NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORP. KORBA (C.G.

)
( KORBA SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT )

A VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
“THERMAL POWER PLANT”
 CONTENT
 Abstract
 Safety
 Introduction
 Project Background
 Layout Of The Thermal Power Plants
 Coal Handling Plant
o Coal Supply
o Coal Source
o Coal Handling Plant And Storage
o Coal Preparation
o Pulverizing
o Furnace
 MAIN POWER PLANT OVEERVIEW
o Boiler
o Steam Generation
o Steam Turbine
o Condenser
o Cooling Tower
o ESP(Electrostatic Precipitator)
o Ash Handling Plant
o Cheminey
o Steam Generator
 Electricity Generation
 Switch Yard
 Power Transmission
 Basic Power Plant Cycle
 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
o Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
o Thermodynamic Processes and Cycles
o Applications Of Thermodynamics
  CARNOT CYCLE
o Overview of The Carnot Cycle
o Thermodynamic Analysis of The Carnot Cycle
o Why Carnot Cycle not be used in reality?
o Modified Version of Carnot Cycle
 Rankine Cycle
o . Overview of The Rankine Cycle
o Thermodynamic Analysis of The Rankine Cycle
o The Efficiency of Rankine Cycle
 Conclusion
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that work entitled "Vocational training project report",

submitted towards completion of vocational training after 3rd year of B.
Tech (Mechanical Engineering) at Bhilai Institute of technology , Durg
comprises of my original work pursued under the supervision of Guides
at NTPC Korba .
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any
other Institute or University for the fulfilment of any other curriculum.

Name:- DEEPA KUNWAR

Roll No:- 300702820011
B.tech (7th Semester)
Government Engineering College,Bilaspur
Abstract:-
The Project Report aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the NTPC Korba power plant
project. NTPC Korba is a thermal power station located in Korba, Chhattisgarh, India. This
report covers various aspects of the project, including its background, objectives,
technical details, environmental considerations and implementation of the power plant.
We are also including some brief intro about Safety which is the most important part of
our power plant.
This report aims to provide an overview of thermal power plant. Also it will refer the
different cycle which are using in power plant likes thermodynamics, its basic principles,
and its applications in different thermodynamic systems.

SAFETY
 Safe working and operation of any plant, machinery is first priority and it is a
cumulative effort of the manager, safety officer, head of department of concerned
department, supervisors and workers etc.
 This provides a better end result in minimizing the accidents.
 Finding out comparative result and performance of the team past few year
accidents.
 Hence we need some techniques for measuring safety measures and to provide
safety measuring rating.
 Such type of rating and monitoring help to identify the weakness in
implementation of safety program in plant and providing a more strong safety
program.
 The rating and measurement of safety performance is useful to all people in
management to know the progress of safety culture in their power plant .
 It provides and promotes safety in all incident like road safety, home safety,
industrial safety and safety at the sea and the sky.
 The industries are paying huge amount every year in terms of Workmen
compensation, wage and incentives and other benefits.
 Many insurance companies also pay the huge amount for accident injuries,
deaths, and property damage.
 In how if they know the real measurement of safety performance they may try to
suggest necessary safety measures to reduce the premium amount.
  Quantitative monitoring is more powerful tool to identify the severity of accident.
 This gives a proper value and clear indication about the most and least unsafe
work in terms of safety.
 Along with it also gives information about the money and man -days lost due to
accidents.
Hierarchy of Control:-

 Elimination: The most effective control measure is to eliminate the hazard entirely from the
workplace. This can involve redesigning processes, removing hazardous substances or equipment, or
finding alternative methods that eliminate the need for exposure to the hazard.
 Substitution: If elimination is not feasible, the next best approach is to substitute the hazard with
something less hazardous. This can involve replacing a hazardous material, substance, or equipment
with a safer alternative that reduces the risk.
 Engineering Controls: Engineering controls involve modifying the workplace or equipment to
minimize or isolate the hazard. Examples include installing ventilation systems, using machine
guards, implementing noise control measures, or designing ergonomic workstations.

Administrative Controls: Administrative controls focus on changing work practices or procedures to reduce
exposure to the hazard. This can include implementing training programs, job rotation, scheduling
adjustments, implementing safe work procedures, and providing warning signs or labels.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): PPE is the last line of defense and includes items such as gloves,
goggles, helmets, respirators, and protective clothing. PPE should only be relied upon when other control
measures are not feasible or as an interim measure while other controls are being implemented. Proper
selection, use, and maintenance of PPE are essential for its effectiveness.

BRADELY CURVE
INTRODUCTION:-
The NTPC Korba project aims to establish a coal-based thermal power plant in Korba,
Chhattisgarh, India. The primary objective is to generate electricity to meet the growing
demand for power in the region and contribute to the overall energy security of the
country.
➢ NTPC is a Maharatna Company .

➢ Approved capacity – 2600MW.

➢ Installed capacity – 2600 MW.

➢ Location – Korba , Chhattisgarh.

➢ Approved investment – 2448.49 crore.

➢ Coal source – Kusmunda block , Gevra Mines.

➢ Water source – Hasdeo River.

➢ Beneficiary states - MadhyaPradesh , Chhattisgarh ,Maharashtra , Gujrat.
STAGE UNIT Installed Capacity Date of commissioning
NUMBER
st
1 1 200MW 1983 March
st
1 2 200MW 1983 October
st
1 3 200MW 1984 March
nd
2 4 500MW 1987 May
nd
2 5 500MW 1988 March
nd
2 6 500MW 1989 March
rd
3 7 500MW 2010 December
Total Seven 2600MW

Project Background:
NTPC Korba is one of the oldest and largest thermal power plants in India. It was
commissioned in 1983 and has a total installed capacity of approximately 2,600
megawatts (MW). The power plant plays a crucial role in meeting the electricity
demands of Chhattisgarh and the surrounding regions.

Main objectives of the Project:

The primary objectives of the NTPC Korba project are as follows:
a. Safety: This project provide a brief information about thermal power plant safety.
So everyone can be beware from accidents.
b. Power Generation: The project aims to generate reliable and sustainable
electricity to meet the increasing power requirements of the region.
c. Efficiency Enhancement: The project focuses on improving the efficiency of the
existing power plant units to ensure optimal utilization of resources and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
d. Environmental Sustainability: NTPC Korba aims to implement measures to
minimize the environmental impact of power generation, including pollution
control, waste management, and sustainable practices.

Technical Details:
The NTPC Korba power plant consists of multiple coal-based units with varying
capacities. The technical details of the project include:
a) Installed Capacity: The power plant has a total installed capacity of 2,600 MW,
divided into multiple units.
b) Fuel Source: The primary fuel used for power generation is coal, which is sourced
from nearby coal mines.
c) Power Generation Process: The power generation process involves the
combustion of coal in boilers to produce high-pressure steam. The steam drives
turbines, which, in turn, generate electricity.
d) Cooling Systems: The power plant utilizes various cooling systems, such as cooling
towers and water intake structures, to maintain optimal operating conditions.
e) Transmission and Distribution: The generated electricity is transmitted through an
extensive network of transmission lines and distributed to consumers through
local distribution networks.
Environmental Considerations:
NTPC Korba acknowledges the importance of environmental sustainability. The project
incorporates various measures to mitigate the environmental impact of power
generation. Key considerations include:
a) Air Pollution Control: Installation of modern pollution control equipment such as
electrostatic precipitators, flue gas desulfurization systems, and low-NOx burners
to reduce emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
b) Ash Management: Implementation of effective ash management systems to
handle and dispose of fly ash and bottom ash generated during the combustion
process.
c) Water Conservation: Adoption of water conservation practices, such as using
treated wastewater for cooling purposes and implementing efficient water
management techniques.
d) Afforestation: Undertaking afforestation initiatives to compensate for the
environmental impact and promote ecological balance in the vicinity of the power
plant.

Implementation Plan:
The implementation plan outlines the timeline, key milestones, and resource
requirements for the NTPC Korba project. It includes the following components:
 a) Engineering and Design: Detailed engineering and design work, including
equipment specifications, layout planning, and infrastructure development.
b) Procurement and Construction: Procurement of equipment, materials, and
services, followed by the construction and commissioning of the power plant
units.
c) Testing and Commissioning: Rigorous testing and commissioning activities to
ensure the safe and efficient operation of the power plant.
d) Operations and Maintenance: Establishment of operational protocols, regular
maintenance activities, and training programs for staff to ensure the long-term
sustainability and reliability of the power plant.
Project Overview:
1. Location: The project is located in Korba district, Chhattisgarh, India.
2. Capacity: The proposed power plant will have a total installed capacity of 2,600
megawatts (MW).
3. The power plant consists of multiple units: Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III.
4. Fuel Source: The power plant will be fueled by domestic coal sourced from
nearby coal mines.
5. Technology: The plant will employ supercritical or ultra-supercritical technology
for enhanced efficiency and reduced emissions.

Plant Details:
1. Power Generation: The power plant will consist of 3 stages with 7 number of
generating units, with a total capacity of 2600 MW.
2. Boilers and Turbines: The plant will include high-efficiency boilers and steam
turbines to convert thermal energy into electrical energy.
3. Cooling Systems: Adequate cooling systems, such as cooling towers or condensers,
will be implemented to maintain optimal operating conditions.
4. Ash Disposal: Proper ash handling and disposal systems will be in place to comply
with environmental regulations.
5. Electrical Infrastructure: The project will include the necessary electrical
infrastructure, including transformers, switchyards, and transmission lines.
Environmental Impact:
 1. Air Pollution Control: The report details the measures to be implemented to
control air emissions, including the use of advanced pollution control
technologies.
2. Water Management: The project will incorporate efficient water management
systems to minimize water consumption and ensure compliance with
environmental standards.
3. Waste Management: Adequate measures will be implemented for the proper
handling and disposal of solid waste, including fly ash and other byproducts.
4. Environmental Compliance: The DPR highlights the project's compliance with
relevant environmental regulations and standards.

Implementation Plan:
1. Project Timeline: A detailed timeline is provided, outlining the various stages of
project development, including site preparation, construction, commissioning,
and operation.
2. Stakeholder Engagement: The report emphasizes the importance of engaging with
local communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders throughout the
project lifecycle.
3. Risk Assessment: Potential risks and challenges associated with the project are
identified, along with mitigation measures.
4. Project Organization: The report outlines the project organization structure, roles,
and responsibilities of key personnel involved in the project.

LAYOUT OF THE THERMAL POWER PLANTS:-

COAL HANDLING PLANT
Coal Supply:
 Coal is sourced primarily from the Korba Coalfield (Kusmunda block & Gevra),
located nearby NTPC Korba.
 The coal is obtained through coal mining operations.
 The coal is transported to the power plant using various means such as railways,
trucks, or conveyor belts.
Coal source:
 In NTPC korba coal source take by Gevra mines and Kusmunda block through
trains & by road . And this coal size is approx 200mm.
 Korba is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways.
The city is directly connected to Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Bhilai Nagar, Rajnandgaon.
 Korba is also well with national highways like NH200 etc.
 It is also connected to Champa, the nearest railway junction on the Howrah-
Nagpur-Mumbai line.
  The stations comes under South East Central Railway Zone. It is directly
connected to Bilaspur which the Divisional Headquarter by rail and road
through Katghora-Pali-Ratanpur.

Coal Handling Plant and Storage:

 Upon arrival at the power plant, the coal is unloaded from the transportation
vehicles and stored in coal yards.
 The coal is carefully stacked in stockpiles to ensure proper blending and a
consistent supply for the power generation process.

Coal Preparation:
 Before being utilized for combustion, the coal undergoes a process of coal
preparation to enhance its combustion efficiency.
 The coal is crushed into smaller sizes to increase its surface area, allowing for
better combustion.
 Crushers, pulverizers, and mills are used to crush and grind the coal into a finely
powdered form.

Pulverizing :-
 A pulverized coal-fired boiler is an industrial or utility boiler that generates
thermal energy by burning pulverized coal (also known as powdered coal or coal
 dust since it is as fine as face powder in cosmetic makeup) that is blown into the
firebox.
 The basic idea of a firing system using pulverised fuel is to use the whole volume
of the furnace for the combustion of solid fuels.
 Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air and burned in the flue gas
flow.
 Biomass and other materials can also be added to the mixture.
 Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash during combustion.
 The ash is removed as bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash is removed at the
furnacebottom.
 This type of boiler dominates the electric power industry, providing steam to drive
large turbines.
 Pulverized coal provides the thermal energy which produces about 50% of the
world's electric supply.
 The concept of burning coal that has been pulverized into a fine powder stems
from the belief that if the coal is made fine enough, it will burn almost as easily
and efficiently as a gas.
 The feeding rate of coal according to the boiler demand and the amount of air
available for drying and transporting the pulverized coal fuel is controlled by
computers.
 Pieces of coal are crushed between balls or cylindrical rollers that move between
two tracks or "races."
 The raw coal is then fed into the pulverizer along with air heated to about 650
degrees F from the boiler.
 As the coal gets crushed by the rolling action, the hot air dries it and blows the
usable fine coal powder out to be used as fuel.

FURNANCE:-
  Controls semiautomatic furnaces and auxiliary equipment to produce carbon
black by partial combustion of crude oil, natural gas, or mixture of both Notifies
UNIT OPERATORS to start or shut down equipment.
 In units, such as reactors, quenchers, precipitators, cyclones, and filters to
maintain efficient production.
 Monitors pyrometers, recording meters, and other gauges to verify process
conditions as indicated by control panel instruments.
 Turns valves and moves switches on central control panel to regulate
temperature, pressure, and flow of fuel and air in reactors, and to transfer
accumulated carbon black through auxiliary units to produce carbon black of
specified type and grade.
 Tours plant area to verify that equipment is operating as indicated by central
control panel.
 Records instrument readings in operating log and reports abnormal conditions to
supervisory personnel.
 Gives directions to crew during manual operation of equipment to maintain
production or verify accuracy of instrument zed controls.

MAIN POWER PLANT OVEERVIEW

BOILER:-
 A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated.

 The fluid does not necessarily boil. (In NTPC, the term "furnace" is normally used if
the purpose is not to actually boil the fluid.)

 The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or
heating applications, including water heating, central heating, boiler-bas bar power
generation, cooking, and sanitation.
  In order to fully understand what a given boiler needs for treatment, a basic study
of its supply water must be done first.

 Three types of impurities exist in all supplies and can cause a wide range of
problems in boilers and kilns.

 These impurities are suspended solids, dissolved solids, and dissolved gasses.

 Water picks up the impurities from the ground it contacts and the air through
which it falls.

 The type of impurity depends on contact time, and stream velocity.

 The amount of rainfall and where the rain occurs on the watershed can and does
result in changes in the character of the water throughout the year.

 Water supplies typically come from one of two sources, ground water or surface
water.
 A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat
energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that
older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to
medium pressure (1–300 psi or 6.895–2,068.427 kPa) but, at pressures above this,
it is more usual to speak of a steam generator.
 A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required. The
form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam
locomotives.

Steam Generation:
 The heat energy generated by coal combustion is used to convert water into
steam.
 Water, typically stored in a separate tank or obtained from nearby water sources,
is pumped into the boiler tubes.
 The boiler tubes are arranged in a way that they are surrounded by the hot flue
gases generated during coal combustion.
  The heat from the flue gases is transferred to the water in the tubes, causing it to
absorb heat and convert into high-pressure steam.
Steam Turbine:
 The high-pressure steam from the boiler is directed towards a steam turbine.
 The steam turbine is a device with multiple stages, each consisting of a set of
stationary and rotating blades.
 As the high-pressure steam flows through the turbine, it passes over the turbine
blades, causing them to rotate.
 The rotation of the turbine rotor is driven by the force of the steam, converting
the thermal energy of the steam into mechanical energy.

CONDENSER:
 The main purposes of the condenser are to condense the exhaust steam from the
turbine for reuse in the cycle and to maximize turbine efficiency by maintaining
proper vacuum.
 As the operating pressure of the condenser is lowered (vacuum is increased), the
enthalpy drop of the expanding steam in the turbine will also increase. This will
increase the amount of available work from the turbine (electrical output).
 By lowering the condenser operating pressure, the following will occur:
• Increased turbine output
• Increased plant efficiency
• Reduced steam flow (for a given plant output)
It is therefore very advantageous to operate the condenser at the lowest possible
pressure (highest vacuum)
COOLING TOWER:
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR:
ASH HANDLING PLANT :-
 Ash handling refers to the method of collection, conveying, interim storage and
load out of various types of ash residue left over from solid fuel combustion
processes.
 The most common types of ash include bottom ash, bed ash, fly ash and ash
clinkers resulting from the combustion of coal, wood and other solid fuels.
 Ash handling systems may employ pneumatic ash conveying or mechanical ash
conveyors.
 A typical pneumatic ash handling system will employ vacuum pneumatic ash
collection and ash conveying from several ash pick up stations-with delivery to an
ash storage silo for interim holding prior to load out and transport.
 Pressurized pneumatic ash conveying may also be employed. Coarse ash material
such as bottom ash is most often crushed in clinker grinders (crushers) prior to
being transported in thrash conveyor system.
 Very finely sized fly ash often accounts for the major portion of the material
conveyed in an ash handling system.
 It is collected from bughouse type dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators and
other apparatus in the flue gas processingstream.
 Ash mixers (conditioners) and dry dustless telescopic devices are used to prepare
ash for transfer from the ash storage silo to transport vehicles.
CHEMINEY:

STEAM GENERATOR:-
 Type of steam generator unit used in coal-fired power plants
 The steam generator or boiler is an integral component of a steam engine when
considered as a prime mover.
 However it needs be treated separately, as to some extent a variety of generator
tapes can be combined with a variety of engine units.
 A boiler incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate
heat.
 The generated heat is transferred to water to make steam, the process of boiling.
 This produces saturated steam at a rate which can vary according to the pressure
above the boiling water.
 The higher the furnace temperature, the faster the steam production.
 The saturated steam thus produced can then either be used immediately to
produce power via a turbine and alternator, or else may be furthersuperheated to
a higher temperature.
Electricity Generation:
 The rotating turbine rotor is connected to a generator through a shaft.
 The generator is a large electromechanical device that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
 Inside the generator, the rotor's rotation creates a rotating magnetic field.
 The stationary conductors, located around the rotor, experience a change in the
magnetic field, inducing an electric current.
 This current is collected and channeled out as electrical energy, which is
generated in the form of alternating current (AC).

Switch yard:-
Power Transmission:
 The electricity generated in the generator is at a relatively low voltage and needs
to be stepped up for efficient transmission over long distances.
 Transformers are used to increase the voltage of the electricity, reducing
transmission losses.
 The high-voltage electricity is then transmitted through a network of high-voltage
transmission lines to substations or distribution centers.

BASIC POWER PLANT CYCLE:-

➢ The thermal (steam) power plant uses a dual (vapor + gas) phase cycle.

➢ It is a closed cycle to enable the working fluid (water) to be used again and again.

➢ The cycle used is “Rankine Cycle” modified to include super heating of steam,
regenerative feed water heating and reheating of steam Figure 1A shows this cycle and is
self explanatory.
 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
A thermodynamic cycle is a series of processes that a system undergoes to transform
energy between different forms. It is a relationship between heat and work It is a
fundamental concept in thermodynamics and is commonly used to analyze and describe
the behavior of various heat engines and refrigeration systems and other devices that
involve energy transfer.

In a thermodynamic cycle, a system typically starts in a certain state, undergoes a

sequence of thermodynamic processes, and eventually returns to its initial state. The
system can be a closed system (no mass transfer across its boundaries) or an open
system (mass can flow in and out).

There are several types of thermodynamic cycles, each with its specific characteristics
and applications. Here are a few examples:

1. Carnot Cycle: The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that operates
between two temperature extremes. It consists of four reversible processes:—
isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic
compression. It represents the maximum theoretical efficiency that can be achieved by a
heat engine operating between given two temperature extremes.

2. Rankine Cycle: The Rankine cycle is commonly used in steam power plants to
generate electricity. It involves the conversion of heat energy into mechanical work by
using a working fluid (typically water) in a closed-loop cycle. The cycle includes processes
such as heating, expansion, condensation, and compression. The Rankine cycle is a
practical representation of a steam power plant and is widely employed in power
generation.

3. Brayton Cycle: The Brayton cycle, also known as the gas turbine cycle is the idealized
cycle. It is used in gas turbine engines and jet propulsion systems and gas turbines used
for power generation. It involves the compression of air, combustion of fuel at a constant
pressure, expansion of hot gases, and exhaust of the combustion products. This cycle is
also employed in combined cycle power plants. The Brayton cycle is the basis for
understanding the thermodynamics of gas turbine engines.

4. Refrigeration Cycle: The refrigeration cycle is used in refrigerators, air conditioners,

and heat pumps to transfer heat from a colder region to a warmer region. It involves the
compression and expansion of a refrigerant fluid, allowing it to absorb heat from one
environment and reject it to another.
5. Otto Cycle: The Otto cycle is the idealized cycle followed by spark-ignition internal
combustion engines, such as gasoline engines. It consists of four processes: adiabatic
compression, constant-volume heat addition (combustion), adiabatic expansion, and
constant-volume heat rejection. The Otto cycle represents the thermodynamic principles
underlying the operation of spark-ignition engines.

These are just a few examples, and there are many other thermodynamic cycles used in
various applications. Each cycle has its unique characteristics. The choice of cycle
depends on the specific requirements, efficiency considerations, and the working
medium used in the system.

2. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

2.1. System and Surroundings: In thermodynamics, a system refers to the portion of the
universe under investigation, while the surroundings include everything outside the
system. The system can be an isolated system, closed system, or open system,
depending on the exchange of energy and matter with the surroundings.

2.2. State Variables: Thermodynamic properties of a system are described by state

variables such as temperature, pressure, volume, and internal energy. These variables
determine the state of the system and how it behaves during energy transfer and
conversion processes.

2.3. Laws of Thermodynamics:

2.3.1. First Law of Thermodynamics: Also known as the law of energy conservation, it
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be converted from one
form to another. The first law establishes the principle of energy conservation and its
transfer as heat or work.
2.3.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: The second law addresses the direction of
energy flow and introduces the concept of entropy. It states that the entropy of an
isolated system tends to increase over time. The second law also establishes the
maximum efficiency limits for energy conversion processes.
2.3.3. Third Law of Thermodynamics: The third law deals with the behavior of systems at
absolute zero temperature. It states that as the temperature approaches absolute zero,
the entropy of a pure crystalline substance reaches a minimum value.
3. Thermodynamic Processes and Cycles
3.1. Processes: Thermodynamic processes describe the changes that occur in a system.
Common processes include isothermal (constant temperature), adiabatic (no heat
transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), and isochoric (constant volume) processes.

3.2. Cycles: A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of processes that brings a system back
to its initial state. Common cycles include the Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Otto cycle,
and Brayton cycle. These cycles are used to analyze the performance and efficiency of
various energy conversion systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators.
4. Applications of Thermodynamics
4.1. Power Generation: Thermodynamics plays a crucial role in power generation,
including steam power plants, gas turbine power plants, and nuclear power plants.
Understanding thermodynamic cycles helps engineers design efficient and reliable
power generation systems.

4.2. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): Thermodynamics is essential in

HVAC systems, which involve heat transfer, refrigeration cycles, and energy efficiency
calculations. It helps in designing and optimizing systems for heating and cooling
buildings.
4.3. Chemical Reactions: Thermodynamics is used to analyze and optimize chemical
reactions, including combustion processes, chemical equilibrium, and the production of
chemicals. It helps determine reaction conditions, energy requirements, and product
yields.

THE CARNOT CYCLE:

The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the most efficient
heat engine operating between two temperature reservoirs. It serves as an idealized
model and a fundamental benchmark for analyzing the maximum efficiency achievable
by heat engines. Named after the French engineer Sadi Carnot, the Carnot cycle
provides valuable insights into the principles of heat transfer, work conversion, and
thermodynamic efficiency. This report aims to explain the Carnot cycle, its components,
and its significance in the field of thermodynamics.

2. Overview of the Carnot Cycle

The Carnot cycle consists of four reversible processes, as follows:
2.1. Isothermal Expansion (Process 1-2): The working substance (e.g., an ideal gas)
absorbs heat from a high-temperature reservoir while expanding isothermally. This
process is characterized by a constant temperature, high heat absorption, and an
increase in volume.
2.2. Adiabatic Expansion (Process 2-3): The working substance continues to expand
without any heat exchange with the surroundings. This adiabatic process is characterized
by a decrease in temperature and pressure, and an increase in volume.
2.3. Isothermal Compression (Process 3-4): The working substance is brought into
contact with a low-temperature reservoir and undergoes isothermal compression. Heat
is extracted from the substance, resulting in a decrease in volume and pressure while
maintaining a constant temperature.
 2.4. Adiabatic Compression (Process 4-1): The working substance is compressed
adiabatically, without any heat exchange. This process leads to an increase in pressure,
temperature, and a return to the initial state of the cycle.

3. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Carnot Cycle

The Carnot cycle exhibits several key characteristics that make it an idealized and
efficient cycle:

3.1. Reversibility: The Carnot cycle is composed of only reversible processes, meaning
that it can be run in reverse without any change in the system or surroundings. This
reversibility ensures that the cycle operates at the maximum possible efficiency.

3.2. Efficiency: The Carnot cycle represents the maximum theoretical efficiency that a
heat engine can achieve when operating between two temperature reservoirs. The
efficiency of the Carnot cycle is given by the ratio of the temperature difference between
the reservoirs to the absolute temperature of the high-temperature reservoir.

3.3. Importance of Temperature Differential: The efficiency of the Carnot cycle is highly
dependent on the temperature difference between the high-temperature and low-
temperature reservoirs. The larger the temperature difference, the higher the efficiency.

 WHY CARNOT CYCLE NOT BE USED IN REALITY?

The Carnot cycle, although serving as an ideal benchmark for maximum thermodynamic
efficiency, cannot be realized in its pure form in practical applications for several
reasons:

1. Reversibility: The Carnot cycle assumes that all processes are reversible, meaning
they can be run in reverse without any energy losses. Achieving perfect reversibility is
practically impossible due to factors such as friction, fluid flow losses, and irreversibilities
within the system.
2. Idealization of Components: The Carnot cycle assumes idealized components, such as
perfectly insulating materials and perfectly efficient heat exchangers. In reality, no
materials or components can achieve perfect insulation or 100% efficiency, resulting in
energy losses and reduced efficiency.

3. Infeasibility of Isothermal Processes: The Carnot cycle relies on isothermal processes,

where the working fluid remains at a constant temperature during heat transfer.
Achieving true isothermal conditions in practice requires infinitely slow processes and
infinite heat exchange surfaces, which are impractical and inefficient.

4. Limited Temperature Differences: The efficiency of the Carnot cycle is directly

proportional to the temperature difference between the high-temperature and low-
temperature reservoirs. In real-world applications, it is challenging to achieve large
temperature differences, which limits the practical efficiency of the cycle.

5. Time Constraints: The Carnot cycle assumes that each process occurs quasi-statically,
with sufficient time for equilibrium to be established. Achieving these quasi-static
processes in real-world systems can be time-consuming and impractical, especially in
high-speed applications.

While the Carnot cycle cannot be directly implemented in reality, its theoretical
principles and efficiency serve as a valuable reference and guide for engineers. Practical
thermodynamic cycles, such as the Rankine cycle for steam power plants or the Otto
cycle for internal combustion engines, are based on the principles of the Carnot cycle
but incorporate practical considerations and design constraints to achieve acceptable
efficiencies and performance in real-world applications.

Modified version of carnot cycle:-

There are several modified versions of the Carnot cycle that have been developed to
address practical limitations and improve the efficiency of real-world systems. Some of
these modified versions include:
1. Regenerative Carnot Cycle: In the regenerative Carnot cycle, also known as the
Carnot-Clapeyron cycle, heat is stored and transferred internally within the system. This
is achieved by utilizing a regenerator, which is a device that stores heat during the high-
temperature process and releases it during the low-temperature process. By
incorporating the regenerator, the cycle's efficiency can be increased, particularly in
cases where there are significant heat losses during the isothermal processes.

2. Reheat Rankine Cycle: The reheat Rankine cycle improves the efficiency of steam
power plants by introducing an additional stage of reheating. After the steam expands
through the first turbine stage, it is directed back to the boiler for reheating before
entering a second turbine stage. This process allows for additional expansion and work
output, resulting in improved cycle efficiency. The reheat Rankine cycle is commonly
used in large-scale power plants to optimize energy extraction from the steam.

3. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): The organic Rankine cycle is a modified version of the
Rankine cycle that utilizes an organic fluid, such as refrigerants or hydrocarbons, as the
working fluid instead of water/steam. This cycle is often employed in low-temperature
heat recovery applications, where the working fluid has a lower boiling point than water.
The ORC allows for the efficient conversion of low-temperature heat sources, such as
geothermal energy or waste heat from industrial processes, into useful work.

4. Kalina Cycle: The Kalina cycle is another modified version of the Rankine cycle that
aims to improve the efficiency of power plants by utilizing a mixture of working fluids
with different boiling points. The mixture enables better matching of the temperature
profile of the heat source, resulting in enhanced heat transfer and improved cycle
performance. The Kalina cycle is often used in geothermal power plants and waste heat
recovery systems.
These modified versions of the Carnot cycle and Rankine cycle demonstrate efforts to
overcome practical limitations and achieve higher efficiencies in real-world applications.
By incorporating additional processes or utilizing different working fluids, engineers
strive to optimize energy conversion and improve the overall performance of
thermodynamic systems.
RANKINE CYCLE:-
1. The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that serves as the basis for steam power
generation. It is widely used in power plants worldwide to convert thermal energy
into mechanical work, which is then transformed into electrical energy. This report
aims to provide an overview of the Rankine cycle, its components, and its significance
in power generation.

2. Overview of the Rankine Cycle

The Rankine cycle consists of four main processes, as follows:
2.1. Heat Addition (Process 1-2): High-pressure liquid water (or steam) is heated by
absorbing heat from an external source, typically through a boiler or heat exchanger.
This process occurs at constant pressure and results in the conversion of liquid water
into steam.
2.2. Expansion (Process 2-3): The high-pressure steam expands through a turbine,
converting the thermal energy into mechanical work. This expansion process is
characterized by a decrease in pressure and temperature while generating useful work.
2.3. Heat Rejection (Process 3-4): The low-pressure steam leaving the turbine is
condensed back into liquid form by rejecting heat to a cooling medium, often through a
condenser. This process occurs at constant pressure, resulting in the release of thermal
energy.
2.4. Pumping (Process 4-1): The condensed liquid water is pumped back to the boiler
using a pump, ensuring that the working fluid returns to the high-pressure state for
another cycle. This process requires mechanical work input.

3. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Rankine Cycle

The Rankine cycle exhibits several key characteristics that make it suitable for power
generation:
3.1. Closed Cycle: The Rankine cycle is a closed-loop system, meaning that the working
fluid remains within the system and undergoes repetitive cycles. This closed nature
allows for continuous power generation.
3.2. Steam as the Working Fluid: Water and steam are commonly used as the working
fluid in the Rankine cycle due to their high latent heat of vaporization and availability.
The phase change from liquid to steam and vice versa enables efficient energy
conversion.
3.3. Multiple Stages: Large-scale power plants often employ multiple stages of turbines
to extract the maximum amount of work from the steam. These stages allow for better
utilization of the thermal energy and improve overall efficiency.

The efficiency of Rankine cycle:-

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle, also known as the thermal efficiency, is determined by
the specific heat input and specific heat output of the cycle. It is expressed as the ratio
of the net work output to the heat input. The Rankine cycle is commonly used in steam
power plants.
The maximum theoretical efficiency of a Rankine cycle is given by the Carnot efficiency
formula, which depends on the temperatures at which heat is added and rejected. The
formula is:

Efficiency = 1 - (T2/T1)
Where:
Efficiency is the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
T1 is the temperature at which heat is added (in Kelvin),
T2 is the temperature at which heat is rejected (in Kelvin).

In practice, the actual efficiency of a Rankine cycle is lower than the Carnot efficiency
due to various losses and inefficiencies such as heat losses, irreversibilities, and
mechanical losses. The actual efficiency depends on the design and operating conditions
of the power plant, as well as the quality of the components and the type of working
fluid used.
Typically, modern steam power plants using supercritical or ultra-supercritical steam
conditions can achieve thermal efficiencies in the range of 40% to 50%. Advanced
combined cycle power plants, which combine a Rankine cycle with a gas turbine cycle,
can achieve higher efficiencies, often exceeding 50%.
It's important to note that the efficiency can vary depending on the specific design and
operating conditions of the power plant. The values provided here are general ranges
and may not apply to every individual power plant or Rankine cycle application.
Conclusion:
The NTPC Korba project, as outlined in this project , we presents a comprehensive
overview of plan for the establishment of a coal-based thermal power plant. The report
highlights the safety, the technical and environmental aspects of the project, providing a
solid foundation for its successful implementation. The NTPC Korba project will
contribute significantly to meeting the region's power demands while adhering to the
highest standards of efficiency, sustainability, and environmental compliance.
The report demonstrates NTPC's commitment to generating electricity sustainably while
considering environmental concerns and meeting the growing power demands of the
region.