GRAPHS WITH CHANGES OVER TIME

MODEL ANSWERS
Type I. 2 categories (very rare)

Type II. 3 categories*

Type III. 4 categories*

Type IV. 5+ categories*

Type V. 2 years* (line/bar/2 pie charts /4 pie charts)

(+%change)

Type VI. “total” (very rare)

Type VII. future trends with 5+ categories (very rare)

 TYPE I.
2 CATEGORIES

A) 2 Relatively Related Categories

The line graph presents variations in the price of a barrel of oil and food price index over a 11-
year period between 2000 and 2011.

Overall, although there were considerable fluctuations in the average global prices of food and
oil towards the end of the period, both of them rose significantly over the period. In addition, the
two prices/these two commodities witnessed similar trends, so a strong correlation of 93.6%
was suggested.

In the first year, the average oil price was close to $25 per barrel, while the food price index
stood at just under 90 points. This was followed by a period of four years during which both
prices remained relatively stable before witnessing a steady increase from 2004 to 2007. By
2007, the global oil price had more than doubled, reaching nearly $70 per barrel, whereas food
prices had risen to 140 points.
The period between 2007 and 2008 witnessed a dramatic growth in both categories, with oil
prices reaching a peak of approximately $230 per barrel and the food price index rising to 220
points. Although the oil prices and the food price index briefly plunged to .. and … respectively
one year later, both figures recovered, with the former rising to $100 per barrel and the latter
reaching it high of almost 240 points.

SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT STRUCTURES:

- First year: … was …, while … stood at/began at …
- This was followed a period of .. years during which SV before Ving
- The period between .. and .. witnessed …, with + S + Ving
- Although SV, SV, with the former .. and the latter..
The graph below compares changes in the birth rates of China and the USA between 1920 –
2000.

China: blue >< USA: red

The line graph illustrates variations in the Chinese and American birth rates from 1920 to 2000.

Overall, although there were considerable fluctuations in the birth rates in both the USA and
China, both of them generally witnessed similar patterns and decreased significantly towards the
end of the period.

In the first year, the birth rate in China stood at approximately 11 per 1000, which was slightly
higher than in the USA (10 per 1000). This was followed by a period of 15 years during which
both the percentages in China and the USA witnessed several fluctuations before plummeting to
a low of approximately 7 and 5 per 1000 respectively.

The period between 1945 and 1950 witnessed the most dramatic increase in both categories, with
the birth rate in China recovering and reaching its peak of just under 15 per 1000 in 1950 and the
birth rate in the USA also increasing dramatically to its highest point of 20 per 1000 in the same
year. However, from this point on, both figures dropped almost continually, and by the final year,
the birth rate in China had fallen to around 7 per 1000 compared to a mere 2 per 1000 in the USA.
B) 2 Unrelated Categories

The graph compares the percentage of households in England and Wales living in either a rental
property or their own home between 1918 and 2011. Overall, the two sectors followed opposite
trends, with renting generally declining as home ownership increased. However, towards the end
of the period, there is evidence of this trend reversing and home ownership did not reach
renting’s highest level.

Renting was at its peak in 1918, accounting for just under 80% of all households. Despite falling
almost continually from this point on, it remained the dominant category until 1971, when it
reached parity with home ownership. Apart from 1939 and 1953, the figures dropped in almost
every decade until 1991, when the decline slowed and renting increased slightly in 2011.
Nevertheless, in the last 40 years, significantly fewer people (40% or lower) were living in rented
accommodation.

This contrasts starkly with the data for home ownership, which climbed steadily throughout,
again with the exception of 1939 and 1953. Notably, the increases in owning a home
corresponded with the falls in renting, and from 1981 onwards, it was increasingly more
common than renting. However, the figure peaked at below 70% in 2001, almost 10% lower than
the rental peak, and by 2011 had fallen to approximately 65%.
 *TYPE II.
3 CATEGORIES

The table below shows the number of cars made in three countries in 2003, 2006 and 2009.

The table illustrates how many cars were produced in Argentina, Australia and Thailand between
2003 and 2009.

Overall, there was an increase in the number of cars manufactured in Argentina and Thailand,
while a constant decline was seen in Australia’s car production. Additionally, Thailand was
consistently the dominant country in terms of car production despite a considerable decline in
the latter half of the period.

The number of automobiles manufactured in Thailand started at 735,825 units, after which it saw
a dramatic increase to 1,162,356 units. A similar change, but to a lesser extent, was seen in the
figure for Argentina, which increased from 235,088 to 353,759 in the first three years. By contrast,
136 cars were made in Australia in 20003, with a subsequent significant decline to 341,268 units
in 2003.

From 2006 to 2009, the number of cars produced in Argentina continued its upward trend, and by
the final year it had reached 466,085 units. This rising trend is in contrast to the number of cars
Thailand and Australia produced, both of which dropped to 999,963 and 245,624 units
respectively.
The line graph below shows the production of paper, wood pulp and sawn-wood in the UK from
1980 to 2000.

PARAPHRASE
paper and packaging production = the production of p and p = the amount of paper and
packaging (which was) produced = the amount of paper and packaging which the UK produced
= the figure for paper and packaging

MODEL ANSWER:
The line graph illustrates how much paper and packaging, wood pulp and sawn-wood were
produced in the UK between 1980 and 2000.

Overall, there was a dramatic increase in paper and packaging production in the UK, especially in
the latter half of the period, while a falling trend can be seen in that of sawn-wood compared to
wood pulp whose production fluctuated slightly. Additionally, paper and packaging was
consistently the dominant category/material produced in the UK.

The amount of paper and packaging produced in the UK started at about 240 million tonnes, after
which it saw a slight increase to 250 million tonnes ten years later. Opposite changes can be seen
in the figures for wood pulp and sawn-wood, which decreased from 200 and 165 million tonnes
respectively to exactly 150 million tonnes in 1990.

From 1990 to 2000, the amount of paper and packaging which the UK manufactured rose
significantly, reaching 350 million tonnes. The manufacture of wood pulp saw similar changes,
but to a much lesser extent/albeit at a much lower rate, growing to roughly 160 million tons.
By contrast, the production of sawn-wood continued its downward trend, and by the final year
it had fallen to approximately 125 million tonnes.
The bar chart gives details of phone usage on three types of phone line in the UK from 1995 to
2002. Overall, total phone use generally increased and the majority of calls were made using local
fixed line. However, towards the end of the period, local fixed line calls decreased as mobile phone
use increased significantly.

During the first four years, all categories increased steadily, although local fixed line calls
dominated phone usage. The data for these calls increased was consistently double that of national
and international fixed line calls, with the former increasing from over 70 billion minutes to a peak
of 90 billion minutes, while the latter rose from approximately 37 billion to 48 billion minutes.
These figures contrast starkly with those for mobile phone calls in the same period, which began
at approximately 2 billion minutes and saw gradual increases, reaching 10 billion minutes in 1998.

The picture was very different from 1999 to 2002, when, despite retaining the top position, local
fixed line calls dropped back to their initial level and ended the period only 10 billion minutes
higher than national and international fixed line calls, which increased consistently throughout.
Notably, the declines in local fixed line calls corresponded with the dramatic increase in mobile
phone use, which, by 2002, had reached almost 45 billion minutes, considerably reducing the gap
between all three categories.
The bar chart compares the cultivation rates of three species of fish in one region over a 10-year
period from 2008 to 2018.

Overall, while Arctic char dominated initially, salmon was cultivated in far greater numbers
towards the end of the period, and rainbow trout was consistently produced the least.

In 2008, Arctic char was produced in significantly higher quantities than the rest, at 3124 million
tonnes, which was almost ten times as high as the second highest, farmed salmon, at 292 million
tonnes. However, Arctic char fell slightly in 2010, and from this point on, it saw just gradual
increases, eventually reaching 4914 million tonnes in 2018. By contrast, salmon rose significantly
in almost every two-year period and took the lead from 2014 onwards. By the final year, salmon
had reached a striking 13448 million tonnes, which was noticeably higher than any other species.

These figures contrast starkly with the data for rainbow trout, which began at a mere 292 million
tonnes and increased steadily, reaching its highest point of 2138 million tonnes over the next eight
years. However, this level was short-lived and by 2018 it had fallen to 295 million tonnes, which
was almost the same as salmon’s initial level.
The bar chart shows the percentage of small , medium, large companies
which used social media for business purposes between 2012 to 2016.

The bar chart compares three types of companies in terms of their proportion of social media use
for the purpose of doing business over a 4-year period from 2012 to 2016.

Overall, although there were fluctuations, the proportion of companies of three sizes using social
media witnessed a rising trend over the period, and social media presence was consistently
dominated by large business. In addition, 2015 witnessed a drop in social media use across three
companies.

With large companies, in the first three years, the majority of large companies used social media
for business, at around 78%. While the figure witnessed a sharp drop by a third to its lowest
point of just over 50% in 2015, their social media presence recovered, peaking at slightly under
80% in the final year.

In contrast, social media was used far less in small and medium-sized business, although similar
trends were seen in these two categories. Despite rising in 2014 (from approximately 26% to
35% and 31% to 49% respectively), they both fell in 2015 to their lowest point of 30%.
However, by the end of the period, their figures had risen considerably to reach their peaks of
around 52% for medium business and slightly under 50% for small business.
 *TYPE III.
4 CATEGORIES
The line graph shows variations in the weekly consumption of fish and three types of meat in
one European country from 1979 to 2004. Although there were fluctuations, overall, people in
this country consistently ate more meat than fish, and the general trend was to move away from
beef and lamb as chicken became the dominant food in this category.

In the first decade, beef was consumed in significantly higher quantities than the other foods
listed. Despite an initial sharp fall to approximately 175 grams per week, it then recovered,
reaching a high of close to 240 grams. However, from 1989 onwards, beef consumption fell
almost continually, and by 2004 had almost halved. Lamb almost exactly mirrored this
fluctuating trend, falling from second highest initially (at 150 grams) to approximately 60 grams
by the end of the period.

In contrast, chicken climbed from less than 150 grams in 1979 and took the lead from around
1990 onwards. Interestingly, the increases in chicken corresponded with the declines in beef
and lamb, and by 2002 chicken consumption had exceeded all previous rates, reaching
approximately 260 grams, although this peak was not maintained.

Fish was consistently eaten the least, beginning at around 60 grams then dropping to below 50
grams. While it was the lowest, it remained relatively stable for the majority of the period.
The chart below gives information about car ownership in households in the UK between 1957
and 2007.

The line graph illustrates variations in the percentage of cars which were owned by people in the
UK from 1951 to 2007.

Overall, car ownership increased significantly during this period, and there was an increasing
trend for households to have more than one car. Additionally, one-car ownership was the
dominant category from 1975 onwards.

In the first year, the majority of households in the UK did not own a car, with the percentage of
this category standing at a striking 85% compared to just over 10% of the population owning one
car and approximately 2% owning two cars. However, the situation changed quite rapidly over the
next 16 years and in 1967, roughly 45% of households owned a car and just under 10% had two
cars.

Over the next 40 years, from 1967 to 2007, the proportion of households with one car (single-car
families) remained relatively stable at around 45%. In contrast, the number of households without
a car continued to drop gradually, albeit slightly less sharply. This continued decline
corresponded with the increases in the ownership of two and three or more cars, with the former
rising to just under 30% in 2007, while the latter increased slightly and accounted for just under
10%. Notably, the category of two cars increased to a greater degree than/by a larger amount
than three or more cars, and the trend for three or more cars did not begin until the late 1960s/until
towards the end of the 1960s / it was until the late 1960s that the trend for three or more cars began.
The line graph illustrates the amount of carbon dioxide which was emitted in four countries from
1967 to 2007.

Overall, the amount of carbon dioxides emitted in Italy and Portugal witnessed an upward trend,
whereas opposite patterns can be seen in the that of UK and Sweden. In addition, despite having
some decreases, the UK consistently produced the greatest carbon dioxide emissions.

In 1967, carbon dioxide emissions in the UK were produced in significantly higher quantities
than the rest, at approximately 11 metric tonnes per person. However, from this point onwards,
the figure saw gradual decreases, falling to close to 9 metric tonnes in 2007, although the UK still
consistently retained the top position. The amount of carbon dioxides produced in Sweden began
at slightly over 8 metric tonnes, and despite an initial increase to its peak of just over 10 metric
tonnes in 1977, it then fell continually and by 2007 it had almost halved.

In contrast, Portugal had the least production of carbon emissions in 1967, at just over 1 metric
tonnes, but this was followed by a sharp increase to just under 6 metric tonnes over the next 40
years. Italy almost exactly mirrored Portugal’s rising trend, albeit at a higher rate. It grew from
roughly 4 metric tonnes before levelling off at around 8 metric tonnes during the final decade.
The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and transport in 4
countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.

The chart illustrates how much governments in four countries invested in roads and transport
between 1990 and 2005. / The chart illustrates how governments in four countries invested in the
transport infrastructure between 1990 and 2005. / The chart illustrates the percentage of
government expenditure on roads and transport in four countries between 1990 and 2005.

Overall, there was a decline in the proportion of government spending on roads and transport in
Italy, Portugal and the UK, while a rise was seen in the USA. In addition, Portugal generally had
the highest figures throughout the period.

The share of the government budget spent on roads and transport in Portugal started at about 27%,
after which it saw a progressive decrease to 20% in 2005. Conversely, the figure for the USA
rose from just over 10% in 1990 to 15% in 2005, despite a small fall in the first 5 years.

Approximately 22% of the Italian national budget was spent on/went into the transport
infrastructure, with subsequent fluctuations and a final decline from 24% in 2000 to about 19%
in 2005. Similarly, the figure for the UK fluctuated in the range from 9% to 13% from 1990 to
2000, before ending the period at around 7%.
The bar chart shows the value of imports and exports in the US categorized by mode of transport
in 2012, 2018 and predicted figures for 2045.

Overall, a consistent growth can be seen in almost all categories, with air remaining dominant
and rail carrying the lowest value of goods. Additionally, the value of imports generally exceeded
that of exports.

In terms of imported goods, air transport had the highest values and increases, carrying goods
valued at $472 billion in 2012 and rising to $562 in 2018. Road transport was the second highest,
with figures climbing from $311 to $375 billion. In comparison, the figures for rail and water
were significantly lower, with rail rising only slightly from $109 to 115$ billion and water
declining from $288 to $210 billion. Nevertheless, by 2045, all values are predicted to have
increased and air will continue to dominate, reaching a striking $3465 billion, which was
significantly higher than any other sector.
Regarding exports, similar trends and positions can be seen, albeit at a lower level, and the
figures for 2012 and 2018 were generally the same, except for water whose values of goods more
than doubled (from 73$ to $154 billion). In 2045, while it is expected that exports will increase
across all modes of transport, road alone will exceed the equivalent value of imports, at $1244
and $1219 billion respectively.
The line graph shows the percentage of people accessing news from 4 sources.

The line graph compared the number of people who accessed news from four different sources
between 1995 and 2020 and predictions until 2025.

Overall, the proportion of people using newspaper, radio and TV as sources of news declined
over the period, while that of the Internet witnessed a dramatic rise, surpassing the proportion of
TV at the end of the period. In addition, apart from the final two years, news access was
dominated by the use of TV.

At the beginning of the period, in 1995, TV was the most commonly used source, with 70% of
people using it to access news, whereas the figures for newspaper and radio were slightly lower,
at around 57% and 52% respectively. However, the popularity of these three sources decreased
almost continually and by the final year it is forecast that the proportions of people getting news
from newspaper and radio will have almost halved, while that of TV will have declined gradually
to 50%.

In contrast, although in the first five years very few people accessed news via the Internet, from
2000 onwards, the figure for the Internet increased dramatically from roughly 2% to 40% over
the next 20 years. It is predicted that the proportion of this source will continue its upward trend,
eventually overtaking TV as the dominant source of news, at around 55%.
The chart below shows annual average spending on clothes per person in the US in
1985, 1995 and 2005.

The bar chart illustrates the amount of money that people in the US spent on four different types
of clothes over a 20-year period from 1985 to 2005.

Overall, spending on clothes witnessed an upward trend regardless of genders and ages, with
spending on adults’ clothes consistently far exceeding that on boys and girls’ clothes and the
majority of expenditure was on women’s clothes throughout the period.

In 1985, women’s clothes were the dominant category, with a striking 500 dollars allocated to
purchasing them. This figure was almost twice as high as that of men’s clothes, which was 300
dollars. By contrast, expenditure on boys’ clothes and girls’ clothes had the lowest figures
overall, at just under 100 dollars per person.

In 1995, all figures witnessed a slight rise with the exception of men’s clothes whose spending
on these rose sharply to approximately 450 dollars, although it fell to 400 dollars 10 years later.
Notably, this was the only fall which was recorded in this bar chart. By contrast, women spent
significantly more money on purchasing clothes, with the figure rising to its peak of 650 dollars
in 2005. In the same year, spending on girls’ clothes rose slightly to 150 dollars, whereas the
amount of money spent on boy’s clothes remained stable.

The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in 2000, 2005
and 2010.

The bar chart presents the proportion of young people who pursued higher education in four
countries over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2010. Overall, although the proportion of
undergraduates who studied further witnessed an upward trend in three out of the four countries,
country A experienced the fastest growth, and country D remained the dominant one throughout
the period.

In 2000, country A had the least number of young people studying further, at only 35%.
However, from this point on, the number then witnessed a remarkable increase, rising to just
over 55% in 2010. Country D almost exactly mirrored country A’s rising trend, albeit at a higher
rate. Around 45% of students in country D were in higher education, but then the percentage
increased by 15%, eventually reaching 60% in 2010. Notably, this marked a peak in the data,
showing that country D had the highest figure of all the four countries in the bar chart at the end
of the period.

Country C had the second highest number of young people taking part in further education in the
first year, at just over 40%. While the percentage rose slightly to around 48% in 2005, it then
remained relatively stable at this figure until 2010. In contrast, despite a negligible drop of only
1% in 2005, the data for country B stayed unchanged at 40% and country B had the lowest
figures overall.
The bar chart showed the percentage of school children learning to play four
different musical instruments (violin, guitar, piano, drums) in 2005, 2010, 2015.

The bar chart illustrates how many school children learned to play four musical instruments
between 2005 and 2015.

Overall, the participation rates of children in all instruments witnessed an upward trend over the
period with the exception of the violin. Towards the end of the period, the gaps between the most
popular instruments and the other two became much more significant.

The number of school children learning to play the guitar and the piano both increased
significantly over the period, although the data for the guitar was consistently slightly higher
than that of the piano, with the former rising from around 11% to its peak of 27%, while the
latter increased from 10% to its highest point of 25%.

In contrast, drum and violin were learnt by few children and had the lowest figures overall. The
percentage of children learning the violin remained relatively stable at 8% in the first five years,
followed closely by the drum at around 6% in the same period. However, by 2015, the figure for
drum had witnessed a marginal increase of approximately 2%, overtaking the violin and making
it become the least learnt instrument among students (about 7%).

.
The bar chart illustrates how many visitors went to four museums in London.

The bar chart compared four museums in London in terms of the number of visitors over a 5-
moht period from June to October.

Overall, the four museums generally followed similar patterns, rising in the first half of the
period then declining in the second half. While British Museum consistently dominated in terms
of the number of visitors, National Museum had the lowest numbers overall.

In June, History Museum, British Museum and Science Museum had almost the same number of
visitors, with just over 400,000 tourists visiting each place. These figures contrast starkly with
the data for National Museum who was only 200,000 in the first month. Over the next two
months, similar patterns were seen in History Museum, British Museum and National Museum.
The number of tourists coming to these three museums rose significantly to reach their peaks of
600.000, just over 700.000 and 300.000 respectively. By contrast, the figure for Science Museum
remained relatively stable at 400.000 visitors.

From September to October, although the number of visitors to British museum dropped steadily
to 450.000, British museum still retained its top position. History museum and National museum
almost exactly mirrored British Museum’s declining trend, albeit at a lower rate. The former
declined from just under 400.000 to 250.000, whereas the latter dropped slightly to its initial
level, eventually falling to approximately 180.000. While visitors to Science Museum witnessed
a rise of 100.000 visitors in September, the figure then dropped to 300.000 one month later.
The table below shows the number of visitors in the UK and their average spending
from 2003 to 2008.

The table gives information about how many people visited the UK, how much they
spent as a whole and per visit, and how many nights they stayed on each visit over a 5-
year period from 2003 to 2008.

Overall, the number of visits, spending, and average spending per visit all witnessed a
rising trend over the period with the exception of average nights per visit which
declined.

In 2003, the number of visitors in the UK stood at 24.715 million, and from this point on,
it grew almost continually in every one-year period, reaching its peak of 32.778 million in
2007. However, the peak was not maintained in 2008 as number dropped slightly to
31.888 million. For each visit, tourists stayed for an average of 8.2 nights in 2003. While
the figure fluctuated slightly between 8.2 and 8.4 nights over the next three years, it then
fell dramatically to 7.7 nights in 2007 and remained at this level until the end of the
period.

The amount of money which tourists spent almost exactly witnessed a similar pattern to
tourist number, rising steadily from $11.855 in 2003 to $16.002 in 2006. Although
spending declined by an insignificant amount to $15.960 in 2007, it then briefly recovered
and rose back to $16.323 in 2008. Each person spent an average of $476 in 2003, and
despite an initial fall to $466 in 2004, this number then kept rising, eventually peaking at
$511 in 2008
The graph shows the value in US dollars (in millions of dollars) of investment in
funds of four categories from 1988 to 2014.

The line graph illustrates how investment funds were allocated to four different sectors, namely
property, gold, fine art and company shares in the US over a 26-year period between 1988 and
2014.

Overall, although there were fluctuations, the amount of money invested in all categories
witnessed an upward trend, with gold experiencing the most significant growth to become the
category with the greatest investment by the end of the period.

At the beginning of the period, gold was the most heavily invested, with 100 million dollars
compared to approximately 80 million dollars for fine art. This was followed by a period of 18
years during which the investment funds for fine art fluctuated considerably between 50 and
around 170 million dollars before increasing to reach its peak of just under 250 million dollars in
the final year. Gold almost exactly mirrored fine art’s rising trend. Despite several fluctuations
from 1988 to 1998, the amount of money allocated to this category subsequently saw gradual
increases to slightly under 200 million dollars in 2006. Over the following 8 years, gold
continued to rise, albeit more sharply, reaching its highest point of 450 million dollars in 2012,
although the peak was not maintained.

Regarding property and company shares, both categories increased slightly from around 50 to 70
million dollars in the first 6 years. However, from 1994 onwards, investment funds which
company shares received consistently overtook those on property, with the former rising to 250
million dollars, while the latter also witnessed a similar pattern, growing to slightly below 200
million dollars by the final year.
The line graph shows the global demand for different textile fibers between 1980
and 2015.

The line graph shows changes in the worldwide demand for four various types of textile fibers,
namely polyester, cotton, cellulosic and wool over a 35-year period between 1980 and 2015.

Overall, demand for polyester and cotton witnessed a rising trend, with polyester having a more
significant growth and overtaking cotton to become the fiber with the greatest demand by the end
of the period. In addition, while cellulosic and wool were in low demand throughout the period,
their global needs remained relatively stable.

In 1980, cotton was needed in slightly higher numbers than the rest, at around 15 million tons,
and the figure then saw gradual increases, eventually reaching approximately 30 million tons in
2015. The demand for polyester climbed from roughly 5 million tons in the first year and
equalled the figure for cotton over the next 15 years. However, from this point onwards,
polyester took the lead and continued to increase significantly to reach its peak of 70 million tons
by the final year, which was over twice as high as the demand for cotton.

In contrast, cellulosic and wool were needed far less compared to the other two fibers. The
demand for cellulosic stayed fairly constant at close to 3 million tons up to 2000 before
experiencing a slight increase to 10 million tons over the next 15 years. In contrast, wool’s
demand witnessed an opposite pattern. Wool was in slightly higher demand from 1980,
increasing to around 5 million tons in the late 1990s, but this was followed by a marginal drop to
a mere 1 million ton in 2015, making it become the fiber least in demand in the second half of
the period.
The graph below shows the percentage of Australian exports to 4
countries from 1990 to 2012.

The line graph compared the four nations, namely Japan, US, China and India in terms of the
percentage of Australian exports to these countries over a 12-year period between 1990 and
2012.

Overall, the percentage of Australian exports to Japan and the US witnessed a declining trend,
whereas that of China rose considerably, overtaking Japan to become the leading country by the
final year. Australian exports to India increased somewhat though this country generally had the
lowest percentage.

In 1990, Australian products were exported to Japan in significantly higher numbers than the
rest, at around 25%. However, this figure then dropped to 20% in 1995, and continued to decline,
albeit slightly less sharply, with this category eventually falling to approximately 18% by the
final year. In contrast, the percentage of Australian exports to China climbed significantly from a
mere 2% in 1990 and took the lead from 2010 onwards, and by 2012 the percentage had reached
its peak of just under 30%.

Exports to the US fluctuated mildly between 8% and 11% in the first decade. Subsequently, the
figure went down to its low of 5% in 2010 and then rose marginally to 6% in 2012. Exports to
India, which remained relatively stable at only 1% in the first ten years, saw gradual increases
over the next 10 years to reach its peak of around 8% before experiencing an insignificant drop
of nearly 2% in the final year. Notably, except for the year 2010, India generally remained the
lowest in terms of the proportion of products which this country imported from Australia.
 *TYPE IV.
5+ CATEGORIES

The chart below shows the percentage of female members of parliament in 5 European countries
from 2000 to 2012

1. PARAPHRASE
The percentage of female (adj) members of parliament was 15%
= the proportion of females (N) elected to parliament was 15% (passive)
= the proportion of females which the parliament elected was 15% (active)
= the number of women who worked in parliament
= the proportion of positions/seats in parliament held/occupied/taken up/assumed/filled by
women was 15%
= the proportion of positions/seats in parliament which women held/occupied/took
up/assumed/filled was 15%
= the percentage of parliament members who were female
= 15% of members in parliament were women

MODEL ANSWER:
The line graph illustrates the percentage of females elected in parliament in five countries in
Europe between 2000 and 2012.
Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of female members in parliament in all five
countries, with the UK witnessing the most dramatic rise. Despite this, this country consistently
had the lowest number of female members working in parliament.

The percentage of positions in parliament held by women in Germany started at about 34%, after
which it saw a gradual rise and by the final year it had reached 36% in 2012. Similar changes,
but to greater extents, were seen in the figures for Italy and the UK, which grew from 26% to
almost 40% and from 4% to around 27% respectively.

25% of members in France’s parliament were women, with a subsequent jump to reach a peak
of around 37% in 2004 and a final increase from just under 30% in 2008 to 32% in 2012.
Meanwhile, the number of women the parliament in Belgium elected, which increased from
17% in 2000 to 28% in 2004, levelled off at this figure towards the end of the period.
The line graph gives data about the number of users of five different communication services
worldwide from 1998 to 2008.

The chart illustrates how many people used five different means of communication worldwide
between 1998 and 2008.

Overall, there was an increase in the number of users of all five communication services, with
cellular service enjoying the most considerable growth to become by far the most used from 2002
onwards.

The number of subscribers to landline service started at 15 million, after which it experienced a
gradual rise to 20 million in 2006, before ending the period at about 19 million. The numbers of
people using fixed broadband and mobile broadband witnessed a similar pattern, but it was not
until the year 2002 that people started using these two services, with their figures increasing
slightly from this point onwards to reach only 4 million in the final year.

5 million people subscribed to cellular phone service in 1998, with a gradual growth to roughly
18 million 4 years later, and a final substantial growth to reach just over 65 million at the end of
the period. Similar changes, but to a lesser extent, can be seen in the figures for internet
service, which increased from just under 5 million in 1998 to exactly 20 million in 2006, and this
rising trend was followed by a final levelling off towards the end of the period.
The graph gives information about the age of the population of Iceland between 1990 and 2020.

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of people living in Iceland categorized by five different
age groups from 1990 to 2020.

Overall, the majority of Icelandic people fell into the 25-54 age category/15-54 remained the
dominant age category and this was the only age group that saw a rising trend over the
period, whereas there were decreases in the two youngest age ranges. Additionally, the
number of people in the older groups (from the age of 55 onwards) in this country stayed
relatively the same and was lower compared to that of the younger ones.

Regarding the three younger age groups, in 1990, people aged 25-54 dominated Iceland’s
population, accounting for just over 30%, followed closely by people at the ages of 0-14 and
15-24, at around 25% and 22% respectively. Over the next 20 years, the 25-54 age group
increased steadily before seeing a sharp growth to reach its high of just under 50% in 2020,
which was significantly higher in comparison to the remaining groups. By contrast, the number
of people whose age ranged from 0-14 and 15-24 experienced steady declines, eventually
falling to roughly 18% and 8% in turn in 2020. Notably, in the final year, the lowest recorded
figure occurred in the second youngest age category (15-24). [so far so good]

As for the two older age categories, both of them had the lowest figures overall. In the first 20
years, from 1990 to 2010, the percentage of 55- to 64-year-olds remained relatively stable at
approximately 12%, with a subsequent marginal decline to 10% in 2020. An almost similar
pattern was witnessed among people aged 65 and over, whose data consistently stayed
constant at around 12% throughout, with a peak of close to 15% in 2010. [great!]
The table below gives information about the values (NZ$) of exports of kiwi fruit
from New Zealand to five countries between 2010 and 2012.

The table illustrates variations in the values of kiwi fruit which New Zealand exported to five
nations in 2010, 2011 and 2012.

Overall, export values in Japan, China and Russia witnessed an upward trend, whereas a reverse
pattern can be seen in Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Japan was the leading country throughout the
period and had significantly higher values than the rest, whereas Saudio Arabia remained the
lowest in terms of export values of kiwi.

Export values of kiwi fruit in Japan dominated the table throughout the period, increasing from
$271,100.000 to a striking $325.300.000. China was the country with the second largest export
values, although its figures were noticeably lower than those of Japan. Values of kiwi in Japan
increased steadily by approximately $10.00.000 in every one-year period, eventually reaching
$94.000.000 in 2012. This is in stark contrast to Russia where export values were relatively low
in 2010 and subsequently experienced just marginal increases to eventually reach $2.404.000.

In contrast, export values in Mexico and Saudi Arabia dropped during the same period. Starting
at $6.000.000 in 2010, the figure for Mexico then decreased to its lowest point of $2.400.000
before rising slightly to $3.300.000, almost half its initial level. Saudi Arabia witnessed the
opposite trend to that of Mexico, increasing from $290.000 to $407.000 but then dropping
significantly to a mere $82.000, which was the lowest figure recorded in the table.
The line graph illustrates the proportion of total expenditure in a certain European
country between 1960 and 2000.

The line graph illustrates the proportion of money which a country in Europe spent on five
different categories, namely food, leisure, clothing, transport and fuel/energy over a 40-year
period from 1960 to 2000.

Overall, the amount of money allocated to food, leisure, clothing and fuel/energy witnessed a
declining trend, with food having the most significant decline, whereas transport was the only
category whose expenditure increased over the period.

At the beginning of the period, in 1960, food had the highest expenditure, at just under 35%.
However, from this point on, its spending declined almost continually and by the final year it had
almost halved, although this category still consistently dominated the line graph. Expenditure on
leisure followed a similar pattern, albeit at a lower rate, with its figure falling from second
highest initially (at just under 20%) to slightly above 10% in 2000. In contrast, the spending on
transport climbed from around 10% in 1960 and overtook leisure from around 1990 onwards.
Over the next 10 years, this category increased less slightly and in 2000 its spending was almost
the same as that on food, at around 15%.

Regarding clothing and fuel/energy, these two categories were spent far less throughout the
period. In 1960, 10% of money was spent on clothing compared to 5% for fuel/energy. The
figure for clothing then decreased gradually to 5% in 2000, whereas fuel/energy also mirrored
clothing’s declining trend, falling steadily to about 3% in the same year. Notably, clothing
 How the annual budget of Springfield College was spent

MODEL ANSWER:
The three pie charts show how a college budget was apportioned in 1990, 2000 and 2010. Overall,
the largest expense was on staff, and insurance and technology spending consistently increased,
while spending on other resources declined or fluctuated.

In terms of human resources, staff pay made up the majority of the college budget, with teacher
salaries dominating this category, increasing initially from 40% to 50% before declining to 45%.
However, in each decade, an increasingly smaller proportion of the budget was allocated to other
staff’s pay, which fell from 28% in 1990 to 15% in 2010.

With other expenses, in 1990, almost as much was spent on furniture and equipment as on books,
at 14% and 15% respectively. However, book spending then increased to 20% in 2000, while
furniture and equipment fell sharply to only 2% and, in 2010, remained the lowest cost, at 3%. By
the same year, book spending had fallen to 9%, almost half of its initial level. In contrast,
technology and insurance were the lowest costs in 1990, at only 1% and 2%, but rose in each
decade, with the largest increases occurring in 2010, when insurance reached 8% and technology
20%. Notably, in the final year, a larger proportion of the budget was spent on technology than on
books.

The tables show results of 2 surveys done in 1980 and 2010 on various aspects of city living in a
particular city. Units are measured in percentage.

https://ieltsliz.com/ielts-complex-table-2017/
\

The table illustrates the proportion of people assessing/rating one country’s six aspects of city
living as good, neither good nor bad and bad in 2008 and 2010.

Overall, healthcare was given the highest scores in 1980 compared to education in 2010, whereas
transport received the lowest scores in both years. Education and employment’s rating increased
over the period given, while that of healthcare and transport fell compared to environment and
shops whose figures remained relatively stable.

In 1980, people rated healthcare the highest, with 80% saying it was good (approving of it),
whereas the figures for education and the environment were slightly lower (72%). Under 10% of
respondents thought these three aspects/services were bad. // As for shopping and employment,
both had similar figures, as 62-64% expressed approval, and 22-24% said they were average. //
By contrast, only half of those surveyed gave a high score to transport, and roughly a third said it
was bad.

Turning to 2010, 80% were satisfied with education, making it become the aspect with the highest
core. The employment situation also improved, as in 2010, almost three-quarters of those asked
expressed satisfaction. // Healthcare’s good rating fell to 74% but still remained a highly rated
aspect. By contrast, approval level of transport fell to 39%, and a similar proportion stated it was
bad. // With regard to the environment and shopping, the percentages remained relatively
unchanged.
PARAPHRASING 1
80% of people said healthcare was good

= ___________________________________ thought/stated healthcare was good

= 80% of respondents/those surveyed approved of healthcare

= 80% of expressed approval of healthcare
= __________________________________ gave a high score to healthcare
= __________________________________ were happy/satisfied with healthcare
PARAPHRASING 2
____________________________ increased to 40%
Good rating / Satisfaction/Approval level
The percentage of people who were satisfied with healthcare
The percentage of satisfied respondents

DIVISION OF PARAGRAPHS

BODY 1: (1980)

• healthcare: people rated the highest (80%)

• education and the environment: slightly lower (72%)
→ Under 10% said it was bad
• shopping and employment: both had similar figures (62-64% …, 22-24% …)
• transport: only half gave a high score, and 1/3 said it was bad

BODY 2: (2010)

• education: 80% were satisfied (the highest percentage/score)

• employment: percentage of satisfied respondents increased (3/4 of people)
_____
• healthcare: good rating fell to 74% but the figure was still high
• transport: level of satisfaction fell to 39%, 38% (similar) said it was bad
_____
• environment and shopping: remained unchanged
In 1980, people rated healthcare the highest, with 80% saying it was good (approving of it),
whereas the figures for education and the environment were slightly lower (72%). Under 10% of
respondents thought these three aspects/services were bad. // As for employment and shopping,
both had similar figures, with 62-64% expressing approval, and 22-24% said they were average.
// By contrast, only half of those surveyed gave a high score to transport, and roughly a third said
it was bad.

Turning to 2010, 80% were satisfied with education, making it become the aspect with the highest
core. The employment situation also improved, as in 2010, almost three-quarters of those asked
expressed satisfaction. // Healthcare’s good rating fell to 74% but still remained a highly rated
aspect. By contrast, approval level of transport fell to 39%, and a similar proportion stated it was
bad. // With regard to the environment and shopping, the percentages remained relatively
unchanged.
 *TYPE V.
2 YEARS (LINE / BAR/ 2 PIE CHARTS / 4 PIE CHARTS)
(+%CHANGE)

Without figures:
Sales of Fairtrade coffee were relatively modest in 1999, and Switzerland was the largest
consumer. Despite this figure doubling in 2004, the UK rose from third place to lead the table in
the same year. A figure that was considerably higher than in any other country. Although the three
remaining countries also saw increases, these were marginal.

With Fairtrade bananas, Switzerland was again the leader in 1999 and dominated this table in both
years. Although considerably lower, the UK and Belgium saw similar growths in this category,
increasing by just over 5 times their 1999 figures. In contrast, Sweden and Denmark experienced
a drop in sales, with the 2004 figures almost half of those of 5 years earlier.
With figures:

Sales of Fairtrade coffee were relatively modest in 1999, and Switzerland was the largest consumer
with €3 million in sales. Despite this figure doubling in 2004, the UK rose from third place (with
€1.5 million) to lead the table with €20 million worth of sales in the same year. A figure that was
considerably higher than in any other country. Although the three remaining countries also saw
increases, these were marginal with gains of between 0.2 and 0.7 million euros.

With Fairtrade bananas, Switzerland was again the leader in 1999 and dominated this table in both
years with sales increasing from €15 million to a striking €47 million. Although considerably
lower, the UK and Belgium saw similar growths in this category, increasing by just over 5 times
their 1999 figures to reach €5.5 and €4 million respectively. In contrast, Sweden and Denmark
experienced a drop in sales, with the 2004 figures (€1 million and € 0.9 million) almost half of
those of 5 years earlier.
MODEL ANSWER:
The table gives information about the values of five different products/goods exported in two separate years
(2009 and 2010).

Overall, export values of clothing and manufacturing witnessed a downward trend, whereas a reverse
pattern can be seen in equipment, telecommunity and metals, with metals experiencing the most dramatic
increase over the period. In addition, in 2010, telecommunity overtook equipment to become the export
with the greatest values.

The overall export values saw a rise of 6.4 billion, increasing from 32 billion in 2009 to 38.4 billion in
2010. In 1997, equipment was the dominant category, with 10.3 billion worth of this product being
exported. Despite this figure going up to 11.6 billion, telecommunity rose from second place (7.9 billion)
to lead the table with 12.7 billion worth of exports in the same year. These figures contrast starkly with
those for metals, which had relatively low export values in both years, although they saw the most
significant growth of 120%, from 2.3 to 5.1 billion.

As for categories with a drop in export values, the amount of money earned from exporting clothing stood
at 6 billion in the first year, which was marginally higher than that of manufacturing, at 5.5 billion. In 2010,
they both declined, falling to 5 billion and 4 billion respectively.
The table below shows information about the population of New Zealand from 2011 to 2012 by
age group.

The table gives information about the population in New Zealand categorized by four age groups between
2011 and 2012.

Overall, the total number of people living in New Zealand witnessed an upward trend, which was the result
of the increases in the figures for the 40-64 and 65 and over age groups, whereas a falling trend can be
witnessed in those aged under 15 and 15 to 39. Additionally, 15-39 remained the dominant category,
and the oldest age group saw the most considerable rise in terms of population.

The population of all ages saw an increase of 0.6%, rising from 4.381.269 in 2011 to 4.410.284 in 2012. A
similar change was witnessed in the number of people aged 40-64, which grew from 1,331,907 to
1,339,898 over the same period. Despite remaining the lowest in both years, the number of people whose
age ranged from 65 and above witnessed the greatest growth (4.0%), with its figure going up from 573,946
to 596,903.

As for age ranges with a declining trend, in 2011, the 15-39 dominated New Zealand’s population, at
1,577,256, which was almost twice as high as the number of people aged under 15, at 898,160. One year
later, both age groups fell by the same negligible amount (0.2%), eventually dropping to 1,574,102 and
896,364 respectively.
The bar chart below shows the passenger kilometres traveled by different
means of transport in the UK in 1990 and 2000.

The bar chart presents the number of kilometers that people in the UK travelled by five different
means of transport over a 10-year period from 1990 to 2000.

Overall, passenger kilometers travelled by air, bus and rail witnessed a rising trend, with bus and
rail far exceeding other means of transport.

In 1990, bus was the dominant means of transport, at around 45 billion. This was followed
closely by rail, at 40 billion, whereas the figure for air was considerably lower, at only 5 billion.
Over the next 10 years, the number of passenger kilometers made/covered by these modes of
transport increased slightly, with the figure for bus and rail rising to around 50 billion each and
that for air growing to only 10 billion. The total kilometers also experienced an upward trend,
rising from 100 billion in 1990 to reach approximately 110 billion in 2000.

In contrast, bicycle and motorbike were used far less and had the lowest figures overall.
However, both of them followed similar patterns, with only slightly more people travelling by
motorbike (5 billion falling 4 billion) in comparison to by bicycle (3 billion falling to 2 billion).
35 years.

The pie charts illustrate visitors’ responses to a survey about customer service at the Parkway Hotel
in 2005 and 2010.
Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of hotel guests rating customer service as
satisfactory, poor or very poor, whereas an opposite trend can be seen in the figure for those
describing the hotel’s service as good or excellent. In addition, the majority of customers gave a
‘satisfactory’ response in 2005, but in 2010, ‘good’ became a dominant choice among respondents.
The percentage of hotel’s visitors rating its customer service as excellent started at 5%, after
which it saw a significant rise to 28% in 2010. Similarly, only 14% of guests described customer
service in the hotel as good in 2005, with a subsequent threefold increase to 39% five years later.
As a result, the figure for people giving a ‘satisfactory’ response declined significantly from 45
% to 17% over the period.
The proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s customer service to be poor almost halved,
ending at 12%. A similar change can be seen in the figure for people who thought customer
service to be very poor, which dropped from 15% to only 4% over the 5-year period.

The given graph shows the main sources of energy for the USA in 1980 and 1990.
Overall, oil was the main source of energy in both years, while hydroelectric power produced the
least energy. There was an increase in energy produced coal and nuclear, whereas the figure for
oil decreased compared to natural gas and hydroelectric power whose energy production
remained stable.

The percentage/amount of energy produced from oil was the highest in 1980, MAKING UP /
ACCOUNTING FOR / COMPRISING OF 42%, but this then fell to a third in 1990 / but this
was followed by a drop of 9% to a third in 1990. The proportion of hydroelectric power used to
produce energy, on the other hand, remained constant and was the lowest in both years, at a mere
5%.
Energy production from coal increased from 22% to 27% in 1990, whereas there was a 5% rise
in energy from nuclear power, reaching 10% in the second year. / Energy generated by natural
gas, which was the second major/largest source of energy in 1980, remained stable at a quarter in
both years.

The pie charts compare different kinds of energy production of France in two years.
Overall, the most significant sources of energy in both years were coal and gas, which together
accounted for over half the production of energy, while other kinds of energy generated the least
energy. All sources witnessed a slight increase, except for petro whose figure declined.

Energy produced by coal accounted for 29.80% in the first year, and this was followed by
only a slight increase of a mere 1% to 30.93% in 2005. Likewise, in 1995, gas generated
29.63% of energy, after which it rose marginally to 30.1% 10 years later.

Both the amount of energy produced by nuclear and other sources experienced an increase of
approximately 5%, reaching 10.10% and 9.10% respectively. By contrast, petrol was the only
source of energy whose production decreased from 29.27% in 1995 to 19.55% (around a fifth) in
2005.
The charts below show the percentage of people working in different sectors in town A and town
B in 1960, 2010.

The manufacturing sector had the greatest number of workers

= the manufacturing sector employed the largest share of workers
= the manufacturing sector was the largest employer
= the greatest number of workers held manufacturing jobs
= the largest share of workers/residents was employed in the manufacturing sector
= people working in manufacturing made up the largest proportion of workforce
= the proportion of people employed/working in the manufacturing industry/field was the
largest

MODEL ANSWER 1:
The pie charts illustrate how many people were employed in three sectors in two towns in the
years 1960 and 2010.

Overall, the manufacturing sector was the largest employer in both towns A and B in 1960.
However, in 2010, the proportions of people working in manufacturing dropped in both areas,
particularly in town A, where the service sector employed by far the largest share of its
residents, while in town B manufacturing workers still made up the biggest proportion of its
workforce.

Regarding town A, 41% of its workers held manufacturing jobs in 1960, compared to 30% who
worked in the sales field and 29% who worked in the service industry. After 50 years, the
majority of workers in this town were employed in the service field, with a figure of 64%, while
the percentages of manufacturing and sales workers dropped significantly, ending at 20% and 16%
respectively.

As for town B, although the proportion of people employed in the manufacturing industry in
this area had fallen considerably, from 70% to 53% by 2010, it still employed the largest share
of its workers. By contrast, the service field was expanded, with one fourth of the town’s
workforce holding service jobs in 2010, compared to a mere 10% in 1960. Finally, the proportion
of sales workers rose slightly, to 22% over the period.

MODEL ANSWER 2:

The pie charts illustrate changes in the number of people who worked in manufacturing, sales
and services in town A and town B between 1960 and 2010.

Overall, in 2010, services became the main sector in town A whereas manufacturing still
remained the sector with greatest number of workers in town B in both years despite
experiencing a sharp fall.

Regarding town A, in 1960, most of the population worked in manufacturing, with a figure of
41%. The proportion of sales workers made up 30%, and this was followed closely by services,
at 29%. Over the next 50 years, the percentage of workers in these three sectors changed
considerably, with a significant rise in the services industry, which rose to a striking 64%, and
corresponding decreases to 20% for manufacturing and 16% for sales.

As for town B, its workforce was also mainly made up of workers in manufacturing in 1960,
although its proportion was noticeably higher than that of town A, constituting a massive 70%.
In the same year, the figures for sales and services were far lower, at 20% and a mere 10%
respectively. In 2010, despite experiencing a drop of 17%, manufacturing still remained the
dominant category. By contrast, the number of people who held service jobs witnessed a more
than twofold increase, reaching 25% compared to a marginal rise to 22% in sales.
The pie charts show the percentage of the population in three age groups in Italy and Yemen in
2000 and predictions for 2050. Overall, both countries are predicted to experience an ageing
population, although Yemen will have a far younger population than Italy.

In 2000, the population of Yemen was relatively young, with just over half aged 14 and under
(50.1 %). This was followed closely by those aged 15-59 (46.4%), and only 3.6% were aged 60
or above. Over the next 50 years, the population is expected to change considerably, with a
significant fall in the youngest category, which could drop to 37%, and corresponding increases
in the two older groups. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the majority of inhabitants will be
aged 15 to 59 (57.3%).

In comparison, Italy had a much older population in 2000. This was dominated by the 15 to 59
age group, who made up two-thirds of the total (61.6%), while the 60 and over group accounted
for almost a quarter (24.1%). By 2050, both the youngest and middle aged groups are predicted
to have declined, falling to 11.5% and 46.2% respectively, while the oldest group is expected to
double in size, reaching 42.3%. This is in stark contrast to Yemen, where less than 6% of the
population will be 60 or older.
 TYPE VI.
“TOTAL”

The chart illustrates how much toxic gases were emitted into the atmosphere from three different
sources in the UK from 1990 to 2005.

Overall, there was a decline in the total amount of air pollution in the UK, which was the result
of decreases in the amounts of emissions from industrial and domestic activities. In addition, the
amount of air pollutants released from vehicles saw an increase, surpassing the industry sector to
become the most serious polluter from 2002 onwards.

Just under 8 million tonnes of air pollutants were discharged from all three sectors, with a gradual
decline to 5 million tonnes at the end of the period. The industry sector witnessed a similar change
in terms of the amount of air pollution, decreasing steadily from 6 million tonnes to exactly 2
million tonnes in 2005.

The amount of toxic fumes released from the transport sector started at 1 million tonnes, after
which it experienced mild fluctuations at this level, before increasing from about 1.2 million
tonnes in 1999 to 3 million tonnes in 2005. Opposite change, but to a lesser extent, can be seen
in the figures for household activities, which contributed 1 million tonnes of air pollutants in the
first 10 years, and this period of stability was followed by a progressive drop to almost 0 in 2005.

The graph below gives information about the percentage of people living in Australia who were
born in Asia, the UK, and other regions.

The line graph illustrates the demographic figures of Australian people whose birthplaces were
in Asia, the UK and other regions.

Overall, there was a rise in the total Australian population from different countries of origin,
which was the result of increases in the percentage of people born in Asia and other countries who
migrated to Australia. In addition, while the UK dominated initially, Australia welcomed
increasingly fewer native citizens from this country towards the end of the period.

In 1976, approximately 23% of people in Australia were born in different parts of the world,
after which its total demographics decreased steadily to a low of just over 20% in 2001 before
experiencing a brief growth to 25% at the end of the period. An almost similar change, but to a
greater extent, was witnessed in the proportion of Australians born in the UK, which declined
significantly from just under 15% to its lowest point of only 5% in 2011.

Regarding the other two categories with a rising trend, the percentage of Australian population
who was of other countries’ origin initially fell from around 11% to roughly 7% in 1996, with a
subsequent noticeable increase to approximately 13% in 2011. Meanwhile, despite starting at as
low as 3% in 1976, the figure for Asia saw a dramatic growth, surpassing that for other countries
from around 2009 onwards to dominate the line graph at 15% in the final year.
 TYPE VII.
FUTURE TREND WITH 5+ CATEGORIES

The line graph shows usage levels of different types of energy in one country from 2000 to 2020,
and projections up to 2050. Overall, total energy is predicted to rise, with fossils consistently far
exceeding green energy, and petrol and oil remaining the dominant source of fuel.

With non-renewables, in the first twenty years, despite some initial fluctuations, petrol and oil
consumption increased from 35 quadrillion units to just over 40 quadrillion units, and is predicted
to continue its rising trend, reaching just under 50 quadrillion units in 2050. / Coal mirrored petrol
and oil’s fluctuaing trend/followed a similar pattern, albeit at a lower rate. It remained relatively
stable at around 23 quadrillion units from 2015 and is expected to have increased to around 33
quadrillion units by the final year. / In contrast, use of natural gas has fluctuated continually and
is expected to peak at 25 quadrillion units in 2035 before declining slightly.

Regarding sustainable sources of energy, they are consumed in significantly lower amounts, with
all figures remaining close to 5 quadrillion units up to 2020. / Notably, nuclear energy has led
this sector since 2010 and is expected to continue to do so, with its peak of approximately 7
quadrillion units in 2025. Despite a predicted downward trend until 2045, it will regain this
level in 2050. / Solar and wind are also predicted to mirror nuclear’s rising trend, increasing to
around 6 quadrillion units, while hydropower generally declined from 2015 and is projected to
remain the lowest at around 3 quadrillion units.

OTHERS

The bar charts show how regularly/how often people in the USA ate fast food in 2003, 2006, and
2013. Overall, although most people ate fast food, frequent consumption generally experienced a
downward trend, while there was an upward trend in less frequent consumption, and more
extreme patterns remained relatively unchanged.

At the top and bottom ends of the scale, most patterns changed slightly in 2006 then remained
stable.
_ The proportion of people who ate fast food a few times a year increased, rising from
around 13% to 15%, whereas the two most extreme patterns decreased.
_ Notably, these had the lowest figures overall, with only slightly more people never
eating fast food (5% to falling to 4%) in comparison to eating it on a daily basis (4% falling to
3%).

More regular consumption had higher figures and similar trends were seen in those eating fast
food once or several times a week.
_ Despite rising in 2006 (from approximately 31% to 33% and 17% to 20% respectively),
they both fell in 2013, to 27% and 16% respectively.
 _ In contrast, the figures for once or twice a month fell initially (from 30% to 25%)
before increasing to around 37%. Notably, this marked a peak in the data, showing that most
people ate fast food on a monthly rather than a weekly basis by the end of the period.

The graphs below show the cinema attendance in Australia and the average
cinema visits by different age groups from 1996 to 2000.

The table gives information about cinema attendance and frequency regardless of age from 1996
to 2000, while the line graph presents the number of cinema visits by people of four different age
groups in the same period.

Overall, cinema attendance generally witnessed an upward trend, whereas a reverse pattern can
be seen in frequency. Cinema visits witnessed a similar fluctuating trend among four age groups,
with the youngest one paying most visits to the cinema throughout the period.

In terms of the table, in 1996, 62% of the total population went to the cinema. One year later, this
figure rose slightly to 72%, and from this point on, it remained unchanged at this level except for
the year 1999 in which 70% of the population were cinema-goers. By contrast, although the
number of average visits increased slightly from 10.3 in 1996 to reach its peak of 11.1 in 1997, it
then fell by almost 3% and remained relatively stable at 8.3% in the last three years.
With regard to the line graph, all of the four age groups followed similar patterns, with the
majority of the 14- to 24-year-olds visiting the cinema throughout the period. In 1997 and 1999,
visits by the youngest category peaked at around 22% and 23% respectively, whereas the lowest
points were seen in 1996 and 1999 when there were just 15 visits. The highest and lowest
number of visits made by the 25-35, 35-49 and 50 and over age group were just 1%, 3% and 5%
respectively lower than the corresponding figures for the 14-24 age group.