Technology Technology

life has been transformed after the the language and unique customs of
different nations are on the verge of
emergence/advent of keep latest technology extinction/under constant threat
keep pace with ever-increasing technological
of extinction.
advancement
Facing the threat of being rendered
obsolete = be under constant threat of
Internet makes many public gathering extinction = be on the verge of
place obsolete, leading people to interact with extinction.
one another more than ever before.
technology facilitates group
Internet technology is causing people to be less collaboration
social.
ultrasound pictures
surfing the net to gain extra information
provide instant access to the Internet
New businesses have rendered computers
functionally obsolete up-to-date resources

the internet technology allows people to meet rented accommodation

and interact one another electronically.
cutting the fuel consumption

Non-Internet meeting Microsoft has monopoly on technology

have a lot of visual appeal

Technology pioneers
embrace new technology enthusiastically
I was apprenticed to an electrician
satellite communication
Many people get their news from
revolutionary finding social media

multifunctional products such as tablets The internet has brought people closer

some games are highly effective for Energy-efficient and cost-effective

improving brainpower. For example,
Opening new mine for exploiting scarce
individuals playing chess frequently stand less
materials
chance to
to average people. Digital markets
apparatus
Getting data from scientific journal
Technology Technology
gadgets Innovating novel methods

Out-of-date =! Up-to-date
personal life and taken the right to privacy away
from citizens Smartphone addiction

Teenage depression

Virtual, online friends =! Real-life

smaller lightweight tablets relationship
Technological experts Addiction to social networking, dating
apps, texting, and messaging
Compulsive/excessive use of dating apps
can change your focus to short-term online relationships are not a healthy
hookups instead of developing long-term substitute for real-life interactions.
relationships. Online friendships can be appealing as
they tend to exist in a bubble, not
Short-term hookups =! Long-term relationship subject to the same demands or
stresses as messy, real-world
Cybersex addiction: compulsive use of relationships
internet pornography, sexting, nude-swapping,
adult massaging services.
New technologies and education:
Internet makes these harmful service accessible
-has helped students to cross national
more conveniently and anonymously
boundaries and be exposed to new
Side effects of progress: ideas. In this way, they can improve
-weapons made by modern technologies are used their warehouse of knowledge.
in blood shedding battles, like what
happened during the two world war and caused -has increased the speed at which
many casualties and devastation. one imbibes information.

-industrial development is the chief cause of -New technology in the form of Internet
environmental challenges such as global Has breached the limitation of a
warming and greenhouse effect. : A student
sitting in an Iranian university can have
Technological development on which the an electronic access to the up-to-date
information in his field of interest,
which have been released in a university
Technology has opened up new avenues that in USA.
previously were considered impossible.
Technology Technology
Disadvantage of learning from: -students can browse through
previous paper to dwell deeper in
Publishing of websites do not have controlling
their specialized study.
policies as that of publishing books. As a
result, it is difficult to ensure that information is
accurate.
-the convenience in accessing the
information on the Internet helps
students to learn more knowledge
quickly.

-Information from books in library

might be outdate. On the net, students
can get first-handed information.

- Online courses allows students to

study in the comfort of their
home
Economy Economy
Economic growth The prices of housing have been
skyrocketed
set a ceiling on imports/exports
erratic currency market
Expand/flourish/cripple/
shrink/decline/squeeze economy expand their market outside national
boundaries
severe increase in the prices of basic/absolute
foodstuffs political destabilization

It depends on foreign market global market

win the consumer game against

The imbalance between supply and rival/competing companies
demand risks serious repercussions for the
world economy economic sanctions
Have a repercussion for Local/world economy

Ailing economy = economic downturn = turbulent crippled, as the US has imposed

economic climate = economic malaise = shrinking some heavy sanction on the
economy

In return, they will receive a share of profits. high tax would crippled small businesses

In return, the company will fund research in the war crippled the
that university.
tourism should be considered as the chief
The ability to adopt to international market pillar of economy

cooling/ailing economy private sector

a potential huge market Multinational corporation

economic downturn affordable price = cheap = inexpensive =

cost-effective
turbulent economic conditions
Investment in individual
experience financial losses
improvement of employees and be
It is one the most sophisticated system ever awake of global market
created. tendencies are the thing absolutely
necessary to run a successful business.
Economy Economy
Dark side of a business
financial/economic problems
-tax evading
-cripple
-illicit trade
-squeeze
-disloyal competition
-shrink
depress : the downward spiral of house the economy has been crippled by the
price has depressed the market high rate of inflation and unemployment
crisis
-spiral: a process, usually a harmful one, in which
something gradually but continuously data should be gathered
gets worse or better
The government should look at
the tourism as the pillar of the
-Small businesses are being squeezed economy
by heavy taxation.
get-quick-rich mentality
- The squeeze on profits in
the oil industry has led to thousands
of redundancies
Spiraling costs have squeezed profits.

- Unemployment rose and the city went into a

spiral of decline
- The company is in a downward spiral.
Sales are on a downward spiral.
Inflation began to spiral upward.

Family Family
Nuclear/immediate family No one can understand the misery
extended family endured by refugee in refugee camps.
Adopted child Words are not capable to convey their
Distant family hard situation in this places with poor
hygiene
Stay-at-home-dad (wife as breadwinner)
Their children = their offspring
Same-sex marriage (uncountable)
Arranged marriage
Engagement Domestic violence/dispute
Separated/ divorced
Weakening family bonds.
Family Family
The breadwinner is no longer automatically the Gathering the family around a table for a
man of the family, and it is common today to see meal is
many men as stay-at-home dad. This trend is
Hygienic condition
on the rise, specifically in Western nations
Parents should balance the time they
parents are the persons in our lives accepting us at spend at work and with their families.
our worst and best.
ambivalent feelings
Whether youngsters agree or disagree with their
political or religious views, the I felt ambivalent about leaving
family remains a reference point
home
family plays an even more central role in
shaping the young person's world view. ambivalent
toward marriage
The family's influence is permanent,
unforgettable and inescapable.
overprotective parents People do not think highly of married
life.
Support their children emotionally and financially
Parents has gone overboard in controlling their
children children may prevent them from
maturation
endure a long period of separation
make a better work-life balance
some children make the life unbearable for their
parents vulnerable middle-class families are
under constant threat of falling into
feel emotionally-secured from their parents poverty

Under parental supervision have been stagnated

recently
The fast-paced evolution of the world has affected
the tradition of having family dinners and many children work in deadly condition
abolished it
short dinner condition
Extinction of a family tradition
extinction of family traditions
parents
condition family traditions have been rendered
obsolete
Family Family
As parents get older, they become more healthy lifestyle
conservative
family-friendly policies
spousal relationship
Growing up, I had a rough
dysfunctional family childhood as I had to be deprived
immediate family
had to deal with financial crisis
extended family faced by my families

should be required for Families with breaking up will be ripped

pa apart

Support each other through every thick and thin poor parenting

Music and films Music and films

universally panned Music strengthens the emotional and
universally acclaimed cognitive centers of the brain

we listen to music every day, whether intentionally scientifically proven benefits of

or unintentionally.
music improves sleep efficiency
music changes the mood and trigger many
hormones being responsible for bringing enhance focus
happiness
Boost creativity
music reduces stress and eases anxiety
Helps brain to come up with creative
breath-taking / thought-provoking movie solutions

timing of the film's release. The film was a spectacular failure.

Besides the underperformance at
fewer ticket sales
box office, it went over schedule,
imitating favorable characters and its budget mushroomed from x
to y.
when an entertaining movie is played for
was far short of its
huge budget and worldwide advertising.
Music and films Music and films
Some films are made to convey good moral High-profile films
through their famous stars.
Art is the best form of recreation that can
box-office hit = financially successful touch the soul with its myriad forms
and calm emotions.
box-office bomb/disappointment/flop =
financially unsuccessful = commercially failed Watching movies is the best way to
quell away tiredness and
underperform at box office rejuvenate our spirits.

universally panned =! Universally

praised/acclaimed in spite of doing well in box office,
some films are still considered/deemed as
a bomb because of their large budget

Education Education
computer/financially/politically/technologically/m Age-old argument
usically illiterate
Living in a city far from home
Nurturing/educating/fostering
I finished the project ahead of the
Degree-earning students schedule.

Pass the knowledge down to their kids/students I was way ahead of the schedule

Pass the knowledge down generation to generation Universities offer great diversity of
teachers and professors
Teachers impart state-of-the-art knowledge to their
students Playing sports teaches about
teamwork, strategies, and reaching
Learning/grasping the gist and content of goals.
mathematics
it can help me to be more
Having a teamwork spirit and not to be too knowledgeable and have an
stubborn to accept advices accurate view of the world
Internet should be used as a medium of teaching. politically active

Outdated higher education system should

be modernized. schooling
Education Education
Teachers should bond well with students to I was apprenticed to an electrician
impart/pass on them their invaluable experiences
apart from ordinary teaching syllabus. He planned meticulously

A good teacher can positively overshadow I started to see the world in a

stud completely new way, and became
obsessed with it

International students are advised to

free and equal access to
education
Quench their thirst for learning
it is a constitutional right
Well-prepared students
consult with their advisor on a regular
Get the gist of what they have heard basis to mentor their success and
Boost their mental and intellectual abilities make necessary changes when
needed
Electronically available materials
digital contents
Carrying out projects and assignments accurately
and on deadline
stand on their own feet and become
It depends on the stage of the development that independent of people surrounding
these particular children are in them

Children are not able to see things from anyone

restrictions and limitations put chain

Open the doors of success for students

cement their interests
Put students on a right track
graduate
Try as hard as they can
open the doors of success
educational background/qualification
put me on the right track
Classes should be taught by a mixture of both
teachers and robots. homeschooling under parental
supervision
Everyone is restless before end of the term.
Social habits
Education Education
In addition to school curriculum, students a deeper intellectual engagement
might learn from extracurricular books with the subject

Audit underage youth

Prerequisite

Eligible Grading criteria

Outline Campus announcement/newspaper

Lower/affect the mark/grade Attending university is a so

promising step toward a world of
students would develop better opportunities
understanding/comprehension about a
particular topic if they knew its origins Students with failing grades
It should be up to students to decide whether they they can quench their thirst for
attend traditional classes or take e-learning.
knowledge/discovery/ success/
No matter whether students like it or climb the ladder of success
not, they must attend classes physically.
New technologies and education:
In class discussions, teachers draw their students
into debates that may lead to further -has helped students to cross national
understanding of teaching materials. boundaries and be exposed to new
ideas. In this way, they can improve
Inviting guest speaker
their warehouse of knowledge.
Instructors teach their students how to apply
-has increased the speed at which
what they have learned into practice.
one imbibes information.
Be responsible and have a sense of teamwork. -New technology in the form of Internet
Has breached the limitation of a
Mathematics formulas
: A student sitting
taking e-learning = taking online courses in an Iranian university can have an
electronic access to the up-to-date
customize their learning process. information in his field of interest,
which have been released in a university
in USA.
Customized, individualized learning
Education Education
Intelligent and critical thinker -students can browse through
previous paper to dwell deeper in
Devise various solutions
their specialized study.
Traditional, teacher-centered classes
-the convenience in accessing the
information on the Internet helps
Intellectual abilities = critical thinking abilities students to learn more knowledge
quickly.
Facilitate the process of retrieving information and
materials -Information from books in library might
be outdate. On the net, students can get
Understand their course materials easily and first-handed information.
readily
It can help them to practice their
Learning and remembering multiplication table writing skills.
nurture young talents
They mature quickly
exceptionally talented person
It is impossible to make it on their own so young.
using assistive technologies to
Most students have an inflated view of their
help students with special needs
own abilities and they do not listen to their Taking required/mandatory courses
teachers.

students tune out their lessons easily

responsibility

the ultimate/primary objective of education is

harvesting of knowledge

Opportunities and success Opportunities and success

the road of success is paved with adversary The barriers hinder the efforts to

transient/permanent/temporary opportunity Hear adverse opinion to make conscious

decisions
turn down the opportunities
the salary structure is biased in
Ambitious dreams favor of men
It is a goal worth striving for
Opportunities and success Opportunities and success
I found her extraordinarily
professional
I struggled and passed all the hurricanes to
get this success. I used to be famous for my
stubborn resistance and refusal
Perform extremely well
to accept the defeat
Dealing with ups and downs and challenges
Sometimes things do not go as
planned

From my early age, I It can damage the reputation of the

showed/demonstrated a considerable company severely

leadership and organizational skills

single-mindedly pursue knowledge
Internet can provide a wealth of
knowledge of information
stretch beyond their comfort-zone
developed, affluent countries
many youngsters optimistically wait for
condition to improve give me a sense of freedom and
independence
Philosophically, success can be defined in
myriad ways. For some, success is an success is a concept which can be
external concept to be measured in terms interpreted in a million different
of high income, huge bank balances, fancy ways
cars, expensive mansions, luxurious holidays and
so on. working together toward a common goal

However, in my view, success is a

reflection success is an issue broadly discussed
of internal human qualities, such as and defined by many approaches.
compassion, kindness, honesty, understanding and
more. self-stem and confidence can get
a big boost.
Whether a person looks good or bad cannot be
decided by himself. Everyone has a field of expertise

Supreme success and maximum pleasure. taking shortcuts for success

in order to succeed, Identify and recognize your field of

expertise
Opportunities and success Opportunities and success
Wining the gold medal is the fulfilment turn this opportunity into a resounding
of childhood dream. success.
Pan out:
to develop in a particular way or in
failures.
a successful way
It is silent killer of youngsters dreams -We'll have to see how things pan out.
and ambition
- Their attempt to start a
Possessing a mass of wealth earned through new business didn't pan out
indecent ways.
-Not all government proposals pan put,
It hinders whether for financial, social, or
political reasons.
Success comes as a result of careful planning and
hard working. Despite being universally panned by
critics, the movie broke box office
Increase self-confidence = to acquire a bigger faith
in their own abilities. record, as moviegoers flocked to
the cinema to see it.
My career was hindered by a serious injury
Deal with difficulties and toxic people
decisive factor
Every goal can be achieved by years of
The lack of competition will slow the dedication and hard work.
The key to success is not waiting for a
chance, but seizing it.
My initial excitement turned to disappointment
An overnight success takes years of
My colleagues initially were skeptical, timing, perseverance, staying up late.
thinking that it was too hard, but the
benefits were unexpected Like many so-called overnight
successes, I have worked industriously
I have the potential to win the race. and put strenuous efforts.
individual success can mostly be attributed to The book was an overnight success.
diverse assortments of elements that are out of
Box-office
distribution, governmental policies, family bomb/flop/disappointment =
background, race, ethnicity, and so on. highly unsuccessful or unprofitable
Opportunities and success Opportunities and success
it is normal to feel frustrated when things do not Box-office hit = financially successful
go as planned/ things do not meet our
expectations. Commercial failure

Financially successful/ profitable Non-threatening competition

Perseverance and competitiveness
Employees should learn how to be self-
educated at the very beginning of their career; It is of great significance for individuals
otherwise, they will be replaced/dismissed to make a progress and avoid
without hesitation. stagnation in their lives. If they stay
where they are, they are more likely
to face the risk of being surpassed
Everyone is creator of their own fate.
by others, or being replaced by
more talented people.

Psychology Psychology
human behavior

take with grain of salt/ be skeptical/do not

believe completely/ be hesitant to accept

-His story should be taken with grain of salt. He

likes to embellish.
-Take whatever that paper publishes with a grain
of salt.
-Before election, all parties make promises, so
take them with a grain of salt.
- You have to take what he says with a grain of
salt.

Children Children
Spending a great deal of time with children to get Parents can and must oversee what
to know one another better.
their children are exposed to, be
Playing with children or taking them out to a park it online, in a move, a book, or other
or a movie sources.
Children Children
Childhood is one of the most important
their cognitive skills. and memorable periods of our lives.

Express their opinion Intellectually, the period from birth

control their anger.
to six years is the most significant for
brain growth
Making excuses for their behavior
Socially, being in a school environment
teaches children both how to behave
play is an important component of our young
lives themselves and also how to get
along with other children and
a strong positive influence on neural
adults.
development. becomes a part of the social nexus to
which we all belong.
Although parents can provide this early
intellectual stimulation, in most cases We are born into a complex,
working parents find it difficult to do so demanding world. From infancy
to adulthood lies a period in
the school experience sets the child on a path to
which we must prepare for the
success and self-confidence in a competitive, responsibilities and obligations of
demanding world. communal living.
See things from different
Parents should involve children in household
chores such as dusting furniture, raking
perspectives/various angles
leaves, washing dishes and so on. Excessive exposure to images of a
disturbing event such as repeatedly
This early training strengthens their self- viewing video clips on social media or
images and self-confidence. news sites can even create traumatic
stress in children or teens who were not
Economically, children need to understand the directly affected by the event.
connection between effort and reward.
Parents should limit/minimize their
Losing track of time while playing video to traumatic
games is a common phenomenon among youth. events.

Parents with teaching their children to take Parental supervision should prevent kids
from repeatedly viewing violent and
responsibility prepare them for the realities of
disturbing footage.
adulthood.
Children Children
Feed children healthy diet Buying celebrity magazines

Parents regard their children as a priceless Governments should take care of

treasure sent by angles. children if they are beaten or abused.

The teenage years can be full of pressure, Children expect their parents to
uncertainty, and change encourage their dreams no matter
Smartphone addiction how unrealistic or sill they may
be.
Teenage depression
Children desperately try to get their
Virtual, online friends =! Real-life relationship
remind them of their failures.
Addiction to social networking, dating apps,
texting, and messaging
the interact that parents have with
online relationships are not a healthy
children affects the way children see
substitute for real-life interactions. Online themselves.
friendships can be appealing as they tend to
exist in a bubble, not subject to the same
Parents live vicariously through their
demands or stresses as messy, real-world children.
relationships
Parents projects their own desires and
Parents should stop comparing their children to expectations onto their children, which
others, as it can have diminishing impact on can cause irreparable damages.
-esteem.
Children who face unrealistic
Parents should talk to their children and keep expectations are doomed to fail, and
track of what they are thinking and they will lose their faith in their
doing. own abilities.
Positive attention Children should learn they cannot count
on anyone except themselves.
Making mistakes is a crucial part of growing up.
parents are the persons in our lives
Get involved in activities that put their accepting us at our worst and best.
abilities to the test.
should be required
Parents lose their temper and blame their children
for clumsiness.
Children Children
Children should know that challenges are the most Their children = their offspring
valuable lessons given by life. Tackling obstacles (uncountable)
will lead to accumulating invaluable experiences
helping them in their future lives. Vast majority of parents confuse
Take children to the first day of school
discipline with punishments.

Parents can pass on/impart their

Countless studies show that physical affection
helps children to feel emotionally secured.
children social skills.

Children feeling loved develop a great self-

Socially competent children.
esteem.
Acknowledge their mistakes and
apologize
Most children prefer not to risk attempting
something new, which can persist to their adult Get rewarded
life.
Children should be obedient to their
Develop exceptional talents/unique gifts
parents. It is a religious obligation
Children are like sponges and soak up the and a social norm.
reactions of people surrounding them.
Going overboard in controlling
children
education.
going overboard in controlling and
Quality = characteristic = hallmark disciplining our children
It is often seen that children start feeling that their with the passage of time, children do not
parents in old age are no more than a give their parents their due right and
burden. nor do they look after them in the
right manner.
The biggest problem with playing video games is With the passage of time, children
that some adolescents attempt to translate the
rules of the games onto reality. This is especially
develop the habit of disobeying
true of the teenagers living in Western countries, their parents.
in which young adults imitate the violence they
see on the screen. It is commonly believed that Going overboard in paying attention to
game companies are responsible for this anti- their own physical appearance.
social behavior as they make violence glamorous.
Dutiful children.
Transportation & Travel & Transportation & Travel &
Tourism Tourism
Take, ride, drive -Traffic jam
-Rush-hour traffic- the morning
Ride (open-air vehicle): ride motorcycle, bicycle, commute, the evening commute
skateboard -high pedestrian/foot traffic: a lot of
Drive: drive a car, truck, boat people walking back and forth

Get in vs. get on Discharge/emit/release CO2

Get in: sitting (car, truck, taxi)
Get on: standing (open-air vehicle)
-Go abroad = travel overseas= go/move
to another country
Embark/board/disembark train/bus/ship
-Rustle/relocate/emigrate abroad or to
your host nation
Embark on: begin a journey
Embark on a project/program/plan Electric cars (NOT electrical)
I graduated in 2019 and I embarked on a career as
a teacher Autonomous/self-driven cars
Commuter Vehicle
Congestion Pedestrian
Operate Motorized vehicle
Means of travel Fare/cost
Overseas/ abroad
Commercial vs. passenger Choose local museums as a must-see
place.

Many museums charge for admission while

others are free
Have an admission fee/entrance fee.
Traveling alone vs traveling with a
companion:

Alone:
-experience more freedom: they do not
discuss the itinerary of travel with
others and where to go.

-they do not need to worry about how to

get along with the fellow travelers.