Revision no.

: PPT/2K804/04
PPT/2K403/02

Keyboard
 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Keyboard

• The keyboard is a peripheral device which is directly

connected on to the motherboard (system board).

• The keyboard is basically a set of switches (much like a

typewriter)

• Switches are connected in the form of a matrix, surrounded by

electronic circuits

• This Circuits monitor the key matrix that continuously scans

the keys to recognize key action and generate a scan code.

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Key Boards Types

• Serial keyboard
• Parallel keyboard

• Serial Keyboard
– It is a keyboard which outputs the data in serial form,i.e. bit by bit.
– The computer converts serial data into parallel 8-bit data.
– They use only single line to transmit the data.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Parallel Keyboard

• It is a keyboard which outputs all the 8-bits at a time in a

parallel form.

• All the bits are sent simultaneously on different lines.

• In this the transmission is faster, needs a thicker cable with

more number of wires.

• In PCs we always use serial keyboards.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Board Switches

• Different types of key switches.

• Mechanical key switches

• Membrane key switches

• Capacitive key switches

• Hall effect key switches

• Reed Relay key switches

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Functioning of the Keyboard

• The processor in the original PC keyboard was an Intel 8048

micro-controller chip

• Newer keyboards often use an 8049 version that has own RAM,
built in ROM or other micro-controller chips compatible with
the 8048 and 8049.

• In an AT-type keyboard design, the keyboard serial interface is

connected to a special keyboard controller on the
motherboard(Intel 8042).

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Functioning of the Keyboard (contd.)

• When a switch is pressed, a processor in the keyboard itself

identifies which key is pressed by identifying which grid

location in the matrix shows continuity.

• The keyboard processor also interprets how long the key is

pressed and can even handle multiple keystrokes at the same

time

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Functioning of the Keyboard (contd.)

• When you press a key, in most cases the contact actually

bounces slightly .

• The processor in the keyboard is designed to filter this or

debounce the keystroke.

• The keyboard processor must distinguish bounce from a

double key strike actually intended by the keyboard operator.

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Functioning of the Keyboard (contd.)

• Universal Peripheral Interface (UPI) slave micro controller chip

is also available in the original AT design

• It has its own 2K of ROM and 128 bytes of RAM.

• Some systems may use the 8041 or 8741 chips, which differ

only in the amount of built-in ROM or RAM

• Other systems now have the keyboard controller built into the

main system chipset.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Membrane switches

• Very similar in operation to rubber dome keyboards.

• A membrane keyboard does not have separate keys .

• In this keyboard, two rubber or plastic sheet are used as row

conductor sheet and column conductor sheet.

• When the key top is pressed, it forces the row conductor sheet

through the hole to touch the column conductor sheet.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Membrane switches (contd.)

• These row and column lines are made on the plastic or single

rubber sheet

• It uses silver or some other conductor ink for each row and

column of keys with bulges for each key on the keyboard.

• This keyboard can be made very thin, as a completely sealed

unit.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Typematic Functions

• If a key on the keyboards is held down, it becomes typematic,

which means that the keyboard repeatedly sends the keypress

code to the motherboard.

• In AT-style keyboards, typematic rate is adjustable by sending

the keyboard processor the appropriate commands.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Keyboard Interface

• Interface between the keyboard cable and the system unit is

the keyboard interface which is a DIN (or mini-DIN if it's a PS/2)
plug that has five (or six, for mini-DIN) pins as shown.

• All together there are four lines (wires) used for interfacing the
keyboard with the system motherboard. They are
– Keyboard data (KBDATA)
– Keyboard clock (KBCLK)
– DC source (+5V VCC)

– DC ground (0V GND)

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Keyboard Interface (contd.)

• Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface is becoming more popular

for keyboards, and some models may, in fact, require you to

use a USB port unless you have a USB-to-PS/2 adapter to

make the USB keyboard compatible with the PS/2 keyboard

port.

• A USB connection is faster than the other, older I/O ports on

your computer, such as COM and parallel ports.

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Common Keyboards Types (contd.)

• The most common keyboards are:

• 101-key Enhanced keyboard

• 104-key Windows keyboard

• 83-key PC and XT keyboard (Obsolete)

• 84-key AT keyboard (Obsolete)

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key) Keyboard

• In 1986, IBM introduced the "corporate" Enhanced 101-key

keyboard for the newer XT and AT models.
• IBM 101-key units originally came in versions with and without
the status-indicator LEDs, depending on whether the unit was
sold with an XT or AT system.
• With the replacement of the Baby-AT motherboard and its five-
pin DIN (an acronym for Deutsche Industries Norm) keyboard
connector by ATX motherboards, which use the six-pin mini-
DIN keyboard connector, virtually all keyboards on the market
today come with cables for the six-pin mini-DIN connector
introduced on the IBM PS/2s.
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Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key) Keyboard (contd.)

• 101-key keyboard layout can be divided into the following four

sections:

– Typing area

– Numeric keypad

– Cursor and screen controls

– Function keys

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104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000) Keyboard

• When Microsoft released Windows 95, it also introduced the

Microsoft Natural Keyboard, which implemented a revised

keyboard specification that added three new Windows-specific

keys to the keyboard.

• 104-key layout includes left and right Windows keys and an

Application key which are used for operating system and

application-level keyboard combinations, similar to the

existing Ctrl and Alt combinations.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000) Keyboard (contd.)

• Windows keyboard layout calls for the Left and Right Windows
keys (called WIN keys) to flank the Alt keys on each side of the
spacebar, as well as an Application key on the right of the
Right Windows key.

• WIN keys open the Windows Start menu, which you can then
navigate with the cursor keys.

• Application key simulates the right mouse button which in

most applications, it brings up a context sensitive pop-up
menu.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Windows 9x/Me/2000 key combinations used

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Cordless Keyboards

• These are like regular keyboards, except instead of having a

keyboard cable that runs from the keyboard to the PC, they

have no cord.

• Wired interface between the keyboard and the motherboard is

replaced with a wireless one.

• They also typically cost more

than the corded models.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Multimedia and Web-Enabled Keyboards

• Many keyboards feature fixed-purpose or programmable

hotkeys that can launch Web browsers, run the Microsoft

Media Player, adjust the volume on the speakers, change

tracks on the CD player, and so forth.

• Operating Systems such as Windows 98, Windows Me and

Windows2000 support these keyboards to use their hot keys.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Multimedia and Web-Enabled Keyboards (contd.)

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Ergonomic Keyboards

• A trend that began in the late 1990s is to change the shape of

the keyboard instead of altering the character layout which has
resulted in a number of so-called ergonomic designs.
• Most common of these designs splits the keyboard in the
centre, bending the sides outward.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K804/04

Design & Published by:

CMS Institute, Design & Development Centre, CMS House, Plot No. 91, Street No.7,
MIDC, Marol, Andheri (E), Mumbai –400093
www.cmsinstitute.co.in

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