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GRADE 9 Science Manual (First Half Third Quarter)

Volcanoes form when magma rises up from the earth's mantle and crust and erupts from a vent. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology monitors volcanic activity. There are three main types of volcanoes classified by their structure: cinder cone volcanoes which are small and cone-shaped, shield volcanoes which are broad and domed, and composite volcanoes which are large and cone-shaped. Volcanoes can also be classified by their activity as active, inactive/dormant, or extinct. The two main seismic belts where volcanoes are commonly found are the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpine-Himalayan belt.

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GRADE 9 Science Manual (First Half Third Quarter)

Volcanoes form when magma rises up from the earth's mantle and crust and erupts from a vent. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology monitors volcanic activity. There are three main types of volcanoes classified by their structure: cinder cone volcanoes which are small and cone-shaped, shield volcanoes which are broad and domed, and composite volcanoes which are large and cone-shaped. Volcanoes can also be classified by their activity as active, inactive/dormant, or extinct. The two main seismic belts where volcanoes are commonly found are the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpine-Himalayan belt.

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GRADE 9 SCIENCE

THIRD QUARTER
LEARNING MANUAL
I. VOLCANOES
 Volcanoes – it is a vent or crack on earth’s crust which molten rock
material called magma escapes/flows out.
 PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. An
agency that is responsible for monitoring and issues warning about
different volcanic activity.
 Magma – a molten rock material beneath the earth’s surface (inner)
 Lava – a molten rock material that reaches the earth’s surface (outer)
 Magmas are formed at the upper mantle.
Magma rises to the earth’s surface because:
 It is less dense
 Because it has less pressure

PARTS OF VOLCANO
 Vent – an opening that extends from the magma chamber to the top of
volcano which also serves as pathway of molten rocks during eruption.
 Magma Chamber – storage of magma
 Crater – a small depression or opening at the top of volcano
 Caldera – when top of volcano collapsed and cave on itself. Forming a
large opening or mouth.

VOLCANIC MATERIALS
 Volcanic Dust – less than 2mm in diameter
 Volcanic ash – about the size of grain of rice
 Volcanic bombs – size of large rocks

CLASSIFICATION OF LAVA BASED ON COMPOSITION


 Basaltic lava – basalt rocks
 Andesitic lava – andesite
 Rhyolitic lava – rhyolite

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Types of volcanoes can be classified through its\:
 Structure
 Activity
 Location

BASED ON STRUCTURE
1. Cinder cone volcano
 Typically small volcano
 Has a large crater (summit)
 Has steep sides (sides)
 Not too wide base (base)
 Small cone shape
2. Shield volcano
 Broad and Slightly domed shape
 Quiet eruptions
 Has a very small crater
 Not too steep sides
 Wide base
3. Composite Volcano
 Large cone-shaped volcano
 Explosive eruptions
 Has a small crater
 Steep sides
 Large base

BASED ON ACTIVITY
1. Active volcanoes – can erupt regularly or within the scope of 10,000 years.
 Potentially active – newly formed volcano, but can possibly erupt.
2. Inactive/Dormant Volcanoes – did not erupt for the last 10,000 years.
3. Extinct Volcanoes – has no record of eruption.

BASED ON LOCATION
2 seismic belts where volcanoes can be found
1. Circum Pacific Belt (Pacific ring of fire) – can be found across the Pacific
Ocean. Countries include: Philippines, Japan, Thailand.
2. Alpine Himalayan belt – it extends from Mediterranean to Indonesian
countries include Turkey, Indonesia etc.
*Please study precautionary measures before, during and after volcanic
eruption.

II. CLIMATE
 Climate is the average weather condition experienced in a certain
area for a long period of time.

FACTORS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE


1. Latitude – distance/measure of degrees of the North and South from
the equator.
 Areas of the earth receives unequal amount of solar energy
because the earth is tilted.
 Areas near the equator receives more amount of solar energy
(warmer)

Different Zones
A. Polar zone – located at polar region. Has cold climates. The average
temperature is below the freezing point (0 degree Celsius). During
warmest months, the temperature is below 10 degree Celsius.
B. Temperate zone – the temperature ranges from 6 to 28 degree Celsius.
C. Tropical Zone – the coldest temperature is not below 18 degree Celsius.

2. Altitude – the elevation/distance above the mean sea level


 As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
 Higher areas have lower temperature.
 As the altitude increases, the level of oxygen decreases.
 As the altitude increases, the pressure decreases.
3. Ocean Currents
 Warm currents – from the equator, towards polar region
 Cold Currents – from polar region, towards the equator.

FACTORS AFFECTING PRECIPITATION


1. Prevailing winds – affect the region’s climate by affecting how much
precipitation it receives.

2. Mountain ranges
 Windward side – will receive the most winds and precipitation. Have cold
and wet climate
 Leeward side – will receive little amount of precipitation. Have dry climate.

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