 1-9.
1-10
1.2 Using the user management function
3 If the user ID is not recognized in step 1 above, move the cursor to the [USER
NAME] button, and press [Enter].
≫ The screen which lists the registered users is displayed.
Logging out
1 Perform one of the above three operations.
≫The log-out screen is displayed.
When log-out is initiated, the protection level returns to BEGINNER, thus limiting the
POINT subsequent editing operations. To proceed with editing again, the user needs to log in
again.
1-11
1.2 Using the user management function
This section describes the steps for checking the user information at log-in and the steps for
changing the user information of a logged-in user.
286
User ID
Log-in time
User name
Comment
Operator class
2 Press [Reset].
≫The previous screen is restored.
1-12
1.2 Using the user management function
4 Move the cursor to the item to be edited, and after editing, press f12
<Complete>.
≫The edited data is stored, and the previous screen is restored.
1-13
Chapter 2 Edit logging
If edit logging data is to be returned to previous values, this must be done manually.
The edit logging function logs changes made by the editing operation of user.
Automatically changed data, e.g. deviation when using a sensor, is not to be logged in
IMPORTANT the history..
Set the maximum numbers which can be acquired for the task program edit log and the edit log for the arc
welding conditions. The edit logging function can be disabled by setting the edit logging numbers to zero.
To set the function, the operator must have the qualifications level of EXPERT or above.
The edit logging function is normally disabled. The function can be set to “Enabled” by operating as follows.
If the entered maximum number of the edit operations to be logged is smaller than the
actual number of the edit operations already logged, older log data beyond the confines of
IMPORTANT the maximum number will be deleted.
2-1
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
Editing type: Displayed in this column are the general descriptions which enable the
editing operations to be identified.(See Table 2.2.1.)
2-2
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
2-3
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
2 Using [up/down], bring the cursor to the log whose detailed information is to be
displayed, and press [Enter].
≫ The detailed information is displayed in the bottom half of the screen.
• The user information is displayed only when the user management function
has been enabled.
2-4
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
Editing type
Operation date/time Refer to Table 2.2.1
2-5
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
2 Using [up/down], bring the cursor to the log whose detailed information is to be
displayed, and press [Enter].
≫ The detailed information is displayed in the bottom half of the screen.
Detailed listing
description
Pre-change value
Post-change value
• The step numbers are displayed only when the edited data are direct values
rather than condition files.
• The user information is displayed only when the user management function has
been enabled.
2-6
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
1 Select the editor logging monitor (task program or welding conditions), and
press [EDIT].
≫ The title bar of the editor logging monitor turns red, and a number of soft keys used
for the editor logging monitor are displayed.
6
1
POINT The user ID sequence can be selected only when the user
management function has been enabled.
2-7
2.2 Referencing the edit logging
2 Press [RESET/R].
≫ The title bar and soft keys are restored to the original statuses.
2-8
Chapter 3 User Check
This section describes the user check function for notifying operators of the robot
inspection timing, parts replacement timing and other inspection-related
information.
To output the user maintenance signal, the signal-allocation setting is required. As for
the set signal in this function, refer to “3.2.2 Allocating input/output signals”.
Checking for the check item is performed in 5 min-periods. For this reason, the notice
of the inspection requirement cannot be given at the time of reaching the inspection
timing. (refer to e.g.1)
The check time is updated at the timing of checking the check item. For this reason,
when the robot controller is powered off, the time during off-state of the controller
cannot be counted as the check time. Powered OFF
(refer to e.g.2)
Inspection period (5 min.)
IMPORTANT
E.g.1) E.g.2)
Even if the arc time reaches the Even if the arc welding is performed
inspection timing at this point, the during this time, the arc time cannot be
notice cannot be given. counted.
The notice of the inspection can be The time to be checked such as the arc
given at the timing of “Checking items”. time is updated at the timing of
“Checking items”.
3-1
3.2 Setting the user check
Table 3.2.1 Kind of check available when the target of the check is “Mechanism”
Kind of check Contents
The target number of months from the current date can be set.
Calendar For example, in the case of giving notice of the inspection timing in a year
from today.
The accumulated time of the activated this controller can be set. The
Energizing
value shall be set by the hour.
The accumulated time from the servo power-on to the servo power-off
Servo ON can be set.
The value shall be set by the hour.
The accumulated value of time taken for the automatic operation can be
Operation set.
The value shall be set by the hour.
Table 3.2.2 Kind of check available when the target of the check is “Arc welding power supply”
Kind of check Contents
The target number of months from the current date can be set.
Calendar For example, in the case of giving notice of the inspection timing in a year
from today.
The total hours of the accumulated welding time taken for the automatic
Arc ON operation and the welding time during the check welding can be set. The
value shall be set by the minute.
The accumulated number of welding can be set in units of from the arc
Welding counts
start to the arc end.
The accumulated consumption of wire used in the welding can be set.
The value shall be set in units of Kg.
Consumption of wire
Note; this function can be set when the D-series welding power supply
without DA is selected.
INFO.
If the setting value to be checked is set to 0, the notice of the inspection cannot be given.
3-2
3.2 Setting the user check
2 Select “Mechanism” in the Check object field. Then, select the mechanism to be
checked in [Unit / Mechanism].
≫ The selected mechanism No. is displayed on the f7 key.
3-3
3.2 Setting the user check
Table 3.2.3
Items Details
Mechanism No. The selected mechanism No. is displayed.
No The check item No. is displayed.
Content The check content is set as comment.
The set-up contents at this point are used for the message to
prompt the operator to check.
For example, in the case where the check content is set to
“annual inspection”, as shown below, the message is set in the
beginning of the check message and displayed on the teach
pendant, when reaching the inspection timing.
(Check message)
【annual inspection】Exchange the axis. After that 0 clearing
of “Consumtion time until present”
4 Press f9 <Prev No> or f10 <Next No>, when changing to the different check item
No., and change the check item No.
3-4
3.2 Setting the user check
4 Press f9 <Prev No> or f10 <Next No>, when changing to the different check item
No.
3-5
3.2 Setting the user check
3-6
3.2 Setting the user check
For the check complete procedure, there are two methods as follows.
(1) Manual operation
Perform the check complete procedure with the teach pendant on the setting screen of the
user check item.
2 Select the check item to perform the complete procedure from the check items of 1
to 8, and press [Enter].
≫ The setting screen of the user check items is displayed.
3-7
Chapter 4 Troubleshooting
This chapter describes the symptom and its measures on the failure code of
robot controller.
(1)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(7)
(4)
(1) Failure category The name of the failure category appears here.
(2) Failure code and cause The failure code and cause appear here.
The failure code is alphanumerically expressed. In the example of
the screen shown above, “A2101” is the failure code.
(3) Details and remedial action The details of the failure and the remedial action to be taken appear
here.
Use the remedial action displayed here as a reference, and
eliminate the cause of the failure.
(4) Release method The method used to release the failure display appears here.
When all the contents of (3) and (4) do not appear in the display
area, scroll the screen using [up or down].
(5) Number of failure incidents The figure on the right indicates the number of failure incidents
which have occurred simultaneously. Only one failure incident is
displayed on the screen at one time.
To view other types of trouble, press [ENABLE] and [up or down].
(6) Date/time of occurrence The date and time of the failure occurrence appear here.
(7) F11<Trouble Shooting> When a failure that requires e.g. parts inspection or parts
replacement occurs, this <Trouble Shooting> will show up here.
(Not all of the errors support this) When this key is pressed, the
inspection/part replacement procedure will be displayed.(Visual
Maintenance Support Function)
(8) f12 <Failure Reset> Press this to release the failure display.
The failure display can also be released by pressing [RESET/R]
twice.
4-1
4.2 Concerning the failure details
4-2
4.2 Concerning the failure details
The failure codes displayed at (2) on the previous page are expressed using the following format.
4-3
4.3 Concerning “System Failure”
4-4
4.4 Troubleshooting
4.4 Troubleshooting
Perform inspection and part replacement safely, observing the following instructions.
4.4.1 Assumed cause of each error code
When an error occurs, you can estimate the part which causes the error from the error code.
In case of an error, please investigate the cause in decreasing order of the possibility, using this
table.
ambient temp.
Primary power supply &
Power unit
CPU board
Sequence board
Riser board
I/O board
Regenerative resistor
Reduction gear
Teach pendant
Jig controller
Error code
None No TP indication ○ ◎ ◎ ◎ ○ ◎ ◎
The automatic saving function at
the timing of the power failure
4 ◎ ◎ ◎ ○ △
detection (or controller power
OFF operation) failed.
The robot cannot reach the
12 ◎ ◎ ○ ○
recorded point.
26 Interference detected ○ ○ ○ ○
32 Over current ○ ○ ◎ ○
38 Over load ○ ○ ◎
39 Over rotation ○ ○ ○
43 Over speed ○ ◎
4-5
4.4 Troubleshooting
ambient temp.
Primary power supply &
Power unit
CPU board
Sequence board
Riser board
I/O board
Regenerative resistor
Reduction gear
Teach pendant
Jig controller
Error code
Encoder counter
50 ◎
overflow/underflow
Encoder data
51 ● ● ●
transmission failure
54 Positional deviation ◎ ◎
◎:Big possibility, ●:Big possibility or external noise, ○:Moderate possibility, △:Small possibility
4-6
4.4 Troubleshooting
ambient temp.
Primary power supply &
Power unit
CPU board
Sequence board
Riser board
I/O board
Regenerative resistor
Reduction gear
Teach pendant
Jig controller
Error code
Servo communication
903 ○ ○
stop
Sequence board connect
904 ◎ ◎ ○
failure.
Abnormal setting of the
905 ◎
I/O board.
T/P selector switch is set
967 ○ ◎ ○ ◎
to MANUAL.
Playback unavailable
973 because Enable SW is ○ ◎
not released position.
Magnetic switch is not
975 ○ ◎ ○ ○
active.
Confirm magnet-ON
976 ○ ○ ○
(Fixed input IN28) is OFF.
Manipulator battery
1016 ◎ ◎
warning
The magnetic switch
1048 contacts were welded ◎ ◎ ◎
and stick each other.
T/P SELECTOR
1051 ○ ◎
SWITCH
1053 SFP ○ ○
G-STOP
1054 ○ ○
(G_EMG)
TEACH /
1059 ○ ○
PLAYBACK SEL
1060 MAT SW ○ ○
HI-SPEED
1061 ○ ○
TEACH
EMERGENCY
1062 ○ ○ ◎
STOP
T/P EMERGENCY
1063 ○ ◎
STOP
1064 CRON ◎
Playback unavailable
because Motors-OFF
2002 ○ ○
sequence is being
executed.
T/P selector switch is set
2006 ○ ◎
to AUTO.
Stop or External stop
2101 ○ ○ ◎ ◎
signal being given.
The emergency stop
button or the external
2103 ○ ◎ ◎ ◎
emergency stop is
inputted.
External Motors-OFF is
2104 inputted. ○ ◎
◎:Big possibility, ●:Big possibility or external noise, ○:Moderate possibility, △:Small possibility
4-7
4.4 Troubleshooting
ambient temp.
Primary power supply &
Power unit
CPU board
Sequence board
Riser board
I/O board
Regenerative resistor
Reduction gear
Teach pendant
Jig controller
Error code
Playback unavailable
because servo system
2106 ◎ ○ ◎
has not been turned on
yet.
The internal operation
signal was inputted in the
2111 ◎ ○ ○
state of external
selection.
The external operation
2112 signal was inputted in the ◎ ◎
state of internal selection.
Emergency stop signal
2400 ○ ◎
input line failure.
Safety signal input line
2401 ○ ◎
failure(Safety plug)
Safety signal input line
2402 ○ ◎ ◎ ◎
failure (Enable / Mat SW)
Playback unavailable
because the enable
2973 ○ ◎ ○
switch is not in the
release position.
Pause or External
2974 pause signal being ○ ○ ◎
given.
Can't communicate with
4002 ◎
the welding power supply.
Can't communicate with
4003 ◎
the welding power supply.
◎:Big possibility, ●:Big possibility or external noise, ○:Moderate possibility, △:Small possibility
4-8
4.4 Troubleshooting
4-9
4.4 Troubleshooting
Detection of an impact by the shock sensor A4920 CNMCH IPM drive unit
8
A4920 CNEC1 IPM drive unit
Detection of power failure
9
E0177 CNPW Multi power supply unit
10 Announcement of “data not saved” A0004 CNPW Multi power supply unit
Brake power supply voltage drop E0066 CNRST IPM drive unit
11
4-10
4.4 Troubleshooting
Detection of an impact by the shock sensor A4920 CNMCH IPM drive unit
8
A4920 CNEC1 IPM drive unit
Detection of power failure
9
E0177 CNPW Multi power supply unit
10 Announcement of “data not saved” A0004 CNPW Multi power supply unit
Brake power supply voltage drop E0066 CNRST IPM drive unit
11
16
Error in regeneration discharge resistor temperature E0046 CNSR IPM drive unit
rise
4-11
4.5 Displaying the failure log
Date of failure
occurrence Failure code Details
2 Move a cursor to a specific failure to display its details using [Up/Down] key, and
press [Enter].
≫The lower half of the screen shows detailed information.
Location of error
Details and
measures
How to release
the failure
4-12
4.5 Displaying the failure log
1 7
2 8
3 9
1 Filter
Enables to pick up a particular failure to display. (The operator
qualification of EXPERT or higher is required.)
Page 4-18, “4.5.3 Failure filtering function”.
2 Sort <Date/Code/Prog./Step>
Changes a sorting factor of the failure log.
Since the default is set at “Date”, the items change in sequence as shown
below by pressing this key every time.
Date Code Prog. Step
3 Sort
Switches ascending/descending sort.
The sorting factor is as specified in [2].
4 Move
Moves up and down when the screen separation is set ON in [5].
5 Screen Separation
The screen is split into two sections.
6 Filter <All/Error/Alarm/Information>
Changes a level of importance to display the failure log. Since the default
is set to display the logs of all levels of importance, the items change in
sequence as shown below by pressing this key every time.
All Error Alarm Information
4-13
4.5 Displaying the failure log
8 Fail Freq.
The frequency of failure occurrence is graphically indicated and analyzed.
(The operator qualification of EXPERT or higher is required.)
Page 4-22, 4.5.5 “Frequency of the failure occurrence”.
9 System Failure
The frequency of failure occurrence is graphically indicated and analyzed.
(The operator qualification of EXPERT or higher is required.)
Page 4-21, 4.5.4 “Displaying the system failure log”.
4-14
4.5 Displaying the failure log
POINT
<Number of failure logs to store>
Usually, the maximum of 200 failure logs can be stored. Exceeding this number, the logs are
to be deleted in the chronological sequence, the oldest one first.
<Separate save>
When the “Separate save” has been set to “Enable”, the failure logs even exceeding 200 will
not be deleted but moved and saved in a different area as long as those are specified by the
failure code.
Note that the different area can store the maximum of 1000 failure logs. Exceeding this
number, the logs are to be deleted in the chronological sequence, the oldest one first.
4-15
4.5 Displaying the failure log
4-16
4.5 Displaying the failure log
Align a cursor on a specific failure code to select using [Up/Down] key, and
press [Enter].
≫The “Select Failure Log” screen is restored with the desired code selected.
4-17
4.5 Displaying the failure log
4-18
4.5 Displaying the failure log
4 Align a cursor on the value input field or the desired field using
[Up/Down/Right/Left] key, and set the conditions.
4-19
4.5 Displaying the failure log
To select the failure code (available only when the filtering item is set at “Failure
code”):
Align a cursor on the value input field of failure code.
≫ Then, f8 <Refer> key appears.
Press f8 <Refer> key.
≫The “Failure code” screen appears.
Align a cursor on a specific failure code to select using [Up/Down] key, and
press [Enter].
≫ The “Failure Filtering Setting” screen is restored with the failure code entered.
4-20
4.5 Displaying the failure log
4-21
4.5 Displaying the failure log
1 6
2 7
3 8
4-22
4.5 Displaying the failure log
2 Filter
Filters and displays a specific failure.
Page 4-18, “4.5.3 Failure filtering function”.
3 Sort <Val./Item>
Changes the sorting factor either to "Val." or “Item”.
The default is set at “Val”.
4 Move
Moves up and down when the screen separation is set by [5].
5 Screen Separation
The screen is split into two sections.
6 Cause Classification
Graphically displays the frequency of classification of failure cause.
Pressing this key again, the screen is restored.
For details of the cause classification, see Page 4-2, “4.2.1 Failure
category”.
8 Fail Log
The screen returns to 1.
4-23
4.5 Displaying the failure log
2 Press [Enable] + [Right/Left] key to select the item for graphic display.
+
3 The following settings are required if you have selected “User Check”.
≫The setting items “User Check Object”, “User Check Content”, and “Division unit of
user check” become available.
4-24
4.6 Failure list
(Meaning of Symbols)
E: Error, A: Alarm, I: Information
4-25
4.6 Failure list
4-26
Error code list
4-26
Error code list
4-27
Error code list
4-28
Error code list
4-29
Error code list
4-30
Error code list
4-31
Error code list
4-32
Error code list
4-33
Error code list
4-34
Error code list
4-35
Error code list
4-36
Error code list
4-37
Error code list
4-38
Error code list
4-39
Error code list
4-40
Error code list
4-41
Error code list
4-42
Error code list
4-43
Error code list
4-44
Error code list
4-45
Error code list
4-46
Error code list
4-47
Error code list
4-48
Error code list
4-49
Error code list
4-50
Error code list
4-51
Error code list
4-52
Error code list
4-53
Error code list
4-54
Error code list
4-55
Error code list
4-56
Error code list
4-57
Error code list
4-58
Error code list
4-59
Error code list
4-60
Error code list
4-61
Error code list
4-62
Error code list
4-63
Error code list
4-64
Error code list
4-65
Error code list
4-66
Error code list
4-67
Error code list
4-68