Republic of the Philippines

Division of Davao City

TOYOZU TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION INC.
#25 Dacudao Avenue Agdao, Davao City

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(Grade 11 - Second Quarter)
WEEK 6
(January 4, 2021 – January 8, 2021)

MODULE 6
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
General Mathematics
Lesson 21: Forms of Conditional Proposition

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of propositional logic;
syllogisms and fallacies.

Learning Competency
The learner should able to judiciously apply logic in real-life arguments.

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions

ABSTRACTION

A conditional statement has two parts: a hypothesis (antecedent), denoted by P and

a conclusion (or consequent) denoted by Q. in symbols, the statement, “If P, then Q” is
written as P => Q. Here is another example:

If it is 9:30 am, then it must be daytime.

P Q

A conditional statement may be true or false. To show that a conditional statement is

false, you only need to find one example (called a counter example) in which the hypothesis
is fulfilled and the conclusion is not fulfilled.

To show that a conditional statement is true, you must construct a logical argument
using reasons. The converse of the condition statement P => Q is Q => P.

If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, you can combine them to
form one biconditional statement or a biconditional. The parts of a biconditional statement
are connected by the phrase if and only if.

Conditional Statement: If P, then Q. P => Q

Converse: If Q, then P Q => P
Biconditional: P if and only if Q PQ

The other statements related to a conditional are its inverse and its contrapositive.

Conditional Statement: If P, then Q P => Q

Inverse: If not P, then not Q ~P => ~Q
Contrapositive: If not Q, then not P ~Q => ~P

Example 1: Write the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the statement below. Then,
tell whether each is true or false. “If two angles form a linear pair, then they are
supplementary.”
Solution:

Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.

Hypothesis: Two angles form a linear pair.

Conclusion: They are supplementary.
Inverse: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not supplementary.
(False)
Converse: If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair. (False)
Contrapositive: If two angles are not supplementary, then they dot not form a linear
pair. (True)

Example 2: Write in words the (a) converse, (b) inverse and (c) contrapositive of the
statement, “If n is an even number, then n + 1 is an odd number.”

Solution:

The given statement is of the form P => Q, where P is “n is an even number” and Q is “n
+ 1 is an odd number”.

a. Converse: Q => P, which translates into “If n + 1 is an odd number, then n is an even
number”.
b. Inverse: ~P => ~Q, which translates into “If n is not an even number, then n + 1 is
not an odd number”.
c. Contrapositive: ~Q => ~P, translates into “If n + 1 is not an odd number, then n is
not an even number”.

Example 3: write the contrapositive of “If you cannot pass the final exam (f), you cannot
pass the subject(s)”.

Solution:

The statement is of the form ~f => ~s. The contrapositive of P => Q is ~Q => ~P.
Therefore, the contrapositive of ~f => ~s is ~(~s) => ~(~f), or s => f. This means “If you can
pass this subject, then you can pass the final exam”.

Conditional Equivalents

The following are other interpretations of P => Q.

= If P, then Q = P implies Q = P is sufficient for Q

= If P, Q = Q whenever P = Q is necessary for P
= Q if P = P only if Q = Q is implied by P

Example 4: Let P = It is a math subject and Q = It is logical. Express each statement in

symbolic form.

a. If it is a math subject, then it is logical.

b. If it is not logical, then it is not a math subject.
c. It is logical if it is a math subject.
d. Being a math subject is sufficient for being logical.
e. It is not a math subject only if it is not logical.
Solution:

a. P => Q d. P => Q
b. ~Q => ~P e. ~P => ~Q
c. P => Q

This Tables show how conditional differ from conjunction and disjunction. The two
components in the conditional may not be interchanged to give equivalent statements. The
following tables give the truth tables for statements related to conditionals.

Table 1 Table 2
Truth Table for Converse of Truth Table for Contrapositive of
P => Q: Q => P P => Q: Q => ~P
P Q Q => P P Q ~Q => ~P
T T T T T T
T F T T F F
F T F F T T
F F T F F T

Table 3
Truth Table for Inverse of
P =>Q: ~P => ~Q
P Q ~P => ~Q
T T T
T F T
F T F
F F T

The summary of the truth tables related to conditional is given in the following table.

Table 4
Truth Table for Conditional “P => Q” and the related terms.

Conditional Converse Inverse Contrapositive

P Q P => Q Q => P ~P => ~Q ~Q => ~P
T T T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F F T T T T

Equivalent

Two propositions P and Q that have the same truth values are said to be logically
equivalent and denoted by P  Q or P = Q.

Example 5: Show that the two given compound propositions are equivalent.

a. ~(P v Q) and ~P ^ ~Q c. P v (Q ^ R) and (P v Q) ^ (P v R)

b. ~(P ^ Q) and ~P v ~Q
Solution:
a. Prepare truth table for each statement.
For ~(P v Q): For ~P ^ ~Q
P Q PvQ ~(P v Q) P Q ~P ~Q ~P ^ ~Q
T T T F T T F F F
T F T F T F F T F
F T T F F T T F F
F F F T F F T T T
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
P v Q for column 3 ~P for column 3
~(P v Q) for column 4 ~Q for column 4
~P ^ ~Q for column 5
Because ~(P v Q) and ~P ^ ~Q have exactly the same truth values, FFFT, then they
are equivalent.

b. Prepare truth table for each statement.

For ~(P ^ Q) For ~ P v ~Q
P Q P^Q ~(P ^ Q) P Q ~P ~Q ~P v ~Q
T T T F T T F F F
T F F T T F F T T
F T F T F T T F T
F F F T F F T T T
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

Because ~(P ^ Q) and ~P v ~Q have exactly the same truth values, FTTT, then they
are equivalent.

c. Prepare truth table for each statement.

For P v (Q ^ R):
P Q R Q^R P v (Q ^ R)
T T T T T
T T F F T
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F F
1 2 3 4 5

For (P v Q) ^ (P v R)
P Q R PvQ PvR (P v Q) ^ (P v R)
T T T T T T
T T F T T T
T F T T T T
T F F T T T
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T F T F
F F F F F F
1 2 3 4 5 6
Because P v (Q ^ R) and (P v Q) ^ (P v R) have exactly the same truth values, TTTTTFFF,
then they are equivalent.

Example 6: Using De Morgan’s Law

Write a statement equivalent to:

“It is not true that Matthew is a mathematician or comedian”.

Solution: Let P and Q represent the following simple statements:

P: Matthew is a mathematician.
Q: Matthew is a comedian.

The given statement in symbols is ~(P v Q). An equivalent statement is ~P ^ ~Q. this
can be translated as:
“Matthew is not a mathematician and Matthew is not a comedian”.

This can also be translated as:

“Matthew is neither a mathematician nor a comedian”.

Example 7: Negating Conjunction/Disjunction

Write the negation of each statement.

a. P v ~Q
b. I’m going to Baguio and Bohol.

Solution:

a. Using De Morgan’s Law, we can negate this disjunction by negating each component
statement and changing v to ^.

Conjunction: P v ~Q
Negation: ~(P v ~Q)
~P ^ ~(~Q)
~P ^ Q

b. Using De Morgan’s Law, we can write negation in English without having to translate
into symbolic form. To negate this conjunction, negate each component statement
and change and to or.

Conjunction: I’m going to Baguio. and I’m going to Bohol.

Negate Change to or Negate

Negation: I’m not going to Baguio. or I’m not going to Bohol.

ACTIVITY 21.0
Direction: Answer the following question.

A. Use the conditional P => Q to find the following.

1. The inverse
2. The converse
3. The contrapositive
4. The inverse of the converse
5. The inverse of the inverse
6. The inverse of the contrapositive
7. The converse of the contrapositive
8. The contrapositive of the contrapositive

B. Write the converse of each statement.

1. In order to pass Mathematics, it is sufficient to get passing grades on all the tests.
2. If Kate is selected as muse, then our class will be on the finals.
3. If you eat “Malunggay”, you will be strong.
4. If an integer is odd, then its square is odd.

C. Let S be “scream” and T be “you love Titanic”. Write the following in symbolic form.

1. If you love Titanic, scream.

2. Scream only if you love Titanic.
3. A necessary condition for loving Titanic is to scream.
4. A sufficient condition for loving Titanic is to scream.
5. To scream is a necessary condition for loving Titanic.