Language Exam Revision – By Gökçen G.

Kaça

G&B UNIT 1: SENTENCE TYPES

 A simple sentence has just one independent clause.
 A compound sentence joins simple sentences (independent clauses) together, using words like and, but
or so.
 A complex sentence joins one dependent one independent clause using words like after, because,
however, although or relative clauses etc.

Practice 1: Are the following sentences simple, compound or complex?

1- Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
2- The train was late.
3- While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
4- I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.
5- Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.
6- Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on the bus.
7- We were playing in the garden when the guests arrived.
8- She put on her coat and went out.
9- You don’t look happy to see me.
10- She leaned out of the window.
11- You shouldn’t have done this to me.
12- They tried very hard but they couldn’t win the match.
13- Who let the cat in?
14- Although it was raining, we went for a walk.

G&B UNIT 2: CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

A) Join the following pairs of sentences using the words / phrases given in brackets. Do not change the
word/s in brackets.
1- The food was bad. We complained to the manager. (BECAUSE OF THIS)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- It was a long journey. They packed some food to take with them. (SINCE)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- The exam was difficult. Many students failed. (BROUGHT ABOUT)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- He was too busy. He couldn’t finish his project. (SO)

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………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
5- The flight was delayed. They spent the night in a hotel. (THEREFORE)
……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
6- It was snowing. All roads were closed. (DUE TO)
……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
7- I was afraid of being punished. I lied to him. (AS A RESULT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8- There was heavy traffic. There was a car accident. (RESULTED IN)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
9- He suffered from stress. He lost some of his hair. (LEAD SB. TO DO STH)
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………
10- There was a snowstorm. They couldn’t go to the post office. (AS A RESULT OF)
…………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………
B) Rewrite the following sentences using the words provided.

1 A tornado blew off the house. The family had to find another place to live.
______________________________________________________________________________
(as a result)
______________________________________________________________________________
(since)
2 The sea becomes extremely polluted. At that time, certain types of fish die.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(because)

3
Global warming is a real problem today. There is an increase in the greenhouse gases.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(because of)
______________________________________________________________________________.
(for this reason)
4 Farmers use a lot of chemicals to protect their crops. The soil is contaminated.
_____________________________________________________________________________
(Since)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(consequently)

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G&B UNIT 3: IF CLAUSES PRACTICE: TYPE 0-1-2 & UNLESS

A) Restate each sentence as a conditional sentence with if.

1. I don’t like steak, so I’m not going to eat any.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. I never go camping because I’m afraid of snakes.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. I might call you. It depends on whether I have time.
_______________________________________________________________________________

4. I’m not sure if I will be able to go to the concert. It depends on whether I have to work.
_______________________________________________________________________________

5. He doesn’t know how to dance. That’s why he just sits in the corner.
_______________________________________________________________________________

6. I might teach her how to dance, so maybe she’ll learn.

_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Sometimes people are very rude so I get very upset.
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. He has to listen to his doctor’s advice in order for his health to improve.
His health
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. I don’t know her address so I can’t take her presents.
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. I think you should do your homework regularly.
_______________________________________________________________________________

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Language Exam Revision – By Gökçen G. Kaça

B) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Jack: Hey Matt, how is it going?

Matt: Not so good. I’ve wrecked my car in an accident, and now I need a new car. I’ve been checking
newspapers for second hand car advertisements since the morning.

Jack: If I ___________ (be) you, I ____________(buy) a second hand car.

Matt: Why?

Jack: Because second hand cars are not reliable. They might have technical problems that will cost
you lots of money. If I ____________ (have to) buy a car, I _____________ (buy) a brand-new one.

Matt: Why don’t you give me some money instead of advice?! Of course I _____________ (buy) a new
car if I ____________ (have) enough money, but I don’t. I don’t even have a job right now.

Jack: You can always get a loan from a bank.

Matt: Hey look at this 1966 Volkswagen Beetle! It looks quite good! I think I___________(buy) it.

Jack: Your choice…

C) Complete the sentences with the correct form (Type I or II).

1- If you come with me, I _______________ (do) the shopping with you.
2- Walter ______________ (help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening.
3- If it _______________ (rain), I will go out.
4- Our teacher will be happy if we _______________(learn) the poem by heart.
5- If they had enough money, they ______________ (buy) a new car.
6- We ________________ (pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7- If Pat repairs his bike, he ________________ (go) on a bicycle tour with us.
8- She would get 100 pounds if she ________________ (sell) this old shelf.
9- If I was/were you, I ______________ (invite) Jack to the party. He is so rude!
10- If the weather ________________ (be) fine tomorrow, the children can walk to school.

D) Rewrite the sentences below using “unless”.

1- If it doesn’t rain within next week, water supplies will be cut off.
Unless __________________________________________________.
2- You can be a member if you pay the fee.
________________________________________________________.
3- You have to get permission to use the computer.
________________________________________________________.
4- I don’t think I will be able to solve this problem without your help.
________________________________________________________.

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Language Exam Revision – By Gökçen G. Kaça

E) IF OR UNLESS?
1- You should avoid making a call while driving ____________ you need to report an emergency.
2- __________ you help me, I'll be unable to do it.
3- __________ I meet him, I'll tell him the whole truth.
4- You won't get well __________ you stop smoking.
5- ___________ you exercise regularly, you won't be able to lose some weight.
6- ___________ you exercise regularly, you'll lose some weight.
7- The teacher will be furious ___________ you don't the homework.
8- You can't go on vacation ___________ you don't save some money.
9- You will feel cold ___________ you wear a warm jacket.
10- We'll arrive on time ___________ we hurry.

G&B UNIT 4: PARTICIPLES: USING -ING PARTICIPLES THAT SHOW CAUSE & EFFECT

Rewrite the following sentences using participle clauses. (Taken from R4 Final Exam Revision Pack)

1- Solar energy is clean and sustainable. This makes it a good choice as an alternative to fossil fuels.
__________________________________________________________________________________

2- Solar energy systems are expensive to install. This restricts their use.
__________________________________________________________________________________

3- Wind farms have an unavoidable impact on the landscape. This creates opposition among some
elements of the local community.
__________________________________________________________________________________

4- Hybrid cars help conserve oil. They use electricity to fuel shorter trips.
__________________________________________________________________________________

5- Solar energy requires a regular amount of sunshine. This makes it more feasible in some locations
than others.
__________________________________________________________________________________

6- Because they offered an abundant source of energy, undersea oil and gas were very attractive
commodities in the late twentieth century.
__________________________________________________________________________________

7- Since it uses only ecologically friendly systems, a “green” home is an environmentalist’s dream.
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Language Exam Revision – By Gökçen G. Kaça

8- Because it functions with very basic technology, hydropower is one of the oldest forms of alternative
energy.

__________________________________________________________________________________

G&B UNIT 5: RELATIVE CLAUSES

EXERCISE 1. Read each sentence and add the relative pronoun.

1. I didn’t want to wear the dress _______________ my mother gave me.
2. The book _______________ I am reading was written by Dan Brown.
3. The girl _______________ has a yellow car is a PhD student.
4. Does the salary _______________ you earn motivate you?
5. I bought a copy of the book _______________ John wrote.
6. I don’t know the man _______________ your sister married.

EXERCISE 2. Combine the sentences using relative clauses.

1- The woman gave me some information. I called her.
________________________________________________________.
2- The policeman was friendly. He gave us directions.
________________________________________________________.
3- The pill made me sleepy. I took it.
_________________________________________________________.
4- I lost the scarf. I borrowed it from my roommate.
_________________________________________________________.
5- The bus is always crowded. I take it to school every morning.
_________________________________________________________.
6- These are some valuable antiques. I found them in my grandmother’s attic yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________.

7- The man is a detective. He has dark glasses.

_________________________________________________________.
8- The book is very interesting. It was written by George Orwell.
_________________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 3. Choose ALL the correct options.

1. The contract __________ the secretary typed yesterday has just been signed.
a) which b) who c) -
2. The people _________ next door are very friendly.
a) who they live b) which live c) live d) who live
3. The eggs _________ for breakfast at the cafeteria were cold.
a) which had b) that c) who I hadd) that I had
4. I couldn’t understand the woman _________ gave the conference.
a) - b) which c) who
5. I’m going to call about the advertisement _________ I saw in last night’s paper.
a)- b) who c) that

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Language Exam Revision – By Gökçen G. Kaça

6. This is Tom Jenkins. His parents _________ in Switzerland.

a) who live b) they live c) that they live d) live
7. That’s the hotel _________ does not accept children.
a) which b) that c) - d) who
8. That’s the hotel _________ was damaged in the earthquake.
a) which b) who c) that

EXERCISE 4: Fix the mistakes in the sentences below.

1- I don’t like stories who have unhappy endings.

2- We live in a world what is changing all the time.
3- In our village, there were many people didn’t have much money.
4- I enjoyed the book that you told me to read it.
5- I don’t like to spend time with people which loses their temper easily.
6- The boy drew pictures of people at an airport which were waiting for their planes.
7- I still remember the man who he taught me to play the violin when I was a boy.
8- The soup which I had it for lunch was salty.
9- A lion is an animal who lives in Africa.
10- I don’t know the man is talking to Mary.
11- I have a class which it begins at 8 am.
12- My daughter asked me a question which I couldn’t answer it.